HI

STORYOFVOLLEYBALL 
WHATI
SVOLLEYBALL?
 
Voll
eybal
li
sateam spor
tinwhi
chtwoteamsofsi
xplayer
sar esepar
atedbyanet.Each
team t
ri
estoscor
epoint
sbygroundi
ngabal
lontheotherteam'scour
tunderor
ganized
rul
es 
Hi
stor
y 
Voll
eybal
lhascomeal ongwayf rom thedust y-ol
dYMCA gy mnasi um ofHolyoke,
Massachuset
ts,USA,wherethev i
sionaryWi ll
iam G.Mor gani nv
ent edt
hesportbackin
1895.Ithasseen thest art 
oftwo cent ur
iesand t hedawn ofa new mi l
lenni
um.
Voll
eybal
lisnow oneoft hebigfive 
internationalsports,andt heFIVB,withits220
aff
il
iat
ednati
onalfederati
ons,ist hel argest i
nter
nationalsportingfeder
ati
oni nthe
world.
 
Voll
eyballhaswi t
nessedunprecedent
edgr owthoverthelastt
wodecades.Wi t
ht he
gr
eatsuccess  ofworl
dcompet i
ti
onssuchast heFIVBWorldChampionshi
ps,t
heFI VB
WorldLeague,t heFIVB Wor
ldGr andPrix,theFIVB Worl
dCupandt heFIVB Grand
ChampionsCupaswel last
heOl ympic 
Games,thelevelofpart
ici
pat
ionatalllevel
s
i
nternat
ionall
yconti
nuestogrowexponential
ly.
 
The beach vol
leyballphenomenon also continues t
o amaze.The ov erwhel
ming
spectat
orand t
elevisi
on success ofbeach volley
bal
lsince i
tsintr
oducti
on tothe
OlympicGamesatAt l
ant
a1996  andthestunni
ngsuccessoftheFIVBWor l
dTour ,t
he
WorldChampionshipsandtheCont i
nent
al 
Cuphasopenedupv oll
eybal
ltoacompletel
y
newmar ket
. 
GAMECARACTERI
STI
CS 
Voll
eybal
lisasportpl
ayedbytwot eamsonapl ay
ingcour
tdiv
idedbyanet
.Thereare
dif
fer
ent 
versi
onsavai
labl
eforspeci
ficci
rcumst
ancesi
nordertooff
ert
heversat
il
it
yof
thegameto ever
yone.
 
Theobjectofthegamei stosendtheballovertheneti
nordertogr
ounditonthe
opponent’
s 
court
,andtoprev
entthesameef f
ortbyt
heopponent
.Thet
eam hast
hree
hi
tsforret
urni
ngthe 
bal
l(i
naddi
ti
ontotheblockcont
act
).
 
Theballisputinpl
aywithaserv
ice:hitbyt
heser
verov
erthenett
ot heopponent
s.The
ral
l
y  
conti
nuesunti
lthebal
lisgroundedonthepl
ayi
ngcourt
,goes“out”orateam f
ail
s
toretur
nit 
proper
ly.
 
I
nVol ley
ball,t
heteam winningaral
l
yscor
esapoi
nt(Rall
yPointSy
stem).Whenthe
recei
vi
ng team wi
nsar all
y,i
tgai
nsapoi
ntandt
her
ightt
oserv
e,anditspl
ayer
srot
ate
onepositi
on cl
ockwise.
 
Competi
ti
ontapsl
atentstrengths.I
texhi
bit
st hebestofabi
li
ty,spi
rit
,cr
eat
ivi
tyand
aest
het
ics.
 The r
ules ar
e structur
ed t
o all
ow allofthese qual
it
ies.Wit
haf ew
except
ions,Vol
l
eybal
lal
lowsal
l 
playerst
ooper
atebot
hatt
henet(
inat
tack)andi
nthe
backofthecourt(
todef
endorserve).
 
Will
i
am Mor gan,thegame’scr eat
or,wouldst
il
lrecogni
zeitbecauseVol
l
eyballhas
ret
ained 
cert
aindisti
ncti
veandessentialel
ementsovertheyears.Someoftheseit
shareswit
hot her
 net
/bal
l/r
acquetgames: 
 
–Ser
vice–Rot
ati
on(
taki
ngt
urnst
oser
ve)–At
tack–Def
ense 
Volley
bal
lis,
howev er
,uni
queamongstnetgamesininsist
ingthatthebal
li
sinconst
ant
fl
ight–a f
lyi
ngball–andbyallowi
ngeachteam adegreeofinter
nalpassi
ngbef
orethe
ballmustbe 
ret
urnedtotheopponent
s. 
 
Theint
roduct
ionofaspecial
istdefensi
veplayer–theLi
ber
o–hasmov edthegame
for
wardinter
msofr al
lyl
engthandmul ti-
phasepl
ay.Modi
fi
cati
onstotheservi
cerul
e
havechangedtheact 
ofserv
icefrom si
mpl yameansofputt
ingtheballinpl
aytoan
off
ensi
veweapon. 
Theconceptofr
otat
ionisent
renchedt
oallowforal
l
-roundathl
etes.Ther
ulesonpl
ayer
posi
ti
ons 
mustpermitteamstohav ef
lexi
bil
i
tyandtocr eat
eint
eresti
ngdevel
opments
i
ntacti
cs.
  
Compet
it
ors use thi
sfr
amewor
kt o cont
esttechniques,t
act
ics and power.The
fr
ameworkal
so al
lowspl
ayer
saf r
eedom ofexpressiontoent
husespect at
orsand
vi
ewer
s. 
 
Andt
hei
mageofVol
l
eybal
li
sincr
easi
ngl
yagoodone.
  

THEORI
GINS 
Wil
l
iam G.Mor gan(1870-
1942),
whowasbornintheSt
ateofNewYork,hasgonedown
i
nhistor
yast heinv
entorofthegameofv
oll
eybal
l
, t
owhichheor
igi
nal
lygavethename
"
Mintonett
e".
 
TheyoungMor gancarri
edouthi sunder graduatestudiesattheSpri
ngfi
eldCol l
egeof
theYMCA( YoungMen' sChr i
sti
anAssoci ati
on)wherehemetJamesNai smi t
hwho,in
1891,hadi nventedbasket bal
l.Af
tergr aduati
ng,Mor ganspenthi
sf i
rsty earatthe
Auburn(Maine)YMCAaf terwhich,
 duri
ngt hesummerof1895,hemov edt otheYMCA
atHolyoke( Massachusetts)wherehebecamedi rectorofphysi
caleducat i
on.Inthi
s
rol
ehehadt heoppor t
unityt oestabl
ish,dev el
opanddi r
ectav astpr ogrammeof
exer
cisesandspor tcl
assesf ormaleadults. 
Hisl eadershi
pwasent husi
ast
ical
l
yaccept ed,andhisclassesgrew innumber s.He
camet oreali
zet
hatheneededacer t
ainty
peofcompet i
ti
v erecr
eat
ionalgamei norder
tov aryhisprogr
amme.Basketball
,asportt hatwasbeginni
ngt odevelop,seemedt o
suityoungpeople,buti
twasnecessarytofi
ndal essv
iol
entandlessintensealt
ernat
ive
fortheoldermember s.
 
Att hatt imeMor ganknew ofnosi mi largamet ovoll
eybal
lwhi chcoul dgui
dehi m;he
devel opedi tf
rom hi sownspor tstrainingmet hodsandhi spracticalexperi
enceint he
YMCA gy mnasium.  Descri
bing hisf ir
stexper i
ments he sai d," I
n search ofan
appr opriategame, tenni
soccur r
edtome, butt
hisrequi
redrackets,balls,
anetandot her
equipment ,soitwasel imi
nated,butt hei deaofanetseemedagoodone.Wer ai
sedit
toahei ghtofabout6f eet
,6inches( 1.98met ers)fr
om theground, justabovethehead
ofanav erageman.Weneededabal landamongt hosewet r
iedwasabasket bal
l
bladder ,butthiswast oolightandt oosl ow.Wet herefor
et r
iedt hebasketballit
self
,
whichwast oobigandt ooheav y.
" 
Int
heend, Morganaskedthef i
rm ofA.G.Spaldi
ng&Br os.tomakeabal l
, whichtheydid
att
heirfactorynearChi
copee,inMassachuset ts.Theresultwassat isfactory
:theball
wasleat
hercov ered,wi
thar ubberinnertube,it
scircumferencewasnotl essthan25
andnotmor ethan27inches( 63.
5cm and68. 6cm,r especti
vely)
,andi tswei ghtnot
l
essthan9andnotmor ethan12ounces( 252grand336gr ,respect
ively
) .
 
Morganaskedt
woofhisfri
endsfr
om Hol
yoke,Dr.Fr
ankWoodandJohnLynch,t
odr aw
up(basedonhi
ssuggest
ions)t
hebasi
cconceptsofthegamet
oget
herwit
ht hefi
rst10
rul
es.
 
