THELEAGUEOFNATI

ONS

[Nov2003]
51.[a]
.Identifyanyfivemember soft heLeagueofNat ionsbefore1926. [
5]
-
Br i
tain,Ital
y ,
France,Japan,Holland, Belgium,Spai n,China,Brazil
,SouthAf r
ica,Liberi
a,CostaRica,
Ethiopia.
[
b].Descr ibethedisputesthattheLeaguedeal twithf r
om 1920t o1931.
Disputebet weenSwedenandFi nlandov erAalandI slands[1920] .
Thedi sput ebetweenGer manandFi nlandov ertheboundar yofUpperSi l
esia
In1928t heLeaguedeal twiththedi sput ebetweenGr eeceandBul gar
ia.TheGr eekt r
oopswere
withdrawnanddamageswer epaidtoBul gari
a
Thedi sput ebetweenTur keyandI raqov erMosul prov i
nce.Thel eaguedecidedi nfavourofIr
aq.
Thedi sput ebetweenChi naandJapanaf t
erinvasionofManchur i
a.Theleaguef ail
edtotakeact i
on.
In1923di sputebetweenPol andandLi t
huaniaov erVi l
na.Lit
huani aacceptedthel eague’
sdecisiont
hat
Polandshoul dretainVil
na.
Leaguedeal twithdisput
esbet weenCol umbia,BoliviaandPar aguay
Corfui ncidentbetweenGr eeceandI taly

[
c].
Howsuccessf ulwast heLeagueofNat i
onsi nsolv
ingt hesedisputes?
In1923Lithuaniadrovetheal l
iedgarrisonfrom Memel andsei zedthePor t
In1924sheaccept edt heleague’sproposal thatMemel shouldbegi vensoverei
gnt
y
IntheCorfuinci
dentbet weenGr eeceandI t
aly,I
tal
yaccept edthedeci sionmadebyt hecouncil
of
Ambassadorsandonr ecei
ptofcompensat i
onshewi t hdrewfrom Cor fu
In1931Japani nvadedManchur iaandt heleaguepr otestedandJapan’ sreplywastowalkoutoft he
l
eague.
Theleaguewassuccessf ulinsettl
ingmat tersthatinvolvedsmal lstat
es
Theleaguedidnotsuccessf ul
lyhandlet heCor f
uincident.
Wheni tcamet omaj orcount r
iestheleaguewashel plesstosol vethosecasese,gJapaneseinvasionof
Manchuri
a

[
Jun2004]
52.[
a].Listanyf iveachievement soft hel eagueoft heNations.
[5]
.
I
LOhasi mpr ovedcondit i
onsofwor ker s
Hashel pedcheckout br
eakofepi demi cdi seases
Several treati
esguarant eedmi norit
yr ights
Gaveassi stancetoneedyst at
esandpr ovidedfami nereli
ef
I
CJhel pedr esolveconflict
sbet weensmal lstat
es
Controlledopi um andot herdanger ousdr ugs
Providedshel t
ertorefugeesandpr isoner sofwar
Helpedr efugeeswhohadf l
edt heBol shev ikrevolut
ion

(
b)Descri
bethewarof:
-
i
.TheLeagueCounci
land
i
i
.TheAssembly

Thel eagueCouncil
Discussedissuesthataff
ect
edwor l
dpeace
Submi t
tedimposit
ionoftheAssembly
Recommendedi mpositi
onofsancti
onsormil
i
tar
yact
ion
Madef inal
decisi
ononpuni t
iveact
ion

TheAssembly
Metonceayeartodiscussi
ssuesaf
fect
ingworl
dpeace
Handl
edfi
nancesoftheLeague
Deci
dedgener
alpoli
cyandissuesUnani
mously
 THELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS

Admitt
ednewmember sint
otheLeague
Couldrai
seanar
myf orworl
dpeacebutwasnev
erconv
ened
Superv
isedt
hesecr
etari
at

(c)Whywast heLeagueunabl et omai nt ainpeacei nthe1930s?

TheLeaguewasnotsuppor t
edbysomecount ri
eslikeGer manywhof eltthattheorganisat
ionbenefi
ted
vict
oriouspoweronl y
It
alyrefusedt osuppor ttheLeaguebecausei tdi
dnotgai nfrom thepeacet reaty
Ther efusalofUSAt ojoi
nt heLeaguedepr i
vedt heLeagueofapower ful memberwhocoul denforce
peace
TheLeaguehadnomi lit
aryfor cetoenf orcedeci si
ons
TheUnani mi tyClausemeanti tbecausedi f
ferenttot akeaction
Germanywi thdrewf r
om t heWor l
dDi sar mamentConf erenceandf rom theLeaguesocoul dactwith
i
mpuni t
y
Leaguef ail
edt oimposesanct i
onsagai nstItalyandGer manyandmembercount ri
esdidnottakeit
seri
ousl y
Nationali
sm t hroveoverinternat i
onalism duet oimper fecti
onoft heVersai l
l
esTr eat
yandt he
occurrenceoft hewor l
ddepr essionoft he1930s
Memberst ateswer enotwi ll
ingt osuppor ttheLeaguewheni twasdefiedbyGer many,JapanandI t
aly
Germanywasnotal lowedt oj ointheLeagueunt il1926andt heSov i
etUni ononlyjoi
nedi n1934
deprivi
ngt hecounci lofsomeoft hewor ld’
sbigpower s.

