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Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Limits of Transcendental
Functions
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Basic Calculus – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 3: Limits of Transcendental Functions
First Edition, 2020

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Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 – Module 3:
Limits of Transcendental
Functions
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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
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What I Need to Know

One of the main reasons why this module was created is to ensure that it will assist
you to understand the concept and know how to solve the limits of transcendental
functions.
When you finish this module, you will be able to:

1. compute the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions

using table of values and graphs (STEM_BC11LCIIIb-1); and

sin 𝑡 1−cos 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 −1
2. illustrate limits involving the expressions , and using table
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
of values (STEM_BC11LCIIIb-2).

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What I Know

For questions 1 to 6, solve for the lim [3(𝑥) ] by completing its table of values. Also,
𝑥→2
solve the one-sided limits and graph the coordinates on a cartesian coordinate
plane. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. (Use calculator whenever
necessary).

1. Table of Values for 𝒙 inputs that approaches 2 from the left.

𝒙 1.9 1.99 1.999

2. Based on the table of values, answer the lim−[3𝑥 ].

𝑥→2

3. Table of Values for 𝑥 inputs that approaches 2 from the right.

𝒙 2.001 2.006 2.1

4. Based on the table of values, answer the lim+[3𝑥 ].

𝑥→2

5. After answering questions 1 to 4, answer the lim [3(𝑥) ] .

𝑥→2

6. Graph all coordinates in a cartesian coordinate plane.

Read the following items and tell whether the statement is true or false. Write the
answer on a separate sheet. (Use calculator whenever necessary).

7. Algebraic function is not the same as transcendental function.

8. One way of determining the limit of transcendental function is by using table

of values and graph.

9. Transcendental function is the same as an algebraic function.

10. Trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions are some examples of

transcendental functions.

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Determine the limits of the following functions and write the letter of the correct
answer on a separate sheet of paper. (Use calculator whenever necessary).

11. lim [cos(𝑥)]

𝑥→0

A. 1 B. –2 C. – 3 D. 2

12. lim (5 𝑥+1 )

𝑥→0

A. 3 B. 4 C. – 3 D. 5

13. lim [sin(𝑥)]

𝑥→0

A. 0 B. –2 C. – 3 D. 2

14. lim (2 𝑥+2 )

𝑥→0

A. 3 B. 4 C. – 3 D. 5

15. lim [ln (𝑥 + 1)]

𝑥→0

A. 2 B. 0 C. 1 D. -1

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Lesson
Limits of Transcendental
1 Functions

Most of the algebraic expressions like “y=x²+6x-2” and “y=x+2” are composed of
letters (or variables) and numbers. They are often used for the application of limits,
but for this lesson non-algebraic expressions which are called transcendental
functions will be utilized.

What’s In

Recall about the content of module 1, entitled ‘’Limits of Algebraic Function Using
Tables and Graphs’’. In short simple phrases or sentences, explain the process on
how to determine the limit of an algebraic function. Write the answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

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What’s New

Match the graph in column B to its function in column A. Write the letter of the
correct answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Column A Column B
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) A.

2. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 B.

3. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = log(𝑥) C.

What is It

For this lesson, we are going to find the limit of a transcendental function instead of
algebraic. Transcendental functions are functions that cannot be expounded in
algebraic form. Some examples of transcendental functions are exponential [𝑓(𝑥) =
10𝑥+1 ], logarithmic [𝑔(𝑥) = log(𝑥 − 2)] and trigonometric [ℎ(𝑥) = sin(𝑥 + 3)] functions.

The method that will be used in solving the limit of transcendental function is also
table of values and graphs.

Example 1: Exponential function

1. Solve the lim [2(𝑥) ] using table of values and sketch its graph.
𝑥→2

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SOLUTION:

Create two tables for 𝒙 value that approaches 2 from the left and from the right.

Table 1. for 𝒙 values that approaches 2 from the left.

𝒙 1.7 1.9 1.99 1.999

𝒚 3.249009585 3.732131966 3.972369982 3.997228372

Table 2. for 𝒙 values that approaches 2 from the right.