Earlyin1896aconf er
encewasor ganizedattheYMCACol legeinSpr ingf
ield,bri
nging
togetherallt
heYMCADi r
ectorsofPhysicalEducati
on.Dr.Lut herHalseyGul i
ck,director
ofthepr ofessi
onalphy si
caleducationt r
aini
ngschool( andal soexecut iv
edi rectorof
thedepartmentofphy sicaleducati
onoft heInter
nati
onalCommi t
teeofYMCA' s)invit
ed
Mor gantomakeademonst r
ati
onofhisgamei nthenewcol legest adium.Mor gant ook
twot eams,eachmadeupoff ivemen( andsomel oyalfans)t oSpringfi
eld,wher ethe
demonst rati
onwasmadebef oretheconferencedelegatesint heeastgy mnasi um.The
captainofoneoft heteamswasJ. J.Cur r
anandoft heot herJohnLy nchwhower e
respecti
vely,mayorandchi efofthefi
rebrigadeofHolyoke. 
Mor ganexplai
nedthatt
henewgamewasdesi gnedforgymnasiaorexerci
sehall
s,but
couldalsobepl ay
edinopenair
.Anunli
mitednumberofplay
er scoul
dparti
cipat
e,the
objectofthegamebeingtokeepthebal
li
nmov ementoverahighnet,
from onesideto
theother.
 
Afterseeingthedemonst r
at i
on,andhear ingt heexpl anati
onofMor gan,Professor
Alfr
edT. Halsteadcall
edattentiontotheaction,ort
heactphase, oftheball'
sfli
ght,and
proposedt hatthename" Mi ntonet
te"ber eplacedby" Voll
eyBall.
"Thi snamewas
acceptedbyMor ganandtheconf er
ence.(I
ti si
nteresti
ngt onotethatthesamename
hassur vi
vedov ert heyears,wi thonesl i
ghtal t
erati
on:i n1952,t heAdmi ni
strati
ve
Commi tt
eeoft heUSVBA v otedt ospellthenamewi thonewor d,"Voll
eyball
",but
conti
nuedt ouseUSVBAt osi gnifyUnit
edStatesVolleyballAssoci
ati
on).
 
Morganexplainedther
ulesandworkedonthem,thengaveahand-wri
tt
encopytothe
conferenceofYMCA di rect
orsofphysi
caleducat
ion,asaguidef ortheuseand
developmentofthegame.Acommi tt
eewasappointedtost
udytherul
esandproduce
suggest
ionsf
ort
hegame'
spr
omot
ionandt
eachi
ng.

LESSON2 
DI
MENSI
ONSANDEQUI
PMENT 
Thepl
ayi
ngcour
tisarect
angl
emeasur
ing18x9m,
sur
roundedbyaf
reezonewhi
chi
s
amini
mum of3m wi
deonallsi
des.
 
Thef r
eeplayi
ngspaceisthespaceabovetheplay
ingar
eawhichi
sfreef
rom any
obstr
ucti
ons. 
Thefreepl
ayi
ngspaceshal
lmeasur
eami ni
mum of7m i
nhei
ghtf
rom
thepl
ayingsur
face.
 
Thesurf
acemustbef lat
,horizont
alanduni
for
m.Itmustnotpresentanydangerof
i
njur
ytothepl
ayer
s.I
tisforbi
ddentoplayonr
oughorsl
i
pper
ysurf
aces. 
Alll
i
nesare5cm wide.Theymustbeofal
i
ghtcol
orwhi
chi
sdi
ff
erentf
rom t
hecol
orof
thefl
oorandf
rom anyotherl
i
nes. 
Twosidel
i
nesandtwoendli
nesmarkt
heplay
ingcour
t.Bot
hsi
del
i
nesandendl
i
nes
ar
edrawni
nsi
dethedi
mensi
onsoft
hepl
ayi
ngcourt
. 
Theaxisofthecenterl
inedi
videst
heplayi
ngcourti
ntot
woequalcourt
smeasuri
ng9x
9m each; 
however,theenti
rewidt
hoft heli
neisconsi
der
edtobelongtobot
hcourt
s
equal
l
y.Thisli
neextendsbeneatht
henetfrom si
del
inet
osidel
i
ne. 
Oneachcour
t,anatt
ackline,whoser
earedgei
sdr
awn3m backf
rom t
heaxi
soft
he
cent
erl
i
ne,
 markst
hefrontzone. 
Fr
ontZone 
Oneachcourtthefr
ontzoneisl
imi
tedbytheaxi
softhecenterl
i
neandt
herearedgeof
theatt
ackl
ine.Thefrontzonei
sconsi
der
edtoextendbeyondthesi
del
inestotheend
ofthefr
eezone. 
Ser
viceZone 
Theserv
icezoneisa9m wi dear eabehi
ndeachendl i
ne.I
tislat
eral
l
yli
mitedbytwo
shor
tli
nes,
 each15cm long,drawn20cm behindtheendlineasanextensionoft
he
si
deli
nes.Bothshor
tli
nesareincl
udedint
hewidthoftheser
v i
cezone.
 
I
ndept
h,t
heser
vicezoneext
endst
otheendoft
hef
reezone. 
Subst
it
uti
onzone 
Thesubst
it
uti
onzonei
sli
mit
edbyt
heext
ensi
onofbot
hat
tackl
i
nesupt
othescor
er'
s
tabl
e. 
Li
ber
oRepl
acementzone 
TheLiber
oRepl acementzoneispar
tofthef
reezoneonthesi
deoft
het
eam benches,
l
imit
edbyt heextensi
onoftheatt
ackli
neupt
otheendli
ne. 
War
m-upar
ea 
Thewarm-upareas,sizedapproxi
mat
ely3x3m,ar
elocat
edi
nbot
hoft
hebenchsi
de
cor
ner
s, 
outsi
dethefreezone. 
Penal
tyar
ea 
Apenaltyarea,si
zedappr
oxi
matel
y1x1m andequi ppedwi t
htwochai
rs,isl
ocat
edi
n
thecontr
olarea,out
sidet
heprol
ongat
ionofeachendline.Theymaybelimit
edbya5
cm wideredli
ne. 

NETANDPOSTS 
HEI
GHTOFTHENET 
1Placedver
ti
cal
l
yovert
hecent
erl
i
nether
eisanetwhoset
opi
ssetatt
hehei
ghtof
2.
43m formenand2.
24m f
orwomen.
 
It
sheighti
smeasuredfrom t
hecent
eroft
hepl
ayi
ngcourt.Thenetheight(
overt
het
wo
sidel
ines)
 mustbeexactl
ythesameandmustnotexceedtheoffi
cialhei
ghtbymore
than2cm. 
STRUCTURE 
Thenetis1m wideand9.50to10m long(wi
th25t
o50cm oneachsi
deoft
hesi
de
bands)
,madeof10cm squar
eblackmesh.
Atit
st opahorizont
alband,7cm wide,
madeoftwo-
foldwhit
ecanv
as,issewnal
ongi
ts
ful
llength.Eachextremeendoft hebandhasahol e,t
hroughwhichpassesacor
d,
fast
eningthebandtot hepost
sforkeepi
ngi
tst
optaut.
 
Wit
hintheband,afl
exibl
ecablefastensthenettothepost
sandkeepsit
stoptaut
.At
t
hebottom oft
henettherei
sanotherhorizont
alband,
5cm wi
de,si
mil
art
othetopband,
t
hroughwhichisthr
eadedar ope.Thisropefast
ensthenettot
hepostsandkeepsit
s
l
owerpartt
aut.
 
SI
DEBANDS 
Twowhi tebandsar
ef ast
enedv
er t
ical
l
ytot
henetandpl
aceddi
rect
lyaboveeachsi
de
l
ine.Theyare5cm wideand1m longandar
econsi
der
edaspar
tofthenet.
 
ANTENNAE 
Anantennaisaf l
exi
bler
od,1.
80m longand10mm i
ndiamet
er,madeoff
iber
glassor
si
milarmateri
al.Anantennaisfast
enedattheout
eredgeofeachsideband.The
ant
ennaeareplacedonopposi
tesi
desofthenet
. 
Thetop80cm ofeachant ennaextendsabovethenetandismarkedwi
th10cm st
ri
pes
ofcontrast
ingcolorpr
eferabl
yredandwhi t
e.Theantennaeareconsi
der
edaspartof
thenetandlater
all
ydel
imitthecrossi
ngspace.
 
POSTS 
Thepostssupport
ingthenetareplacedatadi
stanceof0.
50-
1.00m out
sidet
hesi
de
l
ines.Theyar
e2.55m highandpref
erabl
yadj
ust
able.
 
3BALLSSTANDARDS 
Theballshal
lbespheri
cal,madeofaf lexi
bleleat
herorsy nthet
icleathercasewit
ha
bl
adderinsi
de,madeofr ubberorasimi l
armat er
ial
.It
scol ormaybeauni f
ormli
ght
col
ororacombi nat
ionofcolors.I
tsci
rcumf er
enceis65-67cm andi t
swei ghti
s260-
280g.I
tsinsi
depressur
eshallbe0.30t
o0. 325kg/cm2( 4.
26t o4.61psi).
 

UNI
FORMI
TYOFBALLS 
Al
lbal
lsusedi namat chmusthav
ethesamest
andar
dsr
egar
dingci
rcumf
erence,
wei
ght
, 
pressur
e,t
ype,
color
,et
c. 
ForFIVB,Worl
dandOf fi
cialCompet
it
ions,fiv
ebal
l
sshal
lbeused.I
nthi
scase,si
xbal
l
ret
ri
eversarestat
ioned,oneateachcor neroft
hefr
eezoneandonebehi ndeach
ref
eree.
 
TEAM COMPOSI
TION 
Forthematch,ateam mayconsi
stofupt o12pl
ayer
s,pl
us–CoachingStaf
f:one
coach,amaximum oft
woassi
stantcoaches,–Medi
calSt
aff
:onet
eam ther
api
stand
onemedical
doctor
. 
Onl
ythosel
i
stedonthescoresheetmaynormal
l
yentert
heCompet
it
ion/Cont
rolAr
ea
andt
akepar
tintheof
fi
cial
warm upandint
hematch.
 
