It deals with the interaction of matter, force

and energy.

The Fathers of Physics

Sir Isaac Newton Albert Einstein Galileo Galilei

3 LAWS OF MOTION and Law of Gravitation Theory of Relativity, E=mc^2 Observational Astronomy
 It deals with the interaction of matter, force
and energy.

The Father of Physics

He earned the nickname "Father of Physics" because of his pioneering
role in finding the motion of bodies and developing the telescope.
Incidentally, using the telescope, he confirmed the phases of Venus
and also discovered Jupiter's four largest moons, observe a supernova,
verify the phases of Venus, and discover sunspots. His discoveries
proved the Copernican system which states that the earth and other
planets revolve around the sun. At the age of 19, Galileo discovered
and verified the pendulum's isochronal nature and timed a swinging
lamp's oscillations in the Pisa Cathedral. He also invented the concept
of 'Hydrostatic Balance' and produced a treatise on solid bodies'
center of gravity. Galileo's experiments on the laws of bodies in motion
were subject to intense criticism since they deviated strongly from the
established norms of the Aristotelian school of physics. However,
Galileo's theories and concepts formed the basis of the Laws of Motion
(Newton) and the Theory of Relativity (Einstein).

After hearing about the "Danish perspective

glass" in 1609, Galileo constructed his own
telescope. He subsequently demonstrated the
telescope in Venice. Galileo Galilei
Observational Astronomy
 It deals with the interaction of matter, force
and energy.

The Father of Physics

Sir Isaac Newton was associated with Cambridge University
as a physicist and mathematician. He was also a fellow
Royal Society of England. Newton became famous with his
three laws of motion which established the connection
between motion and objects. He also discovered the Law
of Universal Gravitation, which has been instrumental in
defining the behavior of falling bodies, including planets
and celestial bodies. Newton also invented calculus in
mathematics, which became an integral part of physics
shortly after.

Sir Isaac Newton

3 LAWS OF MOTION and Law of Gravitation
 It deals with the interaction of matter, force
and energy.

The Father of Physics

Albert Einstein transformed the landscape of physics
with his Theory of Relativity and played an
instrumental role in designing the theory of Quantum
Mechanics. Albert Einstein's mass-energy
equivalence formula E = mc^2 has etched his name
in history books as the greatest physicist of all times. In
the Special Theory of Relativity, Einstein determined
that time is relative—in other words, the rate at which
time passes depends on your frame of reference.
The idea that a second is not always a second is one of the most surprising
findings of Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. Researchers have actually
observed this effect, which is only detectable at high speeds. Scientists
synchronized two highly accurate atomic clocks and then flew one around the
Earth aboard an airplane. When the airborne clock returned to Earth, it was a
tiny fraction of a second behind the one that remained on the ground. A
thought experiment using a light clock reveals why this is so.

Albert Einstein
Theory of Relativity, E=mc^2
 PHYSICS
CLASSICAL PHYSICS MODERN PHYSICS

• Mechanics • Special and

• Heat and General Relativity
Thermodynamics • Nuclear Physics
• Optics • Quantum
• Electricity and Mechanics
Magnetism • Particle Physics
• Wave Motion and • Other discoveries
Sound from 1900
SIR
onward
GIBBS
It deals with the interaction of matter, force
and energy.

BLOCKBODY RADIATION
It is a theoretical or model body which
absorbs all radiation falling on it,
reflecting or transmitting none.
A blackbody allows all incident radiation
to pass into it (no reflected energy) and
internally absorbs all the
incident radiation (no energy
transmitted through the body). This is
true for radiation of all wavelengths and
for all angles of incidence. Hence
the blackbody is a perfect absorber
for all incident radiation. SIR

GIBBS
Max Planck
 PHYSICS
CLASSICAL PHYSICS

• Mechanics It deals with motion,

• Heat and force, work, energy
Thermodynamics
• Optics
and fluids
• Electricity and
Magnetism
• Wave Motion and
Sound SIR

GIBBS
 PHYSICS
CLASSICAL PHYSICS

• Mechanics It deals with the effects of heat

• Heat and when added or removed from
Thermodynamics a system, the methods of heat
• Optics transfer, and the transformation
• Electricity and of heat energy to mechanical
Magnetism energy or work and vice-versa.
• Wave Motion and
Sound SIR

GIBBS
 PHYSICS
CLASSICAL PHYSICS

• Mechanics
• Heat and
Thermodynamics It deals with the study of
• Optics
• Electricity and light and its properties.
Magnetism
• Wave Motion and
Sound SIR

GIBBS
 PHYSICS
CLASSICAL PHYSICS

• Mechanics
• Heat and
Thermodynamics It deals with phenomena
• Optics associated with electrical
• Electricity and charges (whether static or
Magnetism moving), magnetism, and the
• Wave Motion and relationship with between
Sound electricity and magnetism SIR