𝒙 2.001 2.005 2.01 2.1

𝒚 4.00277355 4.013886994 4.0278222 4.28709385

Observation: As the 𝒙 value approaches 2 from the left and right, the 𝒚 value
approaches 4.

After the 𝒚 values on both tables were solved, determine the one-sided limits from
the left and right side.

lim 3(𝑥) = 9 lim 3(𝑥) = 9

𝑥→2− 𝑥→2+

Since both one-sided limits from the left and right is equivalent to 9, therefore the
limit of the function 𝟑𝒙 as 𝒙 gets closer to 2 is 9.

The limit is written as, lim 3 𝑥 = 9.

𝑥→2
To illustrate the limit of the function through graph, plot all coordinates from tables
1 and 2 below on a Cartesian plane.

Table 1

𝒙 1 1.9 1.999 1.999999

𝒚 3 8.063626139 8.990117919 8.999990112

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Table 2

𝒙 2.0000001 2.0001 2.01 2.1

𝒚 9.000000989 9.000988805 9.099420227 10.04510857

Fig.1 (On your left is

the plotted coordinates
of the two tables above
on a cartesian plane.
Here, it is visible that
as 𝑥 approaches 2
from the left and right,
the 𝑦 approaches 4.)

Note: (See figure 2 for

the enlarged
illustration of the
plotted coordinates.)

Fig.2 (Enlarged illustration of the coordinates plotted on a cartesian plane)

Note: All graphing and plotting of coordinates was created through Desmos
Graphing Calculator. Visit www.desmos.com to learn how to use their free
online graph calculator application.

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Example 2: Logarithmic function

2. Find lim [log 3 (𝑥)] using table of values and sketch its graph.
𝑥→1

SOLUTION:
Create two tables for 𝒙 value that approaches 1 from the left and from the right.

Table 3. for 𝒙 values that approaches 1 from the left.

𝒙 0.8 0.9 0.99

𝒚 -0.203114013 -0.095903274 -0.009148209

Table 4. for 𝒙 values that approaches 1 from the right.

𝒙 1.001 1.01 1.1

𝒚 -0.00090978441 0.00905718146 0.086755064

Observation: As the 𝒙 value approaches 1 from the left and right, the 𝒚 value
approaches 0.

After the 𝒚 values on both tables were solved, determine the one-sided limits from
the left and right side.

lim log 3 (𝑥) = 0 lim log 3 (𝑥) = 0

𝑥→1− 𝑥→1+
Since both one-sided limits from the left and right is equivalent to 0, therefore the
limit of the function log 3 (𝑥) as 𝒙 gets closer to 1 is 0.

The limit is written as lim [log 3 (𝑥)] = 0 .

𝑥→1

To illustrate the limit of the function through graph, plot all coordinates from tables
3 and 4 on a cartesian plane.

Table 3

𝒙 0.8 0.9 0.99

𝒚 -0.203114013 -0.095903274 -0.009148209

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Table 4

𝒙 1.001 1.01 1.1

𝒚 -0.00090978441 0.00905718146 0.086755064

Fig.3 (On your left is

the plotted coordinates
of the two tables above
on a cartesian plane.
Here, it is visible that
as 𝑥 approaches 1 from
the left and right, the 𝑦
approaches 0.)

Note: (See figure 4 for

the enlarged illustration
of the plotted
coordinates.)

Fig.4 (Enlarged illustration of the coordinates plotted on a cartesian plane)

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Example 3: Trigonometric function
sin (𝑡)
3. Evaluate lim [ ] using table of values and sketch its graph.
𝑡→0 𝑡

SOLUTION:
Create two tables for 𝒕 value that approaches 0 from the left and from the right. On
this example, 𝒕 was used instead of the variable 𝒙.

NOTE: Since the given function is a trigonometric function, the calculator

should be set in radian mode to provide numerical data that leads to the
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒕)
limit of as 𝑡 approaches to 0.
𝒕

In converting the mode of scientific calculator from degree to radian, most

of them has a ‘’MODE’’ button. By pushing the mode button, calculator’s
screen presents different modes. Look for ‘’Rad 2’’ and hit the number of
that mode.