EQUI
PMENT 
Apl ayer'
sequipmentconsist
sofajer
sey,shor
ts,socks(
theuni
for
m)andspor
tshoes.
Thecol orandthedesi
gnf ort
hej
ersey
s,short
sandsocksmustbeunif
ormfort
heteam
(exceptf ort
heLibero).Theunif
ormsmustbecl ean.Theshoesmustbeli
ghtand
pl
iabl
e wit
hr ubberorcomposi
te sol
es wi
thoutheel
s.Pl
ayer
s'j
ersey
s mustbe
numberedfr
om 1to20.
 
Thenumbermustbepl acedonthejerseyatt
hecenterofthefr
ontandoftheback.The
col
orandbr i
ght
nessofthenumbersmustcont r
astwiththecol
orandbri
ghtnessofthe
j
erseys.Thenumbermustbeami nimum of15cm i nhei
ghtont hechest,anda
minimum of20cm inhei ghtont
heback.Thest ri
pef or
mingthenumber sshal
lbea
minimum of2cm i
nwidth. 
Theteam capt
ainmusthav
eonhi
s/herj
erseyast
ri
peof8x2cm under
li
ningt
he
numberonthechest
. 
I
tisforbiddentowearuniformsofacol ordiff
erentfrom t
hatoft
heot
herpl
ayer
s
(
exceptfortheLi
ber
o’s)
,and/orwi
thoutof
fi
cial
number s.
 

CHANGEOFEQUI
PMENT
The1str
efer
eemayaut
hor
izeoneormor
epl
ayer
s: 
∙t
opl
aybar
efoot
; 
∙tochangewetordamagedunif
ormsbet
weensetsoraf
tersubst
it
uti
on,pr
ovi
dedt
hat
thecol
or,desi
gnandnumberoft
henewuni
for
m(s)ar
ethesame; 
∙toplayint
rai
ningsui
tsi
ncoldweather
,pr
ovidedthatt
heyar
eofthesamecol
orand
desi
gnf ort
hewholeteam (
exceptf
ortheLibero’
s)andnumber
edaccor
dingt
oRule
4.
3.3.
 
FORBI
DDENOBJECTS 
∙Iti
sf or
biddent
owearobj
ect
swhi
chmaycausei
njur
yorgi
veanar
ti
fi
cialadv
ant
aget
o
theplayer
. 
∙Pl
ayer
smayweargl
assesorl
ensesatt
hei
rownr
isk.
 
∙Compressi
onpads(
paddedi
njur
ypr
otect
iondev
ices)maybewor
nforpr
otect
ionor
suppor
t.
 
TEAM LEADERS 
∙Boththeteam capt
ainandt
hecoachar
eresponsi
blef
ort
heconductanddi
sci
pli
neof
thei
rteam members.
 
∙TheLi
ber
o’scannotbeei
thert
eam orgamecapt
ain.
 
CAPTAI
N 
PRIORTOTHEMATCH,t
het
eam capt
ainsi
gnst
hescor
esheetandr
epr
esent
shi
s/her
team i
nthet
oss.
 
DURING THEMATCH andwhi l
eont hecour t,theteam capt
ainisthegamecapt ain.
Whent heteam captai
nisnotont hecour t
,thecoachort het
eam captainmustassi gn
anot
herplayeront hecour
t, 
butnottheLi bero,toassumet her
oleofgamecapt ain.Thi s
gamecapt ai
nmai ntai
nshis/herresponsibil
i
tiesuntilhe/
sheissubsti
tuted,ort
het eam
capt
ainret
urnstopl ay
,orthesetends.  
Whent heballisoutofplay,onlythegamecapt ai
nisauthorizedt
ospeaktother efer
ees:
1.toaskforanexpl anati
onont heappl
icati
onori nt
erpretati
onoftheRul
es, andalsot o
submitther equest
sorquest ionsofhis/hert eammates.I fthegamecaptaindoesnot
agreewitht heexplanati
onoft he1streferee,he/shemaychooset oprotestagai nst
suchdecisionandi mmedi atelyindi
cat
est ot he1strefereethathe/
sher eservest he
ri
ghttorecordanof fi
cial
protestonthescoresheetatt heendoft hematch; 
2.askaut
hor
izat
ion:
a)t
ochangeal
lorpar
toft
heequi
pment
,
b)t
over
if
ytheposi
ti
onsoft
het
eams,
c)t
ocheckt
hef
loor
,thenet
,thebal
l
,et
c.;
 
3.i
ntheabsenceoft
hecoacht
orequestt
ime-
out
sandsubst
it
uti
ons. 
ATTHEENDOFTHEMATCH,
thet
eam capt
ain: 
t
hankst
her
efer
eesandsi
gnst
hescor
esheett
orat
if
yther
esul
t; 
may ,whenithasbeennot i
fi
edinduetimetothe1stref
eree,
confi
rm andrecordont
he
scoresheetanoffi
cialpr
otestr
egardi
ngtheref
eree’
sappli
cat
ionorint
erpr
etati
onoft
he
rul
es. 
COACH 
Thr
oughoutthemat ch,thecoachconductstheplayofhis/herteam f
rom outsi
dethe
pl
ayi
ngcourt.He/sheselectst
hestar
ti
ngline-ups,
thesubsti
tut
es,andtakesti
me-outs.
I
nthesefuncti
onshis/hercont
act
ingoff
ici
alisthe2ndref
eree. 
PRI
ORTOTHEMATCH, thecoachrecordsorchecksthenamesandnumber
sofhi
s/her
pl
ayer
sont
hescor
esheetteam r
oster
,andthensignsit
. 
DURI
NGTHEMATCH,
thecoach:
 
priortoeachset ,gi
vesthe2ndr efereeort hescor erthel i
ne-upsheet(
s)dulyfi
ll
edi n
andsi gned;si
tsontheteam benchnearestt othescor er,butmayleaveit
;request
stime
-outsandsubst i
tuti
ons;may,aswel lasot herteam member s,gi
veinst
ructi
onstot he
playersont hecourt
. Thecoachmaygi vethesei nstr
uct i
onswhi l
estandingorwalking
withinthef r
eezonei nfr
ontofhis/hert eam’sbenchf rom theextensi
onoft heattack
l
ineupt ot hewarm-uparea,
withoutdisturbi
ngordel ayingthemat ch.
 
ASSI
STANTCOACH 
Theassi st
antcoachsitsontheteam bench,buthasnor ightt
ointerveneinthematch.
Shouldt hecoachhav etoleavehis/herteam foranyr easonincludingsancti
on,but
excludingenteri
ngthe 
courtasaplay er
,anassistantcoachmayassumet hecoach's
functi
onsf orthedurat
ionoftheabsence,onceconf i
rmedt other efereebythegame
captain.

LESSON3 
RULESI
NVOLLEYBALL 
PLAYI
NGFORMAT 
TOSCOREAPOI
NT,
TOWI
NASETANDTHEMATCH 
TOSCOREAPOI
NT 
At
eam scor
esapoi
nt: 
∙bysuccessf
ull
ylandi
ngt
hebal
lont
heopponent
’scour
t; 
∙whent
heopponentt
eam commi
tsaf
aul
t; 
∙whent
heopponentt
eam r
ecei
vesapenal
ty. 
Faul
t 
At eam commit
saf aul
tbymaki
ngapl ayi
ngact
ioncontr
arytotherul
es(orbyvi
olat
ing
them in some ot her way
).The refer
ees j
udge the faul
ts and deter
mine the
consequencesaccordi
ngtot
herul
es:
 
∙i
ftwoormor efaul
tsar
ecommi t
tedsuccessi
vel
y,onl
ythefi
rstonei
scount
ed;
∙ift
wo
ormorefaul
tsarecommi t
tedbyopponent
ssimult
aneousl
y,aDOUBLEFAULTiscal
led
andther
all
yisrepl
ayed.
 
Ral
lyandcompl
etedr
all
y 
Arall
yi sthesequenceofplayi
ngactionsfr
om t hemomentoft heser
vicehitbythe
ser
veruntilthebal
lisoutofpl
ay.Acompl et
edr al
lyist
hesequenceofpl
ayingact
ions
whi
chr esult
sintheawardofapoint
.Thisi
ncludes: 
–t
heawar
dofapenal
ty 
–l
ossofser
vicef
orser
vicehi
tmadeaf
tert
het
ime-
li
mit
. 
I
ftheser
vingt
eam wi
nsar
all
y,i
tscor
esapoi
ntandcont
inuest
oser
ve. 
I
fther
ecei
vi
ngt
eam wi
nsar
all
y,i
tscor
esapoi
ntandi
tmustser
venext
. 
TOWI
NASET 
Aset(
exceptthedeci
ding5thset)i
swonbyt het
eam whichfi
rstscor
es25poi
ntswit
h
amini
mum leadoftwopoi nt
s.I
nt hecaseofa24-24t
ie,pl
ayisconti
nuedunt
ilat
wo-
poi
ntl
eadisachi
eved(26-24;
27-25;et
c.)
. 
TOWI
NTHEMATCH 
Thematchi
swonbythet
eam t
hatwi
nsthr
eeset
s.Int
hecaseofa2-
2ti
e,t
hedeci
ding
5thseti
spl
ayedt
o15poi
ntswi
thamini
mum l
eadof2poi
nts.
 