GIBBS
 PHYSICS
CLASSICAL PHYSICS

• Mechanics
• Heat and
Thermodynamics
• Optics
• Electricity and
Magnetism It deals with properties,
• Wave Motion and transmission, and perception
Sound of different types of waves. SIR

GIBBS
 PHYSICS
MODERN PHYSICS

It tells how matter curves • General Relativity and

space-time and how the
curvature of space-time
dictates the trajectory of
matter and light.
Special Relativity
• Nuclear Physics
• Quantum Mechanics

SIR

GIBBS
 PHYSICS
MODERN PHYSICS

It deals with phenomena • General Relativity and

associated when an Special Relativity
object moves with • Nuclear Physics
• Quantum Mechanics
speeds approaching the
• Particle Physics
speed of light in vacuum
299, 792, 458 meter per second
SIR

GIBBS
 PHYSICS
MODERN PHYSICS

It deals with the • General Relativity and

properties of and the Special Relativity
reactions within the • Nuclear Physics
• Quantum Mechanics
atomic nucleus.
• Particle Physics

SIR

GIBBS
 PHYSICS
It deals with the nature
and behavior of matter
and energy on the
atomic and subatomic
levels.
MODERN PHYSICS
• General Relativity and
Special Relativity
• Nuclear Physics
• Quantum Mechanics
• Particle Physics
SIR
GIBBS
 PHYSICS
It deals with the building
blocks of matter called
elementary particles
MODERN PHYSICS
• General Relativity and
Special Relativity
• Nuclear Physics
• Quantum Mechanics
• Particle Physics
SIR
GIBBS
It is the size or magnitude of something, or a comparison of an
unknown quantity with some known quantity of the same kind.

METRIC SYSTEM: mks and cgs systems

ENGLISH SYSTEM: fps system

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
FUNDAMENTAL DERIVED
Length (m) SPEED OF LIGHT IN VACCUM:
Time (s)
Mass (kg) 1 meter / 299, 792, 498 s
Temperature (K)
Electric current (A)
Luminous Intensity (cd) SIR
Amount of substance (mol)
GIBBS
It is the size or magnitude of something, or a comparison of an
unknown quantity with some known quantity of the same kind.

METRIC SYSTEM: mks and cgs systems

ENGLISH SYSTEM: fps system

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
FUNDAMENTAL DERIVED
Length (m)
Time (s)
Mass (kg) The Cesium-133 atoms
Temperature (K) hyperfine splitting frequency
Electric current (A)
Luminous Intensity (cd) of 9,192,631,770 hertz
SIR
Amount of substance (mol)
GIBBS
It is the size or magnitude of something, or a comparison of an
unknown quantity with some known quantity of the same kind.

METRIC SYSTEM: mks and cgs systems

ENGLISH SYSTEM: fps system

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
FUNDAMENTAL DERIVED
Length (m)
Time (s) One kilogram is the mass of
Mass (kg) the standard platinum –
Temperature (K)
Electric current (A) iridium cylinder
Luminous Intensity (cd) SIR
Amount of substance (mol)
GIBBS
 SIR

GIBBS
It is the size or magnitude of something, or a comparison of an
unknown quantity with some known quantity of the same kind.

METRIC SYSTEM: mks and cgs systems

ENGLISH SYSTEM: fps system

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
FUNDAMENTAL DERIVED
Length (m)
Time (s)
Mass (kg)
Temperature (K)
One Kelvin is the fraction
Electric current (A) 1/273.16 of the triple point
Luminous Intensity (cd)
Amount of substance (mol)
of water SIR

GIBBS
It is the size or magnitude of something, or a comparison of an
unknown quantity with some known quantity of the same kind.

METRIC SYSTEM: mks and cgs systems

ENGLISH SYSTEM: fps system

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
FUNDAMENTAL DERIVED
Length (m)
Time (s)
Mass (kg) One ampere is the constant
Temperature (K) current flowing in each of
Electric current (A)
Luminous Intensity (cd) two long 1.0 meter apart SIR
Amount of substance (mol) parallel wires. GIBBS
It is the size or magnitude of something, or a comparison of an
unknown quantity with some known quantity of the same kind.

METRIC SYSTEM: mks and cgs systems

ENGLISH SYSTEM: fps system

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
FUNDAMENTAL DERIVED
Length (m)
Time (s)
Mass (kg)
Temperature (K)
Electric current (A) One candela emits a
monochromatic frequency of 540 x
Luminous Intensity (cd)
10^12 Hz and radiant intensity of SIR
Amount of substance (mol) 1/683 watts per steradian GIBBS
It is the size or magnitude of something, or a comparison of an
unknown quantity with some known quantity of the same kind.