[
Nov2004]

53.[
a].
Namet hefi
vemai
norgansoft
heLeagueofNat
ions
TheSecret
ari
at
TheAssembly
TheILO
TheMandatesCommissi
on
TheCouncil

(b)Descri
bet heinvol
vementoft heLeagueofNat i
onsi nt
heManchurianandAbyssi
niancr
isi
s
TheManchur ianCrisi
s
I
n1931Japani nvadednorthernChi
nesepr ovi
nceofManchur i
a
ChinaappealedtotheLeagueofNat i
onstotakeactionagai
nstJapan
TheLeaguesentacommi t
teetoinvesti
gate
Thecommi t
teereport
edthatJapanwast heaggressorandaskedhertowit
hdr
awf r
om Manchur
ia
Japanrefusedtowi t
hdrawf r
om China
TheLeaguet ooknoact i
on

Abyssini
anCr i
sis
I
nOct ober1935Ital
yinvadedAby ssini
a.
Mussolinit
houghtthatAbyssini
awasr ichinrawmat eri
alsandwoul dbecomeamar ketf
orIt
ali
an
goods
Mussoliniwantedtoavengethedef eatofI tal
yin1896
TheleaguecondemnedI talyastheaggr essorandorder
edmemberst at
estoimposesancti
ons.
Bri
tai
nandFr anceimposedhal f
-heartedsanct i
onsagainstItaly
Export
st oIt
alyofoil
,coalandsteelv i
tal f
orwarwerenoti ncludedi
nthesanct
ions

[
c].HowsuccessfulwastheLeagueofNati
onsi nsolv
ingtheseconf l
icts?
I
nt heManchuri
ancri
sisthel
eaguecondemnedt heJapaneseinv asionofManchuria
Theleagueofnati
onsaskedJapantowithdrawfrom Chinabutsher efused
Theleaguefai
l
edtoremov eJapanfr
om ChinaandJapanl att
erlefttheleague.Thi
spoi
ntsat
otal
fai
l
ure
ofleague
 THELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS

I
nAby ssi
niat
hel
eagueaskedmemberst
atestoi
mposesanct
ionsbuthal
fhear
tedl
y
TheUSAandGermanywhower enotmembersoft
hel
eagueconti
nuedtotr
adewithIt
alyagai
npoi
nti
ng
af
ail
ure.

[
Jun2005]
54.[
a].
Stateanyf i
veaimsoft heLeagueofNat ions[5]
Tomai ntai
npeaceandsecur i
tyinthewor ld
Toprotectmemberst at
esf r
om aggression
Toreducenat i
onalarmament stot helowestlevelconsist
entwi
thdomest
icneeds
Topromot edisarmament
Topreventsecretdiplomacy
Topromot ethehealthofmanki nd
Tosuper vi
setheadmi nist
rat
ionofmandat edterr
itor
ies
Toassistneedycount ri
eseconomi cal
ly
Tocont r
oldrugtraff
icki
ng
Tosafeguardrightsofmi nori
ti
es,ref
ugees
Topromot egeneralsocialneeds,heal
th,labourrelat
ions.

[b].
Descr ibethesuccessesoft heLeagueofNat ions.
ILOdebat edsuchmat ter
saswor kers,compensat ion,hoursofwor k,condit
ionsofser v
iceofwor kers
Setupheal thser v i
cewhi chdi dv aluablewor kduringt heepidemi csthatstruckmanki ndinpost-war
years, e,
gt heinf l
uenzaepi demicaf t erwor l
dwar1
Gav eassi stancet oneedyst atesandpr ov i
dedf ami nereli
ef
Helpedwi thr esettl
ementofpr i
soner sofwarandr efugees
Homesf oundwhi teRussi answhohadf ledt heBol shevikrevoluti
on, overami l
l
ionGreeksr epat
riated
from Tur kishter r
itoryinAsi aMi nor.
Treat i
eswer emadebyv ari
ouspower swhi chguar ant eedmi nori
typeopl estherightt
opr acti
cetheir
ownr eli
gion,language, etcthusboost i
ngt heleague’ swor k.
Establ i
shedi nternat i
onal controlov eropi um andot herdangerousdr ugsandwor kedtoabol i
shall f
orms
slavery .
Thel eaguer egisteredsuccessi nt heper iod1920- 1929e, gMedi ati
ngi ndisputes;Pol
andandGer many
;Finl
andandSwedenov erAalandI slands; AlbaniaandYugosl avia;RussiaandFi nlandoverMemel ; Poland
andFi nlandov erVi l
na; Corfinci
dent ;sett
ledGr eekr efugeepr oblem from Thrace
Ensur edmi nor it
yr i
ght swer erespect edegGer mansi nCzechosl ovakiagotther i
ghttopr act
icet
hei rown
reli
gionandt osuppor tthei
rownl anguage

[
c].
Whydi dt heLeagueofNat i
onsf ailtomai ntainpeacei nthe1930s?
Generalfail
ur eoftheLeague:
Absenceofgr eatpower swhichcr i
ppleditspowert omakebi ndingdecisi
onse,gUSAneverjoinedthe
l
eague
Brit
ainandFr ance’slackofef fortandwi l
l powert omaket heleaguesuccessful
Lackofst andingar mytoenf orcedeci si
onshencepower l
essagai nstaggressi
onbypowerfulstat
ese,g
Germany ,ItalyandJapan
Thedesi ret oest abl
ishunanimi t
yl i
miteditsoper ati
ons
It
smeet ingonceay earaffordedl it
tl
et i
met odi scussissuesf ull
y
Dependenceongoodwi l
lofmemberst atesmi nimisedcoer ci
v epowersoftheleague,
hencenof orce
wasev erusedt oquellanyproblem
Member ’ sconcer nwithnati
onal ism rat
hert haninternati
onali
sm
Victori
ouspower s’f
ail
uretodi sarm
League’ sassoci ati
onwi t
hhar sht ermsoft heVer sail
lesTreaty