Fig.5 (A scientific calculator screen presenting its different modes.)

Table 5. for 𝒕 values that approaches 0 from the left.

𝒕 -0.5 -0.2 -0.01

𝒚 0.958851077 0.993346654 0.999983333

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Table 6. for 𝒕 values that approaches 0 from the right.

𝒕 0.01 0.2 0.5

𝒚 0.999983333 0.993346654 0.958851077

Observation: As the 𝑡 value approaches 0 from the left and right, the 𝒚 value
approaches 1.

After the 𝒚 values on both tables were solved, determine the one-sided limits from
the left and right side.

sin(𝑡) sin(𝑡)
lim− [ ]=1 lim+ [ ]=1
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡

Since both one-sided limits from the left and right is equivalent to 1, therefore the
sin(𝑡)
limit of the function as 𝑡 gets closer to 0 is 1.
𝑡

sin(𝑡)
The limit is written as lim [ ] =1.
𝑡→0 𝑡

To illustrate the limit of the function through graph, plot all coordinates from tables
5 and 6 on a cartesian plane.

Table 5
𝒕 -0.5 -0.2 -0.01

𝒚 0.958851077 0.993346654 0.999983333

Table 6
𝒕 0.01 0.2 0.5

𝒚 0.999983333 0.993346654 0.958851077

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Fig.6 (On your left is the
plotted coordinates of the
two tables above on a
cartesian plane. Here, it
is visible that as 𝑡
approaches 0 from the
left and right, the 𝑦
approaches 1.)

Note: (See figure 7 for the

enlarged illustration of
the plotted coordinates.)

Fig.7 (Enlarged illustration of the coordinates plotted on a cartesian plane)

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Example 4: Trigonometric function
1−cos (𝑡)
4. Solve lim [ ] using table of values and sketch its graph.
𝑡→0 𝑡

SOLUTION:
Create two tables for 𝒕 value that approaches 0 from the left and from the right.
Again, 𝑡 was used instead of the variable 𝒙.

NOTE: Refer to example 3 for the note about conversion from degree
to radian mode on a scientific calculator

Table 7. For 𝒕 values that approaches 0 from the left.

𝒕 -0.5 -0.2 -0.01

𝒚 -0.244834876 -0.09966711 -0.0049999583

Table 8. For 𝒕 values that approaches 0 from the right.

𝒕 0.01 0.2 0.5

𝒚 0.0049999583 0.09966711 0.244834876

Observation: As the 𝒕 value approaches 0 from the left and right, the 𝒚 value
approaches 0.

After the 𝒚 values on both tables were solved, determine the one-sided limits from
the left and right side.

1−cos(𝑡) 1−cos(𝑡)
lim− [ ]=0 lim+ [ ]=0
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 𝑡

Since both one-sided limits from the left and right is equivalent to 0, therefore the
1−cos(𝑡)
limit of the function as 𝑡 gets closer to 0 is 0.
𝑡

The limit is written as lim [

𝑡→0
1−cos(𝑡)
𝑡
] =0 .

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To illustrate the limit of the function through graph, plot all coordinates from tables
7 and 8 on a cartesian plane.

Table 7
𝒕 -0.5 -0.2 -0.01

𝒚 -0.244834876 -0.09966711 -0.0049999583

Table 8
𝒕 0.01 0.2 0.5

𝒚 0.0049999583 0.09966711 0.244834876

Fig.8 (On your

left is the
plotted
coordinates of
the two tables
above on a
cartesian plane.
Here, it is
visible that as 𝑡
approaches 0
from the left
and right, the 𝑦
approaches 0.)

Note: (See
figure 9 for the
enlarged
illustration of
the plotted
coordinates.)

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Fig.9 (Enlarged illustration of the coordinates plotted on a cartesian plane)

Example 5: Exponential function

𝑒 𝑡 −1
5. Determine lim [ ] using table of values and sketch its graph.
𝑡→0 𝑡

SOLUTION:
Create two tables for 𝒕 value that approaches 0 from the left and from the right.
Again, 𝒕 was used instead of the variable 𝒙.