METRIC SYSTEM: mks and cgs systems

ENGLISH SYSTEM: fps system

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
FUNDAMENTAL DERIVED
Length (m)
Time (s) One mole is the amount of
Mass (kg) substance that contains as
Temperature (K) many atoms or molecules as
Electric current (A) there are atoms in 0.012 kg of
Luminous Intensity (cd) Carbon - 12 SIR
Amount of substance (mol) 1mol = 6.02214076 × 1023 GIBBS
It is the size or magnitude of something, or a comparison of an
unknown quantity with some known quantity of the same kind.

METRIC SYSTEM: mks and cgs systems

ENGLISH SYSTEM: fps system

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
FUNDAMENTAL DERIVED
(m) Displacement
Length (m)
(m^2) Area
Time (s)
(m^3) Volume
Mass (kg)
(m/s) Speed
Temperature (K)
(m/s) Velocity
Electric current (A)
(kg/m^3) Mass Density
Luminous Intensity (cd)
(N/m^2 = m = kg/mxs^2) Pressure
Amount of substance (mol)
(N=1kg.m/s^2) Force SIR

(J = 1kg.m^2) Work GIBBS

It is the size or magnitude of something, or a comparison of an
unknown quantity with some known quantity of the same kind.

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
SCALAR QUANTITY VECTOR QUANTITY
MAGNITUDE MAGNITUDE + DIRECTION

Distance (m) (m) Displacement

Speed (m/s) (m/s) Velocity
Time (s) (m/s^2) Acceleration
Mass (kg) (Nm) Moment
Temperature (K) (N=1kg.m/s^2) Force
Electric current (A) (N) Weight
Work done (J)
Amount of substance (mol)
SIR
Pressure (Pa or N/m^2)
GIBBS
the number of important single digits (0 through 9 inclusive) in the coefficient of an
expression in scientific notation that indicates the precision of measurement which
depends on least count of measuring instrument

SIR

GIBBS
the number of important single digits (0 through 9 inclusive) in the coefficient of an
expression in scientific notation that indicates the precision of measurement which
depends on least count of measuring instrument

SIR

GIBBS
the number of important single digits (0 through 9 inclusive) in the coefficient of an
expression in scientific notation that indicates the precision of measurement which
depends on least count of measuring instrument

MULTIPLYING & DIVIDING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

SIR

GIBBS
the number of important single digits (0 through 9 inclusive) in the coefficient of an
expression in scientific notation that indicates the precision of measurement which
depends on least count of measuring instrument

ADDING & SUBTRACTING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

SIR

GIBBS
It is the widely used method of expressing large and small
number.

Coefficient

4 Exponent

X = - 2.7635 x 10
Mantissa
Sign (if needed) Base

SIR

GIBBS
 It is the widely used method of expressing large and small
number.
Coefficient

4 Exponent
X = - 2.7635 x 10
Mantissa
Sign (if needed) Base

RULES
1) The base is always 10
2) The exponent is a non-zero integer (+ or -)
3) The absolute value of the coefficient is greater than or equal to 1 but
strictly less than 10
4) The coefficient carries the sign + or – SIR
5) The mantissa carries the rest of the significant digits GIBBS
It is the widely used method of expressing large and small
number.

1. 5400000 = 5.4 X 10 6
2. - 71 = -7.1 X 101
3. - 0.0006 = -6 X 10 4
4. 0.000124 = 1.24 X 10 -4
5. 11. 25 = 1.125 X 101
a) The speed of light is
3 X 10 8 m/s
approximately 300,000,000 m/s
b) The mass of the Earth is 24
5976300000000000000000000kg 5.9763 X 10 kg
c) The mass of a hair strand is -7
about 0.00000062 kg 6.2 X 10 kg
d) The charge of an electron is -19
SIR
1.62 X 10 C GIBBS
0.000000000000000000162 C
It is the widely used method of expressing large and small
number.

123.1
2
= 1.231 X 10
-1
0.217 = 2.14 X 10
(2+(2))
2 = 1.231 X 10
123.1 X 10
= 1.231 X 10 4
(3+(-1))
3 = 2.17 X 10
0.217 X 10 2
= 2.17 X 10
SIR

GIBBS
It is the widely used method of expressing large and small
number.

7
15200000 = 1.52 X 10
-3
0.00217 = 2.14 X 10
(4+(2))
= 1.231 X 10
472.1 X 10^4
= 1.231 X 10 6
= 2.17 X 10 (3+(-3))
0.00217 X 10^3
= 2.17 X 10 0
= 2.17 X 1 SIR

= 2.17 GIBBS