[
Nov2007]
55.
[a]
.St
ateanyf
ivecommi
ssi
onsoft
heLeagueofNat
ions.
[5]
.
 THELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS

-
Mandat escommission–Drugscommi ssi
on,
-Minor
it
iescommission,
-
DisarmamentCommi ssi
on,-
RefugeesCommission,-
WorldHeal
thCommi ssi
on,-
Mi l
i
tar
yAff
airsCommi ssi
on,
-LabourCommi ssion,
-
EconomicandFi
nanci alCommissi
on,
-Chil
dandWelfareCommission,-
WomenAf fai
rsCommi ssion.

[
b].
Descr
ibetheworkof:
i
.TheLeagueAssemblyand
i
i
.TheSecret
ariat

[
i]
.TheLeagueAssembl y
Thiswasal argebodyofallmemberstat
es
Eachmemberhadonev ot
e
Metonceay ear
Decisi
onhadt obeunanimous
Discussedanymat t
ersrel
ati
ngtothepeaceorwel
far
eoft
hewor
ld
Elect
ednon-member softhecouncil
Preparedthebudgetofthecounci
l
Admi t
tednewmember s

[
ii
].TheSecr et
ar i
at
Car ri
edoutal ladmini
strati
vefuncti
ons
Pr eparedreportsfortheCouncilandAssembl
y
Wr otedownmi nut
esduringmeet i
ngs
Col l
ectedinformation
Dispatchedi nformati
onorr eport
stomemberstat
es
Pr eparedtheleagueagenda
Or ganisedtranslat
ors

[
c].Howsuccessf ul wast hel eagueAssembl yincarr
y i
ngoutt hewor koft heleague
Successf uli
npr epar ingt heleaguebudget
Admi t
tednewmember si nt
ot hel eaguee, gGer manyi n1926
Succeededi nt heappoi nt mentofSecr etar yGeneral
Debat edissuesconcer ningwor l
dpeace
Othersi de:
Metonceay ear -
failuret odebat emat ter
sf ullythusreferr
ingissuestot heCounci l
Failedt ostopt hewi thdr awal from leaguel i
keGer manyandI tal
y
Ger manywi t
hdr awal from t heDi sarmamentConf erenceor ganisedbyt heleague
NB: Focusont hewor koft heAssembl yNOTLeagueasawhol e.
[
Jun2006]
56.[
a] .St
ateanyf iv efunct ionsoft heSecr etar i
atoftheLeagueofNat ions.[5]
.
Li
ai sonwi t
ht heCounci l oftheLeague
Civilservi
ceoft hel eague
Wr otereportsf ort hel eaguer ecr uitedper sonnelforv ar
iousor gans
Ranal lsubsidiar yor gans

[
b].
Descr i
bet
heworkoft heInternati
onalLabourOrganisati
on[ILO]andtheAssembl
yoft
heLeagueof
Nat
ions.
I
LO.
Maint askt
oimprovethewor kingconditi
onsofwor kersthroughoutt
heworld
Eachmemberst aterepresentedbyempl oyer
sandempl oyees
Wor kedtol
imi
twor ki
nghour spr ev
entchil
dlabourandt oimpr ov
ewages
 THELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS

Suggest
edsafemet hodsofi
mpr ovi
ngworkingcondi
ti
onst
hroughoutt
hewor
ld
Mostsuccessfulor
ganoftheleagueofnati
ons
I
ncorpor
atedintoUNOasar esultofi
tssuccesses

Assembly
Madeupofr epr
esent at
ivesfrom al
lmemberst ates
Eachmemberst atehadt hepowert ovoteonimportantdeci
sions
Unanimousdeci
si onsforall
impor t
antissuesarequir
ement
Metonceay ear
Madedecisi
onsf ortheLeagueofNat ions
Carri
edoutworkoft hecounciloftheleague

[
c].
Howf ardidt
heseor gansoftheLeagueofNat ionssucceedi nachi
evi
ngt
hei
raims?
ILOimprovedworkingf ort
hemostwor ker
st hroughoutt heworl
d
Wor ki
nghoursimprov edto8hour sperday,wagesi mpr oved,
chidandwomenlabourabol
i
shed
Mostsuccessfulorgansoft heLeague
Howev er,
Condit
ionssti
l
lpoorformostwor ker
sindev elopingstates
Chil
dandwomenl abourstil
lafeatur
einmostdev el
opingcountr
ies
Tr
adeuni
onssuppr
essedi
nsomepar
tsoft
hewor
ld
Assembl
ymetr
egul
arl
ybutov
erwhel
medbyev
ent
sint
hewor
ld
Unani
mit
ypr
ovedanunwor
kabl
econdi
ti
on

[
Specimen]
57.[
a].
Stateanyf i
veaimsoft heLeagueofNat i
ons.
[5]
Topreventwarandaggr essionofonenat ionagainstanother
Topreserveterri
tor
ialint
egrityandsov er
eigntyofmember softheLeague
Toenforcejointacti
onagai nstaggr essorse,gthroughuseofsanctions
Topreservepeace
Toincreaseinter
nationalcooperation
Toobtainhumanecondi ti
onsi ntheircount r
ies
Toentrusttheleaguewi t
ht hecont rolmeasur eagainstdi
seases,
slaver
yanddr
ugt
rade

