Lecture 2 Design of Shallow Wells in Phreatic Aquifer

Cairo University - Faculty of Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department
Design of
Shallow Production Groundwater Wells
1- Well Construction
in Phreatic
(Unconfined) Aquifer
Lecture # 2
Prepared by
Prof. Dr. Reda M El-Damak
2022
Design of
Lecture # 2
Design of
Lecture # 2
1- Well Construction in Phreatic
(Unconfined) Aquifer
Design of
Lecture # 2
1- Casing (Well) Diameter , D-casing 1- Well Construction in Phreatic

2- Drilling Diameter , D-drilling (Unconfined) Aquifer
3- Length of Casing , L -casing
4- Length of Screen, L -screen
5- Length of Sand Trap, L -sand trap
6- Length of Well
Design of
Lecture # 2

6- Length of Well
7- Gravel Pack & Surface Cementing

8- Plain Concrete Cap
Design of
Lecture # 2

6- Length of Well

9- Well Pump & Riser Pipe

10- Pump Setting
Design of
Lecture # 2

6- Length of Well


10- Pump Setting
11- Well Cover

Design of
Lecture # 2

6- Length of Well


10- Pump Setting
11- Well Cover

12- Well Head Design
Design of Shallow Production Groundwater Well
1- Casing (Well) Diameter , D-casing
2- Drilling Diameter , D-drilling
6- Length of Well
10- Pump Setting
11- Well Cover

6- Length of Well
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
static water level
Phreatic
Aquifer
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
Q = 95 M3/hr
static water level
Phreatic
Aquifer
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
Depth to static water level (SWL) = 30 m Q = 95 M3/hr
Depth to SWL = 30 m
Phreatic
Aquifer
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Depth to static water level (SWL) = 30 m
1- Casing ( Well) Diameter , D- casing
4- Length of Screen, L-screen
5- Length of Sand Trap, L-sand trap

Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q

1- Casing
5- Length of Sand Trap, L-sand trap (Well) Diameter
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
2- Drilling
1- Casing ( Well) Diameter , D- casing Diameter

1- Casing
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
2- Drilling
2- Drilling Diameter , D-drilling 3- L-Casing

1- Casing
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
2- Drilling

1- Casing
4- L-Screen
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
2- Drilling

1- Casing
4- L-Screen
5- L-Sand Trap
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
2- Drilling
3- Length of Casing , L -casing Total

Well
4- Length of Screen, L-screen Length
1- Casing
4- L-Screen
Total Well Length =
L- Casing +
L- Screen +
L- Sand Trap 5- L-Sand Trap
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q

2- Drilling
Diameter
1- Casing
(Well) Diameter
1- Casing ( Well) Diameter , D- casing Q
D1- Well Pump Diameter
D1- Well Pump

Diameter
D1- Well Pump

Diameter
Submersible Well Pump

D1- Well Pump

D1- Well Pump Diameter Diameter

D1- Well Pump

Diameter
D2- Casing or Well Diameter
D1- Well Pump

Diameter
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter
D1- Well Pump Diameter D3- Drilling

Diameter
D2- Casing or Well Diameter
D1- Well Pump

Diameter
D3- Drilling Diameter
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter

Diameter
D1- Well Pump

Diameter
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter

Diameter
D2- Casing or Well Diameter > D1- pump
D1- Well Pump

Diameter
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter

Diameter
D2- Casing or Well Diameter > D1- pump + 2 inches
D1- Well Pump

Diameter
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter

Diameter
D1- Well Pump

Diameter
D3- Drilling Diameter > D2- casing
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter

Diameter
D1- Well Pump

Diameter
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter
D3- Drilling Diameter > D2- casing + 6 inches

Diameter
D1- Well Pump

Diameter
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter
D1 (Well Pump Diameter)
1- Casing Diameter (D2) ≥ D1 + 2 inches
2- Drilling Diameter (D3) ≥ D2 + 6 inches

Q

Diameter
D1- Well Pump

Diameter
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter
D1 (Well Pump Diameter)

Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 90 M3/hr

D3- Drilling
D1 (Well Pump Diameter) Diameter

D1- Well Pump
Diameter
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter

Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr

D3- Drilling

D1- Well Pump
Diameter
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr

D3- Drilling

D1- Well Pump
Diameter
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr

D3- Drilling

D1- Well Pump
Diameter
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr

D3- Drilling

D1- Well Pump
Diameter
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter
Pump Diameter (D1) ~ 8 inches

Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr

D3- Drilling

D1- Well Pump
Diameter
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter

Casing Diameter (D2) > 8 + 2 > 10 inches
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr

D3- Drilling

D1- Well Pump
Diameter
D2- Casing or
Well Diameter

Casing Diameter (D2) > 8 + 2 > 10 inches
Drilling Diameter (D3) > 10 + 6 > 16 = 17.5 inches
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
3- L-Casing
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
Q = 90 M3/hr
L-casing ≥ 1.0 m + h + Max Sw

+ 5.0 m + length of pump
+ L (as a factor of safety)
3- L-Casing
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
Q = 95 M3/hr
3- Length of Casing , L -casing 1.0 m

❶ 1.0 m : height above Ground Surface

3- L-Casing
❷ h : Depth to static water level
❸ Sw : Max permissible Drawdown
❹ 5.0m : Min water height above pump
❺ Length of pump
❻ L : distance as a factor of safety

Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
Q = 95 M3/hr
h = 30.0 m

3- L-Casing
❺ Length of pump

Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
Q = 95 M3/hr
h = 30.0 m
+ L (as a factor of safety) Max Sw

3- L-Casing
❺ Length of pump

Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
Q = 95 M3/hr
h = 30.0 m
5.0 m
3- L-Casing
❺ Length of pump

Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
Q = 95 M3/hr
h = 30.0 m
5.0 m
3- L-Casing Length of pump
❺ Length of pump

Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
Q = 95 M3/hr
h = 30.0 m
5.0 m
3- L-Casing Length of pump
L
❺ Length of pump

Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
Q = 95 M3/hr
h = 30.0 m
Assume : 5.0 m
Max permissible Sw ~ 10.0 m
Length of pump ~ 3.0 m 3- L-Casing Length of pump
L ~ 2.0 m L
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
Q = 95 M3/hr
h = 30.0 m
Assume : 5.0 m
L ~ 2.0 m L
L casing ≥ 1.0 m + h + Max Sw + 5.0 m

+ length of pump + 2.0 m
L casing ≥ 1.0 + 30.0 + 10.0 + 5.0

+ 3.0 +2.0 ≥ 51.0 m
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
Q = 95 M3/hr
h = 30.0 m
Assume : 5.0 m
L ~ 2.0 m L
L casing ≥ 1.0 m + h + Max Sw + 5.0 m

+ length of pump + 2.0 m
L casing ≥ 1.0 + 30.0 + 10.0 + 5.0

+ 3.0 +2.0 ≥ 51.0 m
L casing = 54.0 m
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Screen Diameter
(D)
4- L-Screen
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
Depth to static water level (SWL) = 30 m Q
Q = Well discharge = As x Ve
As = Opening Area
Ve = Entrance velocity
Screen Diameter
Screen
(D)Diameter
(D)
4- L-Screen
4- L-Screen
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
As = Opening Area
Screen Diameter
Screen
(D)Diameter
(D)
4- L-Screen
4- L-Screen
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr

D
L-screen
Screen Diameter
Screen
(D)Diameter
(D)
4- L-Screen
4- L-Screen
As = Opening Area
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr

D
L-screen
Screen Diameter
Screen
(D)Diameter
(D)
4- L-Screen
4- L-Screen
As = Opening Area
= (π x D) x L-screen x Opening ratio
D = Screen outer diameter
Opening ratio = ( 10 - 8.0 ) %
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
As = Opening Area
Screen Diameter
Screen
(D)Diameter
(D)
4- L-Screen
4- L-Screen
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
As = Opening Area
Screen Diameter
Screen
(D)Diameter
(D)
4- L-Screen
4- L-Screen
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr
As = Opening Area
= ( 0.03 – 0.01 m /sec )
Screen Diameter
Screen
(D)Diameter
(D)
4- L-Screen
4- L-Screen
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Q = As x Ve
Screen Diameter =
Casing Diameter =
(D)
Screen Diameter
(D)
4- L-Screen
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Q = As x Ve
Q = ( π x D x L-screen x 0.08 ) x Ve
Screen
ScreenDiameter
Diameter =
Casing(D)
Diameter =
(D)
4- L-Screen
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Q = As x Ve
Q
L-screen = ------------------------
(π x D) x 0.08 x Ve
Screen
ScreenDiameter
Diameter =
Casing(D)
Diameter =
(D)
4- L-Screen
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Q = As x Ve
Q
L-screen = ------------------------ x FS (1.25)
(π x D) x 0.08 x Ve
Screen
ScreenDiameter
Diameter =
Casing(D)
Diameter =
(D)
4- L-Screen
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Q = As x Ve
Q
L-screen = ------------------------ x FS (1.25)
(π x D) x 0.08 x Ve
Q = 95 M3/hr = 0.0264 m3/sec
Screen
ScreenDiameter
Diameter =
Casing(D)
Diameter =
(D)
4- L-Screen
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Q = As x Ve
Q
L-screen = ------------------------ x FS (1.25)
(π x D) x 0.08 x Ve
Q = 95 M3/hr = 0.0264 m3/sec