DEFAULTANDI
NCOMPLETETEAM  
I
fateam ref
usest
opl ayaf
terbei
ngsummonedtodoso,i
tisdeclar
edindef
aul
tand
f
orf
eit
sthematchwit
ht her
esul
t0-
3fort
hematchand0-
25foreachset.
 
Ateam that
,wit
houtj
usti
fi
abl
ereason,doesnotappearont
hepl
ayi
ngcour
tont
imei
s
decl
aredindef
aultwi
tht
hesamer esul
tasinpr
eviousl
y.
 
Ateam thatisdecl
aredINCOMPLETEf ort
hesetorf orthematch,l
osesthesetort
he
match.Theopponentteam i
sgiv
ent hepoi
nts,ort
hepointsandthesets,
neededt
owin
t
hesetort hematch. 
Theincomplet
eteam keepsi
tspointsandset
s. 
STRUCTUREOFPLAY 
THETOSSBef or
et hematch,t
he1stref
ereecarr
iesoutat
osst
odeci
deupont
hef
ir
st
ser
viceandt
hesidesoft
hecour ti
nthef
ir
stset.
 
I
fadeci
dingseti
stobepl
ayed,
anewt
osswi
l
lbecar
ri
edout
. 
Thet
ossi
stakeni
nthepr
esenceoft
het
wot
eam capt
ains.5.
1 
Thewi
nneroft
het
osschooses:
 
EI
THER 
∙t
her
ightt
oser
veort
orecei
vet
heser
vice,
12.
1.1 
OR 
∙t
hesi
deoft
hecour
t.
 
Thel
osert
akest
her
emai
ningchoi
ce.
POSI
TIONS 
Atthemomenttheballi
shitbytheserv
er,
eachteam mustbeposi
ti
onedwi
thi
nit
sown
courti
nther
otat
ional
order(exceptt
heser
ver
).
 
Theposi
ti
onsoft
hepl
ayer
sar
enumber
edasf
oll
ows:
 
∙t
hethr
eeplayersal
ongthenetaref
ront
-r
owpl
ayer
sandoccupyposi
ti
ons4(
front
-l
eft
),
3(f
ront
-cent
er)and2(f
ront
-r
ight
);
 
∙theot
herthr
eeareback-
rowpl
ayer
soccupy
ingposi
ti
ons5(
back-
lef
t),6(
back-
cent
er)
and1(back-
ri
ght
).
 

Rel
ati
veposi
ti
onsbet
weenpl
ayer
s: 
∙eachback-r
ow pl
ayermustbeposi
ti
onedf
urt
herbackf
rom t
hecent
erl
i
net
hant
he
cor
respondi
ngfr
ont-
rowpl
ayer;
 
∙thefront
-row play
ersand theback-
row pl
ayer
s,r
espect
ivel
y,mustbeposi
ti
oned
l
ater
all
yintheorderindi
cat
ed.
 
Theposi t
ionsofplayer
saredeter
minedandcont
rol
l
edaccor
dingt
otheposi
ti
onsof
thei
rfeetcontact
ingt
hegroundasfol
l
ows:
 
∙eachfr
ont-
rowplay
ermusthaveatl
eastapar
tofhis/
herf
ootcl
osert
othecent
erl
i
ne
thant
hefeetoft
hecorr
espondi
ngback-
rowpl
ayer
; 
∙eachright(l
eft
)si
deplayermusthaveatl
eastapartofhi
s/herf
ootcl
osert
other
ight
(l
eft
) 
sideli
nethant
hefeetofthecent
erpl
ayeri
nthatrow.
 
Aft
ertheserv
icehit,thepl
ayer
smaymov
ear
oundandoccupyanyposi
ti
onont
hei
r
cour
tandthefreezone. 
POSI
TIONALFAULT 
Theteam commit
sapositi
onalfault
,ifanypl
ayeri
snotinhis/
hercorr
ectposi
ti
onat
themomentt hebal
lishitbytheser ver.Whenaplay
erisoncour tthr
oughill
egal
subst
it
uti
on,and pl
ay rest
art
s,t hi
si s count
ed as a posi
tionalf
aultwit
ht he
consequencesofani
l
legal
subst
it
uti
on. 
I
ftheservercommitsaserv
ingfaul
tatt
hemomentoft
heser
vicehi
t,t
heser
ver
'sf
aul
t
i
scountedbeforeaposi
ti
onalf
ault
. 
Ift
heservi
cebecomesf
aul
tyaf
tert
heser
vicehi
t,i
tist
heposi
ti
onalf
aul
tthatwi
l
lbe
count
ed.
 
Aposi
ti
onal
faul
tleadst
othef
oll
owi
ngconsequences:
 
∙t
het
eam i
ssanct
ionedwi
thapoi
ntandser
vicet
otheopponent
; 
∙pl
ayer
s'posi
ti
onsmustber
ect
if
ied.
ROTATI
ON 
Therotat
ionalor
deri
sdetermi
nedbytheteam'sst
art
ingl
i
ne-
upandcont
rol
l
edwi
tht
he
ser
viceorderandpl
ayer
s'posi
ti
onst
hroughoutt
heset.
 
Whent hereceivi
ngteam hasgai
nedtheri
ghtt
oser v
e,i
tspl
ayersr
otateoneposit
ion
clock-wise:
 theplay
erinposi
ti
on2rot
atest
oposit
ion1toser
ve,t
heplay
erinposi
ti
on1
rotatestopositi
on6, 
etc.
 
ROTATI
ONALFAULT 
Ar ot
ati
onalfaul
ti scommitt
ed when t
heSERVI CE i
snotmadeaccor
ding t
othe
r
otati
onalor
der.I
tleadst
othefol
l
owingconsequencesi
nor
der
: 
∙thescorerstopsplaybythebuzzer
;theopponentgainsapointandnextservi
ce;
 ∙I
fthe
rotat
ionalf
aultisdeter
minedonlyaftert
hecompl et
ionoftherallywhi
chstart
edwi t
ha
rotat
ionalf
ault,onl
yasinglepointi
sawar dedt
ot heopponent,regar
dlessoftheresul
t
oftherall
yplayed. 
∙t
her
otat
ional
orderoft
hef
aul
tyt
eam mustber
ect
if
ied;
 
∙Addit
ionall
y,thescorershoulddeter
minetheexactmomentwhent hefaul
twas
committed,andallpoi
ntsscor
edsubsequent
lybyt
heteam atf
aul
tmustbecancel
l
ed.
Theopponent’spoint
sremainval
i
d. 
Ift
hatmomentcannotbedeter
mined,nopoint(
s)cancel
l
ati
ont
akespl
ace,andapoi
nt
andser
vicet
otheopponenti
stheonlysanct
ion.
 
PLAYI
NGACTI
ONS 
STATESOFPLAY 
BALLINPLAYThebal
li
sinpl
ayf
rom t
hemomentoft
hehi
toft
heser
viceaut
hor
izedby
the1str
efer
ee.
 
BALLOUTOFPLAYTheballi
soutofplayatt
hemomentofthefaul
twhichiswhi
stl
ed
byoneoft
her
efer
ees;
int
heabsenceofafaul
t,att
hemomentoft
hewhistl
e. 
BALL”I
N”Theballi
s“in”ifatanymomentofi t
scontactwi
tht
hef
loor
,somepar
toft
he
bal
ltouchest
hecourt
,includi
ngtheboundar
ylines. 
BALL“
OUT”Thebal
li
s“out
”when:
 
allpar
tsoft
heballwhi
chcont
actthefl
oorarecompletel
yout
sidet
heboundar
yli
nes;i
t
touchesanobj
ectout
sidet
hecour
t,t
heceil
ingorapersonoutofpl
ay;
 
i
tt ouchestheantennae,ropes,post
sorthenetit
sel
foutsi
dethesi
debands;i
tcr
osses
thev ert
icalpl
aneoft henetei t
herpart
ial
lyortot
all
youtsi
dethecrossi
ngspace,
 i
t
crossescompletelythelowerspaceunderthenet
. 
PLAYI
NGTHEBALLEachteam mustplaywit
hini
tsownplayi
ngar
eaandspace.The
bal
lmay,
 
howev
er,
ber
etr
iev
edfr
om beyondit
sownf r
eezone.
 
TEAM HI
TSAhi
tisanycont
actwi
tht
hebal
lbyapl
ayeri
npl
ay. 
Theteam isent
it
ledtoamaximum oft
hreehit
s(inaddit
iont
oblocki
ng)
,forr
etur
ning
thebal
l.I
fmoreareused,
thet
eam commitst
hefaultof“
FOURHITS”.
 
CONSECUTI
VECONTACTS 
Apl
ayermaynothi
tthebal
ltwot
imesconsecut
ivel
y.
 
SI
MULTANEOUSCONTACTS 
Twoort
hreepl
ayer
smayt
oucht
hebal
latt
hesamemoment
. 
Whent wo(orthr
ee)team-matestouchtheballsi
multaneousl
y,iti
scountedastwo(or
t
hree)hit
s( wi
ththeexcepti
onofbl ocki
ng).I
ftheyreachf orthebal
l,butonl
yoneof
t
hem touchesi
t,onehiti
scounted.Acoll
isi
onofplay
er sdoesnotconsti
tuteaf
ault
. 
Whentwoopponent stouchtheballsi
mult
aneouslyovert
henetandthebal
lremai
nsi
n
pl
ay,
theteam recei
vingthebal
lisenti
tl
edtoanothert
hreehi
ts.I
fsuchabal
lgoes“
out
”,
i
tist
hefaultoftheteam ontheopposit
esi
de. 
I
fsimult
aneoushitsbyt
woopponent
sov
ert
henetl
eadt
oanext
endedcont
actwi
tht
he
bal
l
,playcont
inues. 
ASSI
STEDHI
T 
Withi
ntheplayi
ngarea,apl
ayeri
snotper
mit
tedt
otakesuppor
tfr
om at
eam-
mat
eor
anystr
uct
ure/obj
ecti
nordert
ohitt
hebal
l.
 