[
b].
Outli
net hesuccessesoft heLeagueofNat ions
Austriawasgi venl oansanddev elopedheri ndustries
Leagueset tledthedi sput ebet weenSwedenFi nlandov erAalandIsl
and
1921f orcedSer biant roopst owithdrawfrom Albani a
Dealtwi t
ht hequar relbet weenI talyandGreeceov erCorfu
Superv i
sedset tl
ementi nGr eeceofov eronemi ll
ionGr eekref
ugeesfrom Asi
aMi norandEasternThrace
Dealtwi t
ht hefrontierdi sputesbet weenGr eeceandBul gar
ia;bet
weenAlbaniaYugoslavi
a;between
HungaryandCzechosl ovakia
Keptaney eonmandat edter r
it
ories
Admi nist
eredt err
itoriesoft heSaar
Dealtwi t
hwor ldpr oblemsondr ugs, communi cationsandtransport
,fi
nance,
refugees,condi
ti
onsof
work
Wor kofILOANDI CJ
Settl
eddi sputebet weenTur keyandI raqoverMosul

[
c].
Howfardidt heconsti
tut
ional
provi
sionsoftheLeaguecontr
ibutet
oi t
ssuccessesdur
ingthi
speri
od?
LeagueactedasaPar l
i
amentandpr ovidedadmini
str
ati
veservi
cetoallmemberstat
es
Leagueconstituti
onall
owedittoi
ntervenewhereworldsecur
it
ywast hreat
ened–hencetheyi
nter
vened
i
nCorfu,
Albania, Aal
andIsl
ands,
etc
 THELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS

Leaguewasconst it
utedtosuper v
iseformerGer mancol oniesandabl etoputstr
ucturestosupervi
se
andadmi nistersuchar easasTangany i
kaandNami biathrought heirmembers
Buttheconst i
tuti
onal st
ructuresalsoli
mi t
edthel eague’seffectiv
eness:
Ithadnost andi
ngar myt obeabl etocont r
oldissenti
ngpar ties
Itdependedonv oluntarycooperationevenbymemberst ateswhi chall
owedthem totakeunilat
eral
acti
onorev enbeaggr essivee,gItal
yinvadedAby ssini
a.
Thel eaguecov enantatf i
rstall
owedal l
iedpower stojoin.Thi smeanttheycouldnotev eni
nterv
ene
whereaf ormercent ralpowerwasi nvol
ved.Thiswayt hemai ntenanceofpeacewasal mostimpossible.

[
Nov2006]
58.[
a].
Namet hefi
veorgansoftheLeagueofNat
ions.
Council
Assembl y
Secretar
iat
CourtofInter
nati
onalJusti
ce
I
nternati
onalLabourOrgani
sati
on

[b]
.Descri
bet hepr
oblemsthattheLeaguefacedinmaint
aini
ngpeaceto1935.
IProblem ofcit
yofVilna
Wasassi gnedtoLit
huaniabutwasalsoclaimedbyPol
andandPolandseizedi
t.
LeagueacceptedPol i
shsol
ution
Thiswasadanger ousacceptanceoftheresul
tofar
medf or
ce

i
i
Corfuincident
Mur derof4Ital
i
ansonAl baniaonGr eekf
ront
ier
It
alyseizedCorfufrom Greece
Leaguer emonstrat
edwi t
hMussol i
nibutheheldont
otheIsl
and
.Eventuall
ytheleagueorderedGreekstopaycompensat
ionfort
hemur der
sandI
tal
yev
acuat
edt
he
l
and
It
alyhadusedf orcebeforeanyothermeansandhaddefi
edtheleague

I
iiManchuriainci
dent
Mussol i
niinvadedAby
ssini
atoavenget heBat t
leofAdowa
Abyssini
awasconquer edandHaileSalassi
e[ RasTafar
i]appeal
edtot
heLeagueofnations
LeagueaskedMussol i
nitoevacuateandher efusedleagueimposedi
nef
fect
ivesanct
ions

NB:Aboveincident sareexampl esofproblems.

Absenceofgr eatpower se,gUSAGer many,Russi
a.
Nost andingar my
Const i
tut
ional problems/ deff
ect
s,e,
gmeet i
ngonceayear
,vet
opower
,unani
mit
ycl
ause
Def i
ancebyDi ctator
s, egMussol i
ni
Effectsofgr eatdepr ession
Failur
eofdi sar mament
Wi t
hdrawal bymember s,egGermany ,
Ital
y,Japan
Failur
eofsanct ions
lackofcooper ationamongmemberst ates

[
c].Towhatextentdi
dt heLeagueofNat i
onssucceedinpromot ingpeaceduri
ngthisperi
od?
Set
tl
eddisputeseit
herofami nornatureorbet
weensmal lerstatese,
gSerbi
aandAl bani
a,I
talyand
Greece
Admini
ster
edmandat edt
erri
tor
ies,
CityofDanzi
g,SaarBasi n.
However,i
tcouldnotmaintai
npeacei nthe1930swheni tfail
edt ost
opaggressi
onfrom di
ctator
s[Nov
2008].