D = 10 inches = 250 mm = 0.250 m
Screen
ScreenDiameter
Diameter =
Casing(D)
Diameter =
(D)
4- L-Screen
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Q = As x Ve
Q
L-screen = ------------------------ x FS (1.25)
(π x D) x 0.08 x Ve
Q = 95 M3/hr = 0.0264 m3/sec

D = 10 inches = 250 mm = 0.250 m
Ve = 0.02 m/sec Screen
ScreenDiameter
Diameter =
Casing(D)
Diameter =
(D)
4- L-Screen
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Q = As x Ve
Q
L-screen = ------------------------ x FS (1.25)
(π x D) x 0.08 x Ve
Q = 95 M3/hr = 0.0264 m3/sec

D = 10 inches = 250 mm = 0.250 m
ScreenDiameter
Diameter =
Casing(D)
Diameter =
Opening ratio = 8.0 % (D)
4- L-Screen
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Q = As x Ve
Q
L-screen = ------------------------ x FS (1.25)
(π x D) x 0.08 x Ve
Q = 95 M3/hr = 0.0264 m3/sec

D = 10 inches = 250 mm = 0.250 m
ScreenDiameter
Diameter =
Casing(D)
Diameter =
4- L-Screen
0.0264
L = ----------------------------------- X 1.25
3.14 x 0.250 x 0.08 x 0.02
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Q = As x Ve
Q
L-screen = ------------------------ x FS (1.25)
(π x D) x 0.08 x Ve
Q = 95 M3/hr = 0.0264 m3/sec

D = 10 inches = 250 mm = 0.250 m
ScreenDiameter
Diameter =
Casing(D)
Diameter =
4- L-Screen
0.0264
L = ----------------------------------- X 1.25
3.14 x 0.250 x 0.08 x 0.02
L screen = 26.26 m
Example 1 :
Q
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Q = As x Ve
Q
L-screen = ------------------------ x FS (1.25)
(π x D) x 0.08 x Ve
Q = 95 M3/hr = 0.0264 m3/sec

D = 10 inches = 250 mm = 0.250 m
ScreenDiameter
Diameter =
Casing(D)
Diameter =
4- L-Screen
0.0264
L = ----------------------------------- X 1.25
3.14 x 0.250 x 0.08 x 0.02
L screen = 26.26 m = 30.0 m

Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
5- L-Sand Trap
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
5- L-Sand Trap
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Length of Sand Trap = 6.0 m
5- L-Sand Trap
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Total Well Length
3- L-Casing
Total
Well
Length
4- L-Screen
5- L-Sand Trap
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Total Well Length
Total Well Length = 3- L-Casing
L- Casing + Total
Well
L- Screen + Length
L- Sand Trap
4- L-Screen
5- L-Sand Trap
Example 1 :
Q w = 95 M3/hr Q
Total Well Length
Total Well Length = 3-54.0

L-Casing
m
L- Casing + Total
Well
L- Screen + Length
L- Sand Trap
4-30.0
L-Screen
m
Total Well Length =

54.0 + 30.0 + 6.0 = 90.0 m
6.0 mTrap
5- L-Sand
6- Length of Well = L casing + L screen + L sand trap
Cementing
Gravel Pack
Gravel Pack
Gravel Pack
Gravel Pack
Aquifer Aquifer
Gravel Pack Well Screen
A filter of gravel pack (size 3-6 mm diameter) is

placed between the borehole wall and screen
to reduce the entrance velocity.
Aquifer Aquifer
Gravel Pack Well Screen
A filter of gravel pack (size 3-6 mm diameter) is

placed between the borehole wall and screen
to reduce the entrance velocity.
Filter is used to settle-out fine grained particles

that may enter the well and may reduce the
opening area of screen.
Aquifer Gravel Pack Well Screen Aquifer
Design of
Gravel Pack
Depend on
Aquifer
Material
Sieve Analysis
Aquifer Gravel Pack Well Screen Aquifer
Design of
Gravel Pack
Depend on
Aquifer
Material
Sieve Analysis
Surface Cementing
Surface Cementing
A top cementing is placed from the top of gravel pack to the

ground surface
to prevent and reduce contaminated surface & subsurface
water entering the well
Plain Concrete Cap