However
,aplayerwhoisaboutt
ocommitaf
aul
t(t
oucht
henetorcr
osst
hecent
erl
i
ne,
et
c.)maybestoppedorhel
dbackbyat
eam-mat
e. 
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFTHEHI
T 
∙Thebal
lmayt
ouchanypar
toft
hebody
. 
∙Thebal
lmustnotbecaughtand/
ort
hrown. 
∙I
tcanr
eboundi
nanydi
rect
ion.
 
Theballmaytouchv
ari
ouspar
tsoft
hebody
,pr
ovi
dedt
hatt
hecont
act
stakepl
ace
si
mult
aneousl
y.
 
Except
ions:
 
∙9.1,14.4.
1 atblocki
ng,consecut
ive cont
act
s may be made by one ormor
e
pl
ayer
(s)
, 
provi
dedt
hatthecont
actsoccurduri
ngoneact
ion;
 
∙att he fir
sthi tofthe team,the bal
lmay contactvari
ous par
ts oft
he body
consecut
ivel
y, 
provi
dedthatt
hecontact
soccurdur
ingoneact
ion.
 
FAULTSI
NPLAYI
NGTHEBALL 
∙FOURHI
TS:at
eam hi
tst
hebal
lfourt
imesbef
orer
etur
ningi
t.
 
∙ASSI
STEDHI
T:apl
ayert
akessuppor
tfr
om at
eam-
mat
eoranyst
ruct
ure/obj
ecti
n
or
dert
ohi
tthebal
lwi
thi
nthepl
ayi
ngar
ea.
 
∙CATCH:t hebal
liscaughtand/
orthr
own;itdoesnotreboundfrom thehi
t.∙DOUBLE
CONTACT:apl ayerhi
tst
heballt
wicei
nsuccessi
onortheballcontact
svari
ouspart
sof
hi
s/herbodyinsuccessi
on.
 

BALLATTHENET 
BALLCROSSI
NGTHENET 
Theballsenttotheopponent'
scour
tmustgoov ert
henetwithi
nthecrossi
ngspace.
Thecrossi
ngspaceisthepartoft
hever
ti
calpl
aneofthenetl
i
mi t
edasfol
lows:∙bel
ow,
bythetopofthenet;
 
∙att
hesi
des,
byt
heant
ennae,
andt
hei
rimagi
nar
yext
ensi
on;
 
∙abov
e,byt
hecei
l
ing.
Theballthathascr
ossedthenetpl
anetot heopponent
'sf
reezonetotal
lyorpart
ly
thr
oughtheexter
nal
space,
maybeplayedbackwit
hinthet
eam hi
ts,
prov
idedthat
: 
∙t
heopponent
'scour
tisnott
ouchedbyt
hepl
ayer
; 
∙thebal
l,whenpl
ayedback,crossest
henetpl
aneagai
ntot
all
yorpar
tl
ythr
ought
he
exter
nal
spaceont
hesamesi deofthecour
t.
 
Theopponentt
eam maynotpr
eventsuchact
ion.
 
Theballt
hati
sheadi
ngtowar
dstheopponent
’scourtt
hroughthelowerspacei
sinpl
ay
unt
ilt
hemomentithascompl
etel
ycr
ossedthevert
icalpl
aneofthenet.
 
BALLTOUCHI
NGTHENET 
Whi
l
ecr
ossi
ngt
henet
,thebal
lmayt
ouchi
t. 
BALLI
NTHENET 
Aballdr
iveni
ntot
henetmayberecover
edwithi
ntheli
mit
soft
hethreeteam hi
ts.Ifthe
bal
lripsthemeshoft henetortearsitdown,theral
l
yiscancell
edandr eplayed.
PLAYERATTHENET 
REACHI
NGBEYONDTHENET 
I
nblocki
ng,aplay
ermaytouchthebal
lbeyondthenet,prov
idedthathe/
shedoesnot
i
nter
fer
ewitht
heopponent
’spl
aybefor
eorduri
ngthelatt
er'
sattackhi
t.
 
Afteranattackhit,apl
ayeri
sper
mittedtopasshi
s/herhandbeyondt
henet
,pr
ovi
ded
thatthecontacthasbeenmadewit
hinhis/
herownplayi
ngspace.
 
PENETRATI
ONUNDERTHENET 
I
tispermi
ttedtopenet
rat
eint
otheopponent
’sspaceundert
henet
,pr
ovi
dedt
hatt
his
doesnoti
nter
fer
ewitht
heopponent
’spl
ay.
 
Penet
rat
ioni
ntot
heopponent
'scour
t,bey
ondt
hecent
erl
i
ne:
 
∙totouchtheopponent
'scourtwithaf oot(f
eet)i
spermitt
ed,pr
ovi
dedthatsomepar t
ofthepenetr
ati
ngfoot(f
eet)remainseitheri
ncontactwit
hordir
ect
lyabovethecenter
l
ine;
 ∙t
otouchtheopponent’
scourtwithanypartofthebodyabovet
hefeeti
spermitt
ed
provi
dedthati
tdoesnotint
erfer
ewi t
htheopponent’spl
ay.
 
Apl
ayermayent
ert
heopponent
'scour
taf
tert
hebal
lgoesoutofpl
ay. 
Pl
ayersmaypenetrat
eintot
heopponent
'sf
reezonepr
ovi
dedt
hatt
heydonoti
nter
fer
e
wi
ththeopponent
’splay
. 
CONTACTWI
THTHENET 
Contactwiththenetbyaplayerbetweent
heant ennae,dur
ingt
heacti
onofplayi
ngthe
bal
l,isaf aul
t.Theacti
onofplayingthebal
lincludes(amongother
s)take-
off
,hit(
or
att
empt )andlandi
ngsafel
y,r
eadyforanewaction. 
Play
ersmayt ouchthepost
,ropes,oranyotherobj
ectout
sidet
heant
ennae,i
ncl
udi
ng
theneti
tsel
f,pr
ovi
dedthati
tdoesnotinter
fer
ewitht
heplay.
 
Whentheballi
sdr
iveni
ntot
henet
,causi
ngi
ttot
ouchanopponent
,nof
aul
tis
commi
tted.
 
PLAYER’
SFAULTSATTHENET 
Aplayert
ouchesthebal
loranopponenti
ntheopponent
'sspacebef
oreordur
ingt
he
opponent
’sat
tackhi
t.
 
Aplayerint
erf
ereswi
tht
heopponent
'spl
aywhi
l
epenet
rat
ingi
ntot
heopponent
’sspace
underthenet.
 
Apl
ayer
’sf
oot(
feet
)penet
rat
escompl
etel
yint
otheopponent
'scour
t. 
Apl
ayeri
nter
fer
eswi
thpl
ayby(
amongstot
her
s):
 
∙t
ouchingthenetbetweentheantennaeortheantennait
sel
fduri
nghis/heracti
onof
pl
ayi
ngt hebal
l
,11.
3.1–usingt henetbet
weentheantennaeasasupportorstabi
li
zi
ng
ai
d∙creati
nganunfai
radvantageovert
heopponentbytouchi
ngt
henet 
∙maki ngactionswhichhinderanopponent ’slegi
ti
mateattemptto playtheball
,
 ∙
catchi
ng/holdingontothenetAnypl ayercloset ot
heballasiti
splayed,andwhois
hi
m/ hersel
ftr
y i
ngtoplayi
t,isconsider
edi nt heacti
onofplayi
ngthebal l
,eveni
fno
contactismadewi t
hi t
.Howev er
,touchingt henetoutsi
det heant
ennai snottobe
consi
der
edaf
aul
t.
 

SERVI
CE 
Theservi
ceistheactofput
ti
ngt
hebal
lint
opl
ay,
byt
heback-
ri
ghtpl
ayer
,pl
acedi
nthe
ser
vicezone.
 
FI
RSTSERVI
CEI
NASET 
Thefirstserv
iceofthefi
rstset
,aswel
last
hatoft
hedeci
ding5t
hseti
sexecut
edbyt
he
team determinedbythetoss.
 
Theothersetswi
l
lbest
art
edwi
tht
heser
viceoft
het
eam t
hatdi
dnotser
vef
ir
sti
nthe
prev
iousset.
 
SERVI
CEORDER 
Thepl
ayer
smustf
oll
owt
heser
viceor
derr
ecor
dedont
hel
i
ne-
upsheet
. 
Aft
erthefir
stser
viceinaset,t
heplay
ertoserveisdeterminedasf
oll
ows:∙whenthe
serv
ingteam wi
nst her
all
y,t
heplay
er(orhi
s/hersubst
it
ute)whoser
vedbefor
e, 
ser
ves
agai
n; 
∙whent herecei
v i
ngt
eam wi
nsther
all
y,i
tgai
nst
heri
ghttoserv
eandrot
atesbefore
actuall
yser
ving.Theplay
erwhomovesfr
om t
hefr
ontr
ightposi
ti
ont
otheback-r
ight
positi
onwil
lserve.
 