59.
[a]
Namet
hef
iveper
manentmember
soft
heCounci
lofNat
ionsbef
ore1930
 THELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS

Brit
ain
France
I
taly
Japan
China

[b]
.Descr i
bet heroleplayedbyt heLeagueofNat i
onsi nresolvi
ngconf l
ict
supt o1931.
1920t heAal andIslanddisputebet weenFi nlandandSweden. l
eaguedecidedthatFi
nlandshoul dkeep
theIslands
1921l eagueset tl
edt heboundar ydisputebet weenGer manyandPol andoverUpperSilesia,
between
AlbaniaandYugosl aviaandbet weenHungar yandCzechosl ovakia.
1920i nthedi sputebetweenPol andandLi thuaniaov er,t
heleagueaskedPol andtowithdrawbutPol and
refused.Thel eaguer eferr
edt heissuetotheConf erenceofAmbassador swhichthenawar dedVilnato
Poland
1923Cor f
ui nci
dent–LeagueCounci lf
ail
edt odeal wi t
hItali
anaggression.Di
sputewasset tl
edbyt he
Conf erenceofAmbassador s.
1925l eagueCounci l
stoppedt hewarbet weenGr eeceandBul gar
ia.Leagueorder
edGr eecetopay
compensat i
ont oBulgar i
a
1931l eaguesetupt heLy tt
onCommi ssiont oinvesti
gat etheconfli
ctbetweenJapanandChi naover
Manchur i
a
Commi ssioncondemnedJapaneseaggr ession
Leagueal soset t
ledthedi sputebetweenTur keyIraqov erMosul
Settl
eddi sputebetweenPer uandCol umbi a

[
c].Towhatextentwastheleaguesuccessf
ul i
nr esol
vingt
heseconfl
i
cts?
Leaguewassuccessfuli
nresolv
ingthedisputesbetweenSwedenandFinl
and,
bet
weenAl
bani
aand
Yugoslavi
a,HungaryandCzechosl
ovakiaandGer manyandPol and
Ital
sostoppedthewarbetweenGreeceandBul gar
ia
Howev er
,
Itwasnotsuccessf
uli
nthedi
sput
ebet
weenPol
andandLi
thuani
a.I
tal
l
owedPol
andt
okeepVi
l
nawhi
ch
shehadinvaded
Thel
eaguecounci
lfai
l
edt
odeal
wit
hIt
ali
anaggr
essi
onandhandedov
ert
hedi
sput
etot
heCounci
lof
Ambassador
s
Fai
l
edt
opuni
shJapanov
ert
hei
nvasi
onoft
heChi
nesepr
ovi
nceofManchur
ia

[
Nov2009]
60.(
a).Li
stanyfi
vemember softheLeagueofNati
onsupto1934
Bri
tai
n,I
tal
y,Holl
and,
Japan,France,
Bel
gium,Chi
na,Spai
n,Et
hiopi
a,Br
azi
l
,
Germany,SAfri
ca,Gr
eece,Russiaet
c

(b)Descr i
bet heCor f
uI ncident ,1923
Thei nci
denti nvolvedGr eeceandI tal
y
Anint er
national commi ssionhadbeensentt otheBal kanstoset t
let heGreece-Albaniaboundar yli
ne
Duringthecour seofi tswor kfourI t
ali
anmember swer ekill
edinGr eekterri
torybyunknownassai l
ant
s
Mussol i
niimmedi atei ssuedanul t
imatum toGreecedemandi nganapol ogy,andasal utetotheItali
an
fl
ag
Anenqui rybyGr eecewi tht heassistanceofanItali
anof f
ici
alandt hepay mentofal ar
gereparation
Mussol i
ni,whohadbeent heI tal
iandictat
orforl
esst hanay earsawanoppor t
unitytoobtaingloryand
tri
umphofaFasci stregime
Greecer efusedt oacceptt hedemandsort hetermsoft heulti
mat um, denouncingt hem asoutrageous
andv iolat
ingthesov ereignt yofGr eece
Greeceappeal edt otheLeagueofNat ions
Mussol i
nior deredanI tali
annav alsquadrontotheGr eeki sl
andofCor f
ut obombar dtheharbour
Fif
teenci v
ili
answer eki ll
edandmanywoundedandI talianmar i
nesl andedandt ookpossessionoft he
 THELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS

por
t

(
c)Howsuccessf ulwastheLeagueofNat ionsi ndeal ingwi t
htheCor f
uInci
dent?
Confrontedbyt hi
sdef i
ancet heLeaguet ur nedt otheCommi tt
eeofambassador s,anon-Leaguebody
Thisbodyor deredaCommi ssionofenqui rytoi nvestigatetheincident
InSeptember1923i tpresentedi t
sr epor twi t
houthav i
ngdiscov er
edwhowasgui l
tyofthemur der
s
TheCounci lofambassador st henor deredGr eecet opay$50mi ll
i
onLi r
a
Theamountwaspai dandI talianforceswi thdr ewf rom Corfu
Warwasav ertedbutmanymember swer ei ndignantov erthehandl i
ngofthewholeaffair
Somef elttheLeaguehadal lowedI talytodef ytheBody
Othersfelttheevidenceobt ainedbyt heCommi ssiondi dnotwar r
antimposit
ionofaheav yfi
ne
Leaguet ooklongt osolvetheI ncident
Commi ssionincludedanI tali
anhenceunf air

[
Nov2010]
61.(a)Li
stanyfivecount
ri
est
hathel
pedt
ofor
mtheLeagueofNat
ions.(
5)
Japan, Chi
na
I
taly,Serbi
a
Brit
ainFrance
USA, SouthAfri
ca
Aust r
ali
a,Canada
Holland

(
b)Outli
net heai msoft heLeagueofNat ions.(12)
Co-oper atewi theachot her
Wor kforpeaceamongal lnations
Obeyi nternat i
onal l
aws
Guarant eeingnat i
onalfrontiers
Protecteachot her’
sindependence
Reducear mament s
Sett
ledi sput est hr
oughar bi
trati
on
Improv ewor kers’workingcondi ti
ons
Stopdr ugt rafficki
ngstopsel l
ingofgi r
lsaspr ost
it
utes
Guarant eecol lecti
vesecur i
tyagainstaggr essor
s
Allt
hesubsi diar yai
mse, grefugees,labour .