Plain Concrete Cap
Plain Concrete Cap ( 1.50 x × 1.50 × 0.5 m )

is placed around surface well casing to keep
contaminated surface water away from the well
10- Pump Setting
9- Well Pump & Riser Pipe Q
10- Pump Setting
Pump Setting
Riser Pipe
Well Pump
9- Well Pump & Riser Pipe Q
10- Pump Setting
Lecture # 4
Pump Setting
Riser Pipe
4- Step Pumping Test &
Selection of Well Pump
Well Pump
10- Pump Setting
11- Well Cover
11- Well Cover
Well Cover
11- Well Cover
Well Cover
Well Cover is placed to protect well

Electric Cable
Riser Pipe
Well Pump
A- Electric National Grid
AC (Alternating Current)
1- AC Well Pump
2- Rising Pipe
3- Discharge Pipe
4- Transformer
5- Control Unit
6 - Cables
B- Generator & Fuel Tank
1- AC Well Pump
2- Rising Pipe
3- Discharge Pipe
4- Fuel Tank
5- Generator
B- Generator & Fuel Tank
6- Control Unit
7- Cables
C- Electricity from the sun
Photovoltaic (PV) Array

1- Solar DC Well Pump

2- Rising Pipe
3- Discharge Pipe
4- PV Array
5- Stand
Photovoltaic (PV) Array 6- Controller DC (Direct Current)
7- Cables
Inverter
DC/AC
1- AC Well Pump
1- AC Well Pump
2- Rising Pipe
3- Discharge Pipe
4- PV Array
5- Stand
Photovoltaic (PV) Array 6- Controller & Inverter
7- Cables
6- Length of Well
10- Pump Setting
11- Well Cover

12- Well Head
12- Well Head
1- Bend 90o
2- Air Valve
3- Pressure Gauge
4- Check Valve
5- Gate Valve
6- Flow Meter
7- Discharge Pipe
8- Concrete Support
12- Well Head
1- Bend 90o
2- Air Valve
3- Pressure Gauge
4- Check Valve
5- Gate Valve
6- Flow Meter
7- Discharge Pipe
8- Concrete Support
Lecture # 4
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Lecture 2 Design of Shallow Wells in Phreatic Aquifer

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Lecture 2 Design of Shallow Wells in Phreatic Aquifer

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Cairo University - Faculty of Engineering

Irrigation and Hydraulics Department

1- Casing (Well) Diameter , D-casing 1- Well Construction in Phreatic

1- Casing (Well) Diameter , D-casing 1- Well Construction in Phreatic

7- Gravel Pack & Surface Cementing

1- Casing (Well) Diameter , D-casing 1- Well Construction in Phreatic

7- Gravel Pack & Surface Cementing

9- Well Pump & Riser Pipe

1- Casing (Well) Diameter , D-casing 1- Well Construction in Phreatic

7- Gravel Pack & Surface Cementing

9- Well Pump & Riser Pipe

11- Well Cover

1- Casing (Well) Diameter , D-casing 1- Well Construction in Phreatic

7- Gravel Pack & Surface Cementing

9- Well Pump & Riser Pipe

11- Well Cover

12- Well Head Design

static water level

static water level

1- Casing ( Well) Diameter , D- casing

2- Drilling Diameter , D-drilling

3- Length of Casing , L -casing

4- Length of Screen, L-screen

5- Length of Sand Trap, L-sand trap

1- Casing ( Well) Diameter , D- casing

2- Drilling Diameter , D-drilling

3- Length of Casing , L -casing

4- Length of Screen, L-screen

2- Drilling Diameter , D-drilling

3- Length of Casing , L -casing

4- Length of Screen, L-screen

2- Drilling Diameter , D-drilling 3- L-Casing

3- Length of Casing , L -casing

4- Length of Screen, L-screen

2- Drilling Diameter , D-drilling 3- L-Casing

3- Length of Casing , L -casing

4- Length of Screen, L-screen

2- Drilling Diameter , D-drilling 3- L-Casing

3- Length of Casing , L -casing

4- Length of Screen, L-screen

2- Drilling Diameter , D-drilling 3- L-Casing

3- Length of Casing , L -casing Total

1- Casing ( Well) Diameter , D- casing

D1- Well Pump Diameter

D1- Well Pump

D1- Well Pump Diameter

D1- Well Pump

Submersible Well Pump

D1- Well Pump Diameter

D1- Well Pump

Submersible Well Pump

D1- Well Pump Diameter

D1- Well Pump

D1- Well Pump Diameter

D2- Casing or Well Diameter

D1- Well Pump

D1- Well Pump Diameter D3- Drilling

D1- Well Pump

D1- Well Pump Diameter D3- Drilling

D1- Well Pump

D1- Well Pump Diameter D3- Drilling

D1- Well Pump