AUTHORI
ZATI
ONOFTHESERVI
CE
The1strefer
eeauthori
zest
heservi
ce,afterhavi
ngcheckedt
hatt
het
wot
eamsar
e
readyt
oplayandt
hattheser
veri
sinpossessionofthebal
l
. 
EXECUTI
ONOFTHESERVI
CE 
Thebal
lshal
lbehitwi
thonehandoranypar
toft
hear
m af
terbei
ngt
ossedorr
eleased
fr
om t
hehand(s)
. 
Onl
yonetossorr
eleaseoft
hebal
lisal
l
owed.Dr
ibbl
i
ngormov
ingt
hebal
lint
hehands
i
spermi
tt
ed. 
Att hemomentoftheservi
cehitortake-
offf
orajumpservice,t
heservermustnot
touchthecour
t(t
heendl
ineincl
uded)ort
hefl
oorout
sidet
heservi
cezone.
 
Aft
erthehi
t,he/
shemaysteporl
andoutsi
detheser
vicezone,ori
nsi
dethecourt
.The
ser
vermusthitt
hebal
lwi
thi
n8secondsaft
ert
he1strefer
eewhistl
esf
orser
vice.
 
Aser
viceexecut
edbef
oret
her
efer
ee'
swhi
stl
eiscancel
l
edandr
epeat
ed.
 
SCREENI
NG 
Thepl ayersoftheser vi
ngt eam mustnotpr eventtheiropponent
,thr
oughindiv
idualor
coll
ectiv
escr eening,
from seeingtheserverandt heflightpat
hoftheball
.Aplayerora
groupofpl ayer
soft heser vingteam make( s)ascr eenbywav ingarms,jumpingor
mov i
ngsi dewaysdur i
ngt heexecutionoftheser v
ice,orbystandi
nggrouped,andinso
doinghi desbotht heser verandt hefl
ightpat hoft heballunti
lthebal
lreachest he
verti
calplaneofthenet . 
FAULTSMADEDURI
NGTHESERVI
CESer
vingf
aul
ts.
 
Thefol
l
owingfaul
tsl
eadtoachangeofser
viceev
eni
ftheopponenti
soutofposi
ti
on.
Theser
ver
:∙vi
olat
estheser
viceor
der
 
∙doesnotexecut
etheser
vicepr
oper
ly. 
Faul
tsaf
tert
heser
vicehi
t.
 
Aft
erthebal
lhasbeencor
rect
lyhi
t,t
heser
vicebecomesaf
aul
t(unl
essapl
ayeri
sout
ofposi
ti
on)i
fthebal
l:
 
∙touchesaplayeroftheser
vingt
eam orf
ail
stocr
osst
hev
ert
icalpl
aneoft
henet
completel
ythr
oughthecr
ossi
ngspace;
 
∙goes“
out
”; 
∙passesov
erascr
een 
SERVI
NGFAULTSANDPOSI
TIONALFAULTS 
Ift
heservermakesaf aul
tatt
hemomentoft heserv
icehit(
improperexecuti
on,
wr ong
rot
ati
onalorder
,et
c.)andtheopponenti
soutofposi
tion,
iti
stheservi
ngf aul
twhichis
sanct
ioned.
 
I
nstead,i
ftheexecut
ionoftheserv
icehasbeencorrect
,buttheserv
icesubsequentl
y
becomesfaul
ty(goesout,
goesoverascreen,
etc.
),t
heposit
ionalf
aul
thastakenplace
fi
rstandi
ssancti
oned. 

ATTACKHI
T 
CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFTHEATTACKHI
T 
Allacti
onswhi chdirectthebal
ltowardstheopponent,wit
htheexceptionofser
viceand
block, 
areconsideredasat t
ackhit
s.Dur i
nganattackhit
,ti
ppingispermit
tedonl
yifthe
balliscleanl
yhit,andnotcaughtort hr
own.Anat t
ackhitiscompletedatthemoment
theballcompletelycrossesthevert
icalpl
aneofthenetoristouchedbyanopponent. 
RESTRI
CTI
ONSOFTHEATTACKHI
T 
Afr
ont-r
owplayermaycompl
eteanat
tackhitatanyhei
ght
,provi
dedt
hatt
hecont
act
wi
ththebal
lhasbeenmadewi
thint
hepl
ayer
'sownplayi
ngspace.
 
Aback-rowplayermaycomplet
eanattackhi
tatanyheightf
rom behi
ndthef
rontzone:∙
athis/
hertake-
off,t
heplay
er'
sfoot(
feet)mustnei
therhavetouchednorcr
ossedov er
theatt
ackli
ne; 
∙af
terhi
s/herhi
t,t
hepl
ayermayl
andwi
thi
nthef
rontzone. 
Aback-rowplay ermayalsocompleteanatt
ackhi
tfrom t
hefrontzone,i
fatthemoment
ofthecontactapar toft
heballi
slowerthanthet
opofthenet.Nopl ay
erispermit
tedto
complet
eanat tackhitontheOPPONENT’ Sserv
ice,whentheballisinthefrontzone
andenti
rel
yhi gherthanthet
opoft henet
. 
FAULTSOFTHEATTACKHI
T 
∙Apl
ayerhi
tst
hebal
lwi
thi
nthepl
ayi
ngspaceoft
heopposi
ngt
eam. 
∙Apl
ayerhi
tst
hebal
l“out
”.
 
∙Aback-r
owplayercomplet
esanatt
ackhitfr
om t
hefr
ontzone,
ifatt
hemomentoft
he
hi
tthebal
lisent
ir
elyhi
gherthant
hetopofthenet
. 
∙Aplayercomplet
esanattackhitontheopponent
'sser
vice,
whent
hebal
li
sint
hef
ront
zoneandentir
elyhi
ghert
hant hetopofthenet
. 
∙ALiber
ocomplet
esanat
tackhi
tifatt
hemomentoft
hehi
tthebal
lisent
ir
elyhi
gher
thant
hetopoft
henet
. 
∙Apl
ayercompl
etesanattackhitfr
om hi
gherthant
hetopofthenetwhent
hebal
lis
comi
ngfr
om anoverhandf
ingerpassbyaLiber
oinhi
s/herf
rontzone. 

BLOCK 
BLOCKI
NG 
Blocki
ngistheacti
onofpl ay
ersclosetot henettointerceptt heballcomingfr
om the
opponentbyreachi
nghigherthanthetopoft henet
,regar dlessoft hehei
ghtofthebal
l
contact
.Onlyfr
ontrowplayer
sar epermit
tedtocompl eteabl ock, butatt
hemomentof
thecontactwi
ththebal
l
, apartofthebodymustbehi ghert hant hetopofthenet
. 
Bl
ockat
tempt
 
Abl
ockat
tempti
stheact
ionofbl
ocki
ngwi
thoutt
ouchi
ngt
hebal
l
. 
Compl
etedbl
ock 
Abl
ocki
scompl
etedwhenev
ert
hebal
li
stouchedbyabl
ocker
. 
Col
l
ect
ivebl
ock 
A col
l
ectiv
eblocki
sexecut
edbyt woorthreepl
ayer
scl
oset
oeachot
herandi
s
complet
edwhenoneoft
hem t
ouchest
hebal
l
. 
BLOCKCONTACT 
Consecut
ive(
quickandconti
nuous)cont
act
swiththebal
lmayoccurbyoneormor
e
bl
ockers,
 
prov
idedthatt
hecontact
saremadedur
ingoneact
ion.
 
BLOCKI
NGWI
THI
NTHEOPPONENT’
SSPACE 
I
nblocki
ng,thepl
ayermayplacehi
s/herhandsandar msbeyondthenet,pr
ovi
dedthat
t
hisacti
ondoesnotint
erf
erewit
htheopponent’
splay.Thus,i
tisnotper
mitt
edtot
ouch
t
heballbey
ondthenetunti
lanopponenthasexecut
edanat t
ackhit. 
BLOCKANDTEAM HI
TS 
Abl ockcont
actisnotcountedasat eam hi
t.Consequentl
y,af
terablockcontact,a
team isenti
tl
edtothreehitstoret
urntheball
.Thef ir
sthitaf
tert
hebl ockmaybe
executedbyanypl
ayer
, i
ncl
udingt
heonewhohast ouchedthebal
ldur
ingtheblock.
 
BLOCKI
NGTHESERVI
CE 
Tobl
ockanopponent
'sser
vicei
sfor
bidden.
 
BLOCKI
NGFAULTS 
∙Thebl
ockert
ouchesthebal
lintheOPPONENT’
Sspaceei
therbef
oreorsi
mul
taneousl
y
wit
htheopponent
’sat
tackhi
t. 
∙Aback-
rowpl
ayeroraLiberocompl
etesabl
ockorpar
ti
cipat
esi
nacompl
etedbl
ock. 
∙
Bl
ocki
ngtheopponent
’sserv
ice. 
∙Thebal
li
ssent“
out
”of
fthebl
ock. 
∙Bl
ocki
ngt
hebal
li
ntheopponent
’sspacef
rom out
sidet
heant
enna. 
∙ALi
ber
oat
tempt
sani
ndi
vi
dual
orcol
l
ect
ivebl
ock. 

THELI
BEROPLAYER 
DESI
GNATI
ONOFTHELI
BERO 
Eachteam hastherighttodesi
gnatefrom thelistofplayer
sont hescoresheetupto
twospeci
alistdef
ensiveplay
ers:Li
bero’s.AllLi
bero’
smustber ecor
dedont hescore
sheeti
nthespecialli
nesreservedforthis.TheLiber
ooncour ti
stheActingLiber
o.I
f
ther
eisanotherLi
bero, 
he/sheisthesecondLi berofortheteam.OnlyoneLiberomay
beoncourtatanytime. 
EQUI
PMENT 
TheLiberoplay
er(
s)mustwearauni for
m( ORJACKET/BIBFORTHEREDESIGNATED
Li
bero) 
whichhasadif
fer
entdominantcolorfr
om anycol
orofther
estoft
het
eam.The
uni
form mustcl
earl
ycont
rastwi
ththerestofthet
eam. 
TheLi
ber
ouni
for
msmustbenumber
edl
i
ket
her
estoft
het
eam.
 