(c).
Howf arwast heLeagueabl et omaintai
npeaceby1939?( 8)
Solv
edbor derdisputesbetweenGr eeceandBul garia
I
tforcedSer biantroopst owithdrawfrom Albaniain1921
I
tsolveddi sputebet weenItal
yandGr eeceov erCorfu.
Solv
eddi sputebet weenAl baniaandYugoslav i
a.
Solv
eddi sputebet weenPer uandCol ombia.
Solv
eddi sputebet weenFi nl
andandSweden.
Solv
eddi sputebet weenPar aguayandBol i
via.
Howev er,
i
tfail
edwhenJapani nv adedManchur i
ai n1931,
1935,invasionofAby ssini
abyItalyand1939i nvasionofPol
andbyGer
manyandt
heSecondWor
ldWar
brokeoutin1939.
 THELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS

62.I
denti
fythef ourper manentmember soft heCounciloftheLeagueati t
sformati
on.[5]
 -Brit
ain, I
taly
 -France, Japan

 [b].
Descr i
bet hest ructureoft heLeagueofNat i
ons.[12]
 TheAssembl y
 -Itwast heLeague’ sdebat ingchamber
 -Metonceay ear
 -Allmemberst atesbel ongedt ot heAssembl y
 -Alldecisionshadt ounani mous
 -Eachst atehadequal r
epresent ationandonev ote

 TheCounci l
 -Consi stedof4per manentmember sand5af t
ertheadmi ssionofGermanyin1926
 -Alsohadnon- permanentmember s,r
aisedto6in1926,to9i n1929andt o11in1936
 -Met3t imesay earorwhenev eritwasnecessar y
 -Tempor arymember schosenbyt heAssembl yandeachmemberhadonev ote
 -Alldecisionshadt obeunani mous

 Secretariat.
 -Inchar geofal lcor respondenceoft heLeague
 -Consi stedofper manentof f
icial
sempl oyedbytheLeague
 -Thesewer eheadedbyt heSecr etaryGeneral
 -Basedatt heLeagueHeadquar t
er sinGeneva
 -Civilserviceoft heLeague

 PermanentCour tofI nternati
onal Just i
ce
 -Consi stedof15j udgesel ectedbyt heAssembl yr
epresentingtheworl
d’sdi
ffer
entlegal
syst
ems
 -Headquar tersintheHague–Hol land

Int
ernat
ionalLabourOr ganisat
ion
-Madeupofr epresent
ativesfr
om gov
ernment
,empl
oyer
sandempl
oyees
-Anassociati
onofal lLeaguemember s
-Headquarter
si nGenev a

Subsidi
aryOrgans/Agencies
Commi ssionandspecialcommi t
teeswer
esetupt
ocar
ryoutwor
koft
heLeaguee,
g
-Disarmament ,
Mandat es,Ref
ugees
-Health
-Minorit
ies,
Slaver
y,Drugs

[c]
.Towhatext entdi dthest r
uct ureoftheLeagueofNat ionscontribut
etoitsfai
l
ur etomai ntain
Wor l
dpeace?[ 8]
-Ithadl
imitedf undsast herewasnopr ovisi
onf orthisi
nt heconst i
tut
ionoftheLeague
-TheAssembl yonl ymetonceay earandt hi
swasnotsuf f
ici
enttodeal wit
hproblems
-TheLeaguehadnost andingar myt oenf orceit
sdeci si
ons
-Theunanimi t
ycl ausemeantt hateachmemberhadav etooveranydeci si
on
-TheLeaguewascl oselytiedwi ththeTr eatyofVer sail
l
esandassuchwasv i
ewedast hevictor’
scl
ub
-Ital
sodependantt oomuchont hegoodwi l
landgoodf ait
hofitsmember s
-Howev er
,therewer eotherfact orswhichcont ri
but edtoi t
sfail
uree,g
-RiseofDictat
or s,Fail
ureofdi sarmament
-Disagr
eementofBr i
tainandFr ance,absenceoft heUSA, oneoft heLeague’keyar chi
tect
s
-Thewithdrawal ofsomepower se,gGer many ,policyofappeasementandGr eatDepr essi
on
 THELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS

[June2011]
63[a]
.ListanyfiveCommi ssi
ons/Commi
tt
eesoft
heLeagueofNat
ions[
5]
-Health,Slavery,
Mandat es
-Drugs, di
sarmament
-Womenandchi ldren
-Mili
taryaffair
s,labourcommi ssi
on
-Minoritygroups, Ref
ugees
-Transportandcommuni cat
ion

[b]
.Descri
bet heworkoftheSecr
etari
atandt
heI
nter
nat
ional
LabourOr
gani
sat
ionoft
heLeagueof
Nations.[12]
TheSecr etar
iat
-Responsessi mil
artoQuest
ion48[b]

Int
ernat i
onal LabourOr ganisati
on
-Discussedwagesandwor kindiff
erentpartsoftheWor l
d
-Helpedt obringcooper ati
onbet weenempl oyersandempl oyees
-Discour agedf orcedlabourandmoni t
oredt hesit
uati
on
-Call
edf orimpr ovementint heworkingcondi t
ionsofempl oyees
-Regul atedwor kinghour s
-Collectedinf or
mat i
ononwor kingconditi
onsf oundindiff
erentcountr
ies
-Distri
but edinformati
ononwor ki
ngconditions
-Persuadedi ndivi
dualgov ernmentstopassl egisl
ati
ontoimpr ovethecondi
ti
onsoft
hewor
ker
s
-Discour agedchi ldl
abourcr eati
onofinternati
onallabourstandards
-Enhanci ngempl oymentoppor tuni
ti
es
-Forwor kers

[c]
.Howsuccessf ulwast heInter
nat i
onalLabourOr ganisati
onoftheLeagueofNati
onsi
nachiev
ingi
ts
aims?[ 8]
-Itrecommendedasy stem ofinternati
onal standardsinal lwor
krel
atedmatter
s
-Creat edt heeighthourwor kingday
-Mat ernitypr ot
ectionf orwomenwor kers
-Abol i
tionofchi ldlabour
-Hel pedi ntheadopt ionofequal payandbenef itf
orwor kofequalv
alue
-Hel pedi nthecr afti
ngsaf etylawsatwor kplaces
-Calledf orthei ntr
oduct i
onofmi ni
mum wages
-Howev er, t
heuseofchi ldlabourcont i
nued
-ILOoft heleaguehadnomechani sm t oforcedesi reforchangeongov er
nmentsandempl
oyers
-Wagescont inuedt obel owf ormostwor kers
-Someempl oyeeswer est i
llnotall
owedt oformt radeuni ons

[
June2012]
64[a]
.Namet hefi
vemainorgansoftheLeagueofNat
ions.[
5]
Council
,Assembly
Secret
ari
at,ILO
PermanentCourtofi
nter
nati
onalJust
ice

[b]
.Outli
nethepr obl
emst hattheLeagueofNat i
onsfacedinmaint
ainingwor
ldpeacebet
ween1921
and1939.[ 12].
Withdrawal ofmember segGer many
Absenceofmaj orpowers-U.S.Aneverjoi
nedtheLeague
Lackofast andi
ngarmy(at oot
hlessl
ion)
Constitut
ionaldefect
s-meetingonceperyear,
unanimit
yclause-
vetopowermadeiti
mpossi
blet
omake
 THELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS

decisi
ons
Li
mi t
edf i
nancial r
esources
RiseofdictatorsegHi t
ler(Germany )andMussoli
ni(I
taly
)
Lackofco- operati
onamongmember segBr i
tai
nandFr ancefol
l
owedapol
icyofappeasement
TheGr eatdepression
Thefailur
eofdi sarmament
Associati
onwi ththehat edVer sail
l
estreat
y
Viewedasacl ubv i
ctor
s- def
eat edpowersnotinvi
ted/gi
venimmedi
atemembershi
ps
Actsofaggr essionbysomemember s
Dominat i
onbyBr i
tai
nandFr ance

[
c].Towhatextentdi
dtheLeagueofNati
onssucceedinpr
omotingpeacedur
ingt
hisper
iod?[
8]
Successes
Set
tl
eddisputesofaminornat
ureorbetweensmall
erst
atesegLit
huani
aand

Pol
and,I
tal
yandGreeceandAlbani
aandSerbi
a.
Admini
steredmandat
edter
ri
tori
esegDanzigandSaarBasi
n

Fail
ures
Annexati
onofSudetenl
and
Manchur i
ani
ncident
Annexati
onofCzechosl
ovaki
aet
c
Abyssini
ancri
sis
Outbreakofww2

[
Nov2012]
65.[
a]Stateanyf ivefunct i
onsoft heInternat
ionalLabourOrganisat
ion[I
LO]
Toimpr ovethewor kingconditi
onsofwor kersthroughthewor l
d
Tolimitworkinghour s
Preventchil
dl abour
Toimpr ovewages
I
ssuegui del
inesonsaf et
ymeasur esatwor kplaces
Makememberst atessignconv enti
onst oimpr oveworki
ngcondi t
ions
Condemnunf airlabourpr act
ices
Organisi
nginter nationall
abourconf erences
Ol
dagepensi ons[ r
ecommended]andwor kercompensation
Di
scust hewor kandwagesi ndi f
ferentpartsofthewor l
d
Helpedtoco- oper atebetweenempl oyersandempl oyees.

[
b].
Descri
betheai msandwor kofthefol
l
owi ngagenciesoftheLeagueofNat
ions:
(
i)TheDisarmamentCommi ssi
on
Aimedt opersuadememberst atest
oreducear medf or
cesandweaponstocks
Disar
mamentconf er
enceheldin1926,1930,1932-34
Themut ualassist
anceconfer
ence1923vandpr otocolconfer
ence1924andKell
og-Br
iandpact1928

(i
i
)Dr ugCommi ssion
Aimedt ostopthesmuggl ingandmisuseofdanger
ousdrugs
PursuedstatestotightenupCustomsandpostalcont
rol
,andtoeducat
epeopl
eaboutt
hedanger
sof
drugs
I
nvestigat
eddr ugstradeandpubli
shedfindi
ngs
Tri
edt ocontrolpoppy-gr
owing
Decidedwhet heradrugcouldbeplacedunderi
nter
nati
onalcont
rol

(
ii
i)Ref
ugeeCommi
ssi
on
 THELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS

Tor epat
ri
atepri
sonersofwaraf tert
heFir
stWor l
dWarandtofi
ndhomesf orrefugees
LedbyNor wegianexplor
er,
Fr i
dtofNonsen,r
aisedmoney
,foundtr
anspor
t,designedhouses,
prov
ided
medicalai
d
Providedpasspor
tsforstat
elesspeople.