ForFI
VB,Worl
dandOff
ici
alcompeti
ti
ons,t
here-
desi
gnatedLiber
oshould,i
fpossi
ble,
weart
hesamestyl
eandcolorofj
erseyastheor
igi
nalLi
bero,butshoul
dkeephis/
her
ownnumber
. 
ACTI
ONSI
NVOLVI
NGTHELI
BERO 
Thepl
ayi
ngact
ions: 
∙TheLi
ber
oisal
l
owedt
orepl
aceanypl
ayeri
nabackr
owposi
ti
on. 
∙He/sheisrest
ri
ctedt
operform asabackr owplayerandisnotall
owedt
ocomplet
ean
att
ackhitfr
om anywhere(i
ncludi
ngplayi
ngcourtandf r
eezone)ifatt
hemomentofthe
contactt
heballi
senti
rel
yhigherthanthetopoft
henet . 
∙He/
shemaynotser
ve,
blockorat
temptt
obl
ock. 
Aplayermaynotcompleteanattackhitwhent heballi
senti
rel
yhi
ghert
hanthetopof
thenet,i
ftheballi
scomingfr
om anov er
handf i
ngerpassbyaLiber
oinhis/
herfront
zone.Theballmaybefr
eelyat
tackediftheLiberomakesthesameacti
onfr
om outside
his/
herfr
ontzone. 

Li
ber
oRepl
acement
s 
Li
ber
oRepl
acement
sar
enotcount
edassubst
it
uti
ons.
 
They are unlimit
ed butthere mustbe a compl eted ral
ly bet
ween two Li
ber
o
repl
acement s(unl
essapenaltycausestheteam t
or otat
eandt heLiber
otomoveto
posi
tion four,ort he Act
ing Li
bero becomes unablet o pl
ay,making t
he ral
l
y
i
ncompl et
e.) 
Theregularrepl
acementplayermayrepl
aceandber epl
acedbyeitherLiber
o.The
Act
ingLiber
ocanonl yber
eplacedbyt
heregul
arr
epl
acementpl
ayerf
orthatposi
tionor
byt
hesecondLi ber
o. 
Atthestartofeachset,t
heLiber
ocannotenterthecour
tunt
ilt
he2ndr ef
ereehas
checkedt
heline-
upandaut
hor
izedaLi
berorepl
acementwit
hast
art
ingpl
ayer.
 
OtherLiber
oreplacement
smustonl
ytakepl
acewhi
l
ethebal
lisoutofpl
ayandbef
ore
t
hewhi stl
eforservi
ce.
 
A Liber
oreplacementmadeaf terthewhist
leforserv
icebutbefor
et heser
vicehit
shouldnotber ej
ected;howev
er,attheendoft heral
ly,t
hegamecapt ai
nmustbe
i
nformedthatt hisisnotapermi t
tedpr
ocedure,andt
hatrepet
it
ionwil
lbesubjectt
o
del
aysancti
ons.  
Subsequentl
ate Li
ber
orepl
acement
s shal
lresul
tint
he pl
ay bei
ng i
nter
rupt
ed
i
mmediatel
y,andtheimposit
ionofadel aysanct
ion.Thet
eam t
oser
venextwi
l
lbe
det
ermi
nedbyt hel
evel
ofthedelaysanct
ion.
 
TheLiber
oandtherepl
aci
ngpl
ayermayonl
yent
erorl
eav
ethecour
tthr
ought
heLi
ber
o
Repl
acementZone.
 
Liber
or epl
acementsmustber
ecor
dedi
ntheLi
ber
oCont
rolSheet(
ifonei
sused)oron
theelectr
onicscor
esheet
. 
Ani
l
legal
Liber
orepl
acementcani
nvol
ve(
amongstot
her
s)
–nocompl
etedr
all
ybet
weenLi
ber
orepl
acement
s, 
–theLiber
obeingrepl
acedbyapl
ayerot
hert
hant
hesecondLi
ber
oort
her
egul
ar
r
epl
acementpl
ayer
. 
Ani l
l
egalLi ber
or eplacementshoul
dbeconsider
edi nthesamewayasani ll
egal
substi
tut
ion: ∙i
.e.shouldtheil
l
egalLi
ber
orepl
acementbenoti
cedbefor
ethest artof
thenextr al
l
y ,t
hent hisiscor
rect
edbytheref
erees,andtheteam i
ssanct
ionedf or
del
ay; 
∙shouldt he i
l
legalLiber
orepl
acement be not
iced af
ter t
he ser
vice hi
t,t
he
consequencesarethesameasf
oranil
l
egal
substi
tut
ion.
 
RE-
DESI
GNATI
ONOFANEW LI
BERO 
∙TheLiber
obecomesunabl
etopl
ayifinjur
ed,i
l
l,expel
l
edordisqual
if
ied. 
∙TheLi
bero
canbedeclar
edunabl
etopl
ayf
oranyreasonbythecoachor
,intheabsenceofacoach,
bythegamecaptai
n. 
Team wi
thoneLi
ber
o 
WhenonlyoneLiberoi savai
lableforateam accordi
ngtotherul
e,ortheteam hasonly
oneregi
ster
ed,andt hisLiberobecomesori sdeclaredunabl
etopl ay,t
hecoach( or
gamecaptai
nifnocoachi spr esent)mayre-desi
gnateasLiber
of ortheremainderof
thematchanyot herpl ayer(replacementplayerexcept
ed)notont hecourtatt he
momentofthere-designat
ion. 
I
ft heAct ingLi berobecomesunabletoplay,he/shemaybereplacedbyt heregular
replacementpl ayerorimmediat
elyanddirectl
yt ocour
tbyar e-desi
gnatedLibero.
Howev er
,aLi berowhoisthesubj
ectofare-desi
gnati
onmaynotpl
ayf ortheremainder
ofthemat ch. 
IftheLiberoi
snotoncour twhendeclar
edunabl
etoplay
,he/shemayal
sobet
he
subjectofaredesi
gnat
ion.TheLiber
odeclar
edunabl
etoplaymaynotpl
ayf
ort
he
remainderoft
hemat
ch. 
Thecoach,orgamecapt ai
ni fno coach i
spr
esent
,cont
act
sthesecond r
efer
ee
i
nfor
minghi
m/heraboutt
here-desi
gnati
on.
 
Shoul
dar e-
desi
gnated Li
ber
o become orbe decl
ared unabl
eto pl
ay,f
urt
herr
e-
desi
gnat
ionsareper
mi t
ted.
 
I
fthecoachr equest
stheteam capt
aintobere-
designatedasthenewLibero,t
hiswill
be permit
ted – butthe t
eam captain musti
nt his case r
eli
nqui
sh al
lleadershi
p
pr
ivi
leges.
 
I
nthecaseofar e-desi
gnatedLi
bero,t
henumberofthepl
ayerr
e-desi
gnat
edasLibero
mustberecor
dedont hescoresheetr
emarkssect
ionandontheLiber
ocont
rolsheet
(
orel
ectr
onicscoresheetifonei
sused.) 
Team wi
tht
woLi
ber
o’s 
Whereateam hasregi
steredont
hescor
esheett
woLiber
o’s,butonebecomesunabl
e
t
oplayt
het eam hast
herightt
opl
aywit
honl
yoneLiber
o. 
Nore-desi
gnati
onwillbeal
lowed,howev
er,unl
esst
her
emai
ningLi
ber
oisunabl
eto
cont
inuepl
ayingfort
hematch.
 
SUMMARY 
I
ftheLiberoisexpell
edordisqual
i
fied,he/
shemayberepl
acedimmediat
elybythe
t
eam’ssecondLibero.Shoul
dtheteam haveonl
yoneLi
bero,t
henithastheri
ghtto
makeare-desi
gnat
ion.
 
LESSON4 
SKI
LLSI
NVOLLEYBALL:SERVI
CEANDRECEI
VE 
Vol
leybal
lisaspor tcompri
singofspeci
fi
cskil
ls,l
ikeserves,passes,set
s,blocks,
at
tacksand 
digs.Eachski
l
lcanbeusedtoat
tackordefenddependi
ngongamepl ay. 
Bel
owar
eaf
ewv
oll
eybal
ltechni
queswi
thexpl
anat
ionsonhowt
heycanbeexecut
ed.
Ser
vice 
Under
handSer
ve 
Anunder handserveisat y
peofser
veinwhichtheplay
erhol
dstheballi
nonehand,
swingsthe ot
herinanarcmoti
onbelowthewaistandst
ri
kest
heballf
rom t
hebot
tom
wit
haf i
stt oputi
tin 
play
. 
Floatserve-Thef l
oatserv
ei soneofthety
pesofserv
esinthegameofv ol
l
ey bal
l.The
serve i
nvolveshit
tingthev ol
ley
balli
nsuchawayt omi ni
mizetherotat
ionoft heball
,
causing unpredi
ctabil
i
tyintheball
’
smov ementandi
sakintobasebal
l
'sknucklebal
l.

1.Hol
dthebal
li
nyourl
efthand.Pr
epar
etot
osst
hebal
li
ntheai
r.
 