[
c]Howsuccessf ul
wastheLeagueofNat
ionsi
npromoti
ngdi
sar
mamenti
nEurope?[
8]
Naval powersagreedt
oreducenumberofwarshi
ps,
1921
Noot heragreementsr
eached
Otherstatesdidnotdi
sarm egFr
ancewasrearmi
ng
Germanywant edmodestrear
mamentandmajorpower
stor
educear
mslev
el

[
June2013]
66[a]St
ateanyf i
veaimsoft heLeagueofNat i
ons.[
5]
Tomaintainpeacei ntheWor l
d
Toencourageinternational co-operat
ioninsolv
ingthewor
ld’
ssoci
alandeconomi
cpr
obl
ems
Toguaranteefronti
ers
Toprotectmemberst atesagai nstaggressi
on
Tosolvedisputesbypeacef ul means
Tosupervisemandat edt errit
ories
Topromot ethehealthofmanki nd
Topromot egoodwor kingcondi ti
ons
Tostopdrugt r
affi
cking
Tohelprefugees
[
b]Describet heworkof
[
i]ThePer manentCour tofI nternati
onalJusti
ce
I
twasbasedatt heHaguei nHol l
and

Consistedof15j udgesofdi f
ferentnat ional i
t i
es
I
tdeal twithlegaldisputesbet weenst ates( poli
ti
cal&bor derdi sputes)
I
tgav edeci si
onsoncasesr eferredtoi tbycount ri
esi ndispute
Advisedt heassembl yandcounci li
fasked
I
tdeal twithlegaldisputessuchasf ishi ngr i
ghts,t
ar i
ffsdisputes
I
tarrangedi nternati
onal agreement sbet weenmember s
[i
i
]TheI nt
ernationalLabourOr ganisati
on
I
twasundert heFrenchSoci al
istdirect or,Al ber
tThomas
Ther uli
ngbodyconsi st
edofr epresent ati
v esofgov ernment s,empl oyer
sandwor kers
I
taimedati mpr ovi
ngwor ki
ngcondi tionsi nmemberst atesbyper suadinggov er
nment stofi
xmi nimum
workingdayandweek, speci fyadequat emi nimum wagesandi ntroducesicknessandunempl oyment
benefitsandol dagepensi ons
I
tdiscussedi ssuesandpr oducedconv ent i
onswhi chmemberst atescouldadoptaspar tofthei
rown
l
aw
I
tcollectedandpubl i
shedi nformat i
onaboutwor kingcondi ti
onsandper suadedgovernmentstot ake
acti
on.

[
c].
DidtheLeagueofNat i
onsachi ev ei
tsaimsofset t
li
ngdi sput
esinthe1920s?Explai
nyouranswer.
[8]
Leaguesettl
eddisputesinvolvi
ngsmal lernations
Settl
edthedisput
esbet weenFi nlandandSwedenov erAalandIsl
ands.
Solvedthedi
sputesbet weenPol andandLi thuaniaov erVil
na
Stoppedthewarbet weenGr eeceandBul gar i
ain1925
Itconfi
rmedthedivisi
onofUpperSi l
esi
abet weenPol andandGermany
Solvedaproblem betweenBol i
viaandPar aguay,TurkeyandI r
aqov erMonsul
,PeruandColumbia,
HungaryandCzechoslovakia

Howev
er,
fai
l
edt
o:
 THELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS

PunishPolandforattacki
ngVil
naandall
owedPolandtohol
dont oi
t
StopItal
y’
sinvasionoftheGreekI
slandofCorf
uwhichwentunpuni
shed,
inst
eadGr
eecewasf
orcedt
o
payani ndemnit
yt oIt
alyforthemur
derofanItal
i
ancommissioner

[
Nov2013]
67[
a]Nameanyf i
vespeciali
sedcommi ssi
onsoft
heLeagueofNat
ions.[
5]
 Di sarmamentCommi ssi
on
 Mandat esCommi ssion
 Mi norit
iesCommi ssion
 Commi ssionforHealth
 Ref ugeesCommi ssi
on
 Commi ssionforDrugs
 TransportandCommuni cat
ionCommissi
on
 Slav er
y
 Economi candFinance
 WomenandChi l
dren
 Mi li
tary
, Naval
andAi r

[
b].
Out
li
net
hesuccessesoftheLeagueofNat
ionsupt
o1939.
SameasQuest
ion54[b]
-June2005
SameasQuest
ion57[b]
-Speci
men

[
c].
Didt heConst i
tuti
onal weaknessesoft heLeagueleadt oit
sfai
lur
e?
Unani mitycl
ausedi f
ficulttoenfor
ce
Timesofmeet i
ngr atherl i
mitedgivent henatureofenvisagedproblems
Collecti
vesecur it
ydifficultytoenforcewi thoutast
andingar my
Wasnev erauni versal organi
sati
onr ightfrom thei
tsincepti
on.Europeanpower
sdomi
nat
edt
he
or
ganisation.USAnotamember .
Brit
ainandFr ancehaddomi nantr
ol e.
Nof inancialbasetof undact i
vi
ti
es.