2.Li
fty
ourlef
thandtot
osstheballandr
eadyyourri
ghthandt
ohi
tthebal
lwi
thy
our
pal
m. Makesurey
ourhi
tt
inghandi
sheldf
ir
m andsti
ff
. 
3.Stri
kethemi
ddl
eoft
hebal
lwi
tht
hepal
m ofy
ourhandasi
tcomesbackdownaf
ter
the 
toss.
 
4.Pully
ourhand back i
mmedi
atel
yaf
tert
he st
ri
ke.Do notf
oll
ow t
hrough wi
th
the 
moment
um oft
hehit
. 
Passi
ng/
Recei
ve 
Forear
m pass-Joi
nyourar
msf r
om theelbowt
ot hewri
stsandst
ri
ket
hebal
lwi
tht
he
fl
eshypart
 ofy
ourf
orear
msv i
aanunderhandmoti
on. 
1.Relaxyourshouldersandspr
eadyourfeetsl
ight
lywi
derthanyourshoul
der
s.2.
Str
aight
eny ourarmsandgr i
pyourhandstoget
hertocr
eateaf l
atcont
actsur
face
fr
om  wr
ist
stoelbows. 
3.Bendy ourkneesatt
hispoi
ntt
oar
ound90degr
eeswi
thonef
ootsl
i
ght
lyi
nfr
ontof
the 
other
. 
4.Keepyourar
msata90-
degr
eeangl
etoy
ourt
highs,wi
thy
ourbackst
rai
ghtasy
ou
l
eanforwar
dsli
ght
ly.
 
5.Swi
ngar
msf
orwar
dandupwar
dtocont
actt
hebal
lvi
ayourf
orear
msatapoi
nt
sl
i
ght
lyabov
eyourwr
ist
s. 

6.Fol
l
owt
hroughont
hemoment
um wi
thy
ourbody
. 

Lesson5 
SKI
LLSI
NVOLLEYBALL:SPI
KE,
SETANDBLOCK

Overheadset/
pass-Aset/
passplay
edabovethef
orehead,execut
edwi
thbot
hhands
open,and 
cont
rol
ledbyt
hefi
nger
sandthumbs.
 
1.Pr
epareyourbodybybendi
ngy ourkneesandl
eaningfor
wardsli
ghtl
y. 2.Extendy
our
armsovery
ourhead,wit
hyourthumbsabout2-4inchesaboveyour
 for
ehead.  
3.Facey
ourpal
msout
war
dswi
thf
inger
sspr
eadapar
t.
  
4.Ast hebal
lappr
oaches,pushupwar
ds,st
rai
ght
eni
ngy
ourar
msandl
egs.Useonl
y
your
 f
inger
stocont
acttheball
. 
 
5.Extendyourhandsf
orwar
dint
hedi
rect
iony
ouwantt
hebal
ltogo.
 6.Pul
lbackonce
contacti
smade. 
Set
ti
ng(
Youcanal
sodoset
ti
ngwi
thoutt
hej
umpi
ng)
 

Bl
ock 
1.St
rai
ghtt
othef
looront
heat
tacker
’ssi
de.
 
2.Mov einnearthenetfrom anyoutsi
depositi
on.Wheni nfr
ontoft henet,hi
ps
and shoul
dersshouldbesquaretothenet.Yourf eetshoul
dbesli
ghtlywi
derthan
shoulderwidthapart
.Bendyourkneessli
ght
ly,soy oucanmov equickl
yiftheball
dir
ection 
changes.
3.Hol
dupy ourarms,withelbowsoutandpalmsfaci
ngthenetataboutey
elev
el.4.
Whentheopponentat
tacks,
lockinonthebal
l
'sposi
ti
on.
 
5.Jumpwi
thar
msst
rai
ght
enedupandf
inger
swi
despr
ead.
 
6.Bl
ocktheballbyshooti
ngyourhandsovert
henet
.Leav
easl
i
ttl
espacebet
ween
your
 ar
msandthetopofthenetasy
oucan. 
Jumpattack/Spi
ke-Amov ewher
et hebal
liscont
actedwi
thforcebyanoffensi
ve
pl
ayert
o t
ermi
nat
ethebal
lont
heopponent
’ssi
deorofft
heopponent’
sbl
ocker
. 

1.Star
ty ourappr
oachtowardst
henet.Asyoupr
epar
etoj
ump,bendy
ourkneesand
ext
end yourarmsdownwardsandbackwar
ds.
 
2.Jumpri
ghtbefor
etheatt
ackli
neandswingy
ourar
msupi
nfr
ontofy
ou.3.Tr
ytoget
anarchi
nyourbacktopr
ovidemorepower
. 
4.Ext
endy
ourhi
tt
inghandst
rai
ghtouti
nfr
ontofy
ou.
 
5.Cont
actt
hebal
lwi
tht
heheel
ofy
ouropenhand.
 
6.Snapy ourwri
stdownwar
dtogi
vet
hebal
ltopspi
nanddi
rectt
hebal
lint
othe
opponent
’s 
cour
t.
 
Di
ve-Recov
eri
ngaspi
kedbal
lwheni
tiscl
oset
othef
loor
. 
1.St
andwi
thy
ourl
egsapar
t,sl
i
ght
lywi
dert
hanshoul
derwi
dth.
2.Astheballapproaches,takeastepforwar
dandlungewit
har mstoget
her.3.Deepen
thel
ungeast heballget
sl ower.Shi
fty
ourbodywei
ghttoyourbentl
eg.4.Moveforward
l
eadingwit
ht hebentkneet il
lyouarealmostl
yi
ngdown.5.Extendyourarmtocontact
thebal
l,
keepingtheballinplay.
 

Learni
ngthefundament
alsofvol
l
eybal
ltakest
imeandpat
ience,her
ear
eaf
ew dr
il
ls
thatcanhel
phonethebasi
cski
l
lsyouneed. 
ThePepperDr il
lisoneoft hemostcommondr i
l
lsandhaspr oventobeef fecti
v ein
helpingplayer
shonet hei
rballcontrolaswel lastheirserve-and-r
ecei
vet echniques.
Playersshouldwor kont hei
rform andtechniquewhilepracticingthi
sdr i
l
landhi tthe
ballclosetot heirpart
ner,sotheydonotneedt ot akemor ethanonest epinany
directi
ont oreturnthebal l
.Thisdr i
llwil
lalso hel
pi ncreasey ourreactiont i
mei n
responsetoani ncomingballandreducethefearofbeinghitbyt heball
. 
Thisdr i
llr
equiresyout ohav eapar tnerandav oll
eybal
l.Standapproxi
matelytwo
metersawayf rom yourpartner.Youshouldtosst heballt
oy ourpar
tner,
whowillusea
voll
eyballt
echniquetopasst heballback.Withoutcatchi
ngt heball
,youwil
lpassthe
ballbackusinganothervol
leyballt
echnique.Theobjecti
veoft hi
sdri
l
listoseehowlong
theballcanbekeptinar al
l
y . 
TheThr ee-
playerDr i
lli
sessent i
alforplayer
stoi mprov
et heirabil
it
yt omoveaftera
passandt hiswi l
lhelppl
ayersincreat i
ngaflui
dof f
ensi
veplay .Pl
ayerswil
lbeableto
honetheirpassingandsetti
ngt echniquesaswellasimprovetheirfootwor
kasthisdri
l
l
keepsthem mov ing.Thi
sdril
lrequir
esy outohavetwootherplayersandtwoball
s. 
Amongsty ou,designatetwopl ayersastossersandt helastonewi l
lbeapasser .Have
thetwot ossersstandappr oxi
mat elyt
womet ersapartfacingthepasseri nat ri
angl
e
for
mation.Onet ossershouldtosst heballt
ot hepasser,whowi l
luset hef orearm pass
tosendthebal lbacktothesamet osser.Repeatthatwi t
htheothertosser .Thepasser
shoul
dshuf fl
et hei
rfeetaftereachpass,sot heyfacet henexttosser.Theobj ecti
veof
thi
sdri
llisforthepassert olearntheproperfootworkandhowt oshuf fl
eaf terpassing
thebal
l.Trytokeept hedri
llgoingfortwomi nuteswithoutstoppi
ng,thenr otatet herol
e
ofthepasser. 
TheDeadFishdri
lli
safunwayt ol
earnhowtoservetheball
,soitgoesoverthenetbut
stay
swit
hintheboundar
iesofthecourtontheothersi
de.Thisdri
llhel
psplayer
sl ear
n
tokeepthei
rserveswit
hinthecourtboundari
esandal l
owst hem tohonet heirball
pl
acementski
ll
s. 
Thisdri
llrequi
resyoutohav eabiggr oupofpl ayers.Divi
dethepl ayer
si nt
otwogr oups
andhav eeachgr oupstandatopposi teservicelinestoser vethebal l.Thef i
rstplayer
servest
hebal lattheservi
celi
ne.Iftheser v
ei ssuccessful,t
hepl ayergoest ot heback
oftheline.Iftheservermisses,
 t
hatpl ayermustr untot heothersi deofcour ttolie
downont hefl
oorwithi
ntheboundar yli
nes. Theonl ywayt hey’
llbeallowedt ogetupi s
foraplayerf r
om thei
rsideofcour ttohitthem wi ththe bal
l.Afterapl ayeris'sav ed'
,
theymustr unbackt othei
rsideandgetbacki nline.Setat i
mel i
mitf orthi
sdr i
ll
.The
sidewit
ht hefewestnumberofplayersont hef l
oorwi ns.