Table 9. For 𝒕 values that approaches 0 from the left.

𝒕 -0.5 -0.2 -0.01

𝒚 0.78693868 0.906346234 0.995016624

Table 10. For 𝒕 values that approaches 0 from the right.

𝒕 0.01 0.2 0.5

𝒚 1.005016708 1.107013791 1.297442541

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Observation: As the 𝒕 value approaches 0 from the left and right, the 𝒚 value
approaches 1.

After the 𝒚 values on both tables were solved, determine the one-sided limits from
the left and right side.

𝑒𝑡 − 1 𝑒𝑡 − 1
lim [ ]=1 lim [ ]=1
𝑡→0− 𝑡 𝑡→0+ 𝑡

Since both one-sided limits from the left and right is equivalent to 0, therefore the
𝑒 𝑡 −1
limit of the function as 𝒕 get closer to 0 is 1.
𝑡

𝑒 𝑡 −1
The limit is written as lim [ ] =1.
𝑡→0 𝑡

To illustrate the limit of the function through graph, plot all coordinates from tables
9 and 10 on a cartesian plane.

Table 9

𝒕 -0.5 -0.2 -0.01

𝒚 0.78693868 0.906346234 0.995016624

Table 10

𝒕 0.01 0.2 0.5

𝒚 1.005016708 1.107013791 1.297442541

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Fig.10 (On your left is
the plotted
coordinates of the two
tables above on a
cartesian plane. Here,
it is visible that as 𝑡
approaches 0 from
the left and right, the
𝑦 approaches 1.)

Note: (See figure 11

for the enlarged
illustration of the
plotted coordinates.)

Fig.11 (Enlarged illustration of the coordinates plotted on a cartesian plane)

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What’s More

Answer the following items below. Write the answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Evaluate the lim [ln (𝑥)] using table of values.
𝑥→1

Table A (for 𝑥 values that approaches 1 from the left)

𝒙 0.5 0.9 0.999

Table B (for 𝑥 values that approaches 1 from the right)

𝒙 1.001 1.01 1.1

2. Illustrate the lim [ln (𝑥)] by plotting all coordinates from tables A and B on a
𝑥→1
cartesian plane.

What I Have Learned

Express what you have learned in this lesson by answering the questions below.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. What is a transcendental function? (explain briefly)

2. Explain on how you will solve for the limits of transcendental functions using
table of values and graph.

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What I Can Do

Solve the given item below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
ln (𝑥+1)
Evaluate the limit of the function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = [ ] as 𝑥 approaches 0 using Table
𝑥
of Values method.

Assessment

For questions 1 to 6, Solve the lim [log(𝑥)] by completing its table of values. Solve the
𝑥→10
one-sided limits and graph its coordinates on a cartesian coordinate plane. Write all
answers on a separate sheet of paper. (Use calculator whenever necessary).

1. Table of Values for 𝒙 inputs that approaches 10 from the left.

𝒙 9.9 9.99 9.999

2. Based on the table of values, answer the lim [log(𝑥)].

𝑥→10−

3. Table of Values for 𝒙 inputs that approaches 10 from the right.

𝒙 10.001 10.006 10.01

4. Based on the table of values, answer the lim [log(𝑥)].

𝑥→10+

5. After answering questions 1 to 4, answer the lim [log(𝑥)].

𝑥→10

6. Graph all coordinates in a cartesian coordinate plane.

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Determine the limits of the following functions. Write the letter of the correct answer
on a separate sheet of paper. (Use calculator whenever necessary).

7. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥)]
𝑥→0

A. 1 B. –2 C. –3 D. 0

8. 𝑙𝑖𝑚[3(𝑥+2) ]
𝑥→1

A. 23 B. 25 C. 27 D. 29

9. 𝑙𝑖𝑚[3(𝑥−3) ]
𝑥→6

A. 23 B. 25 C. 27 D. 29

10. 𝑙𝑖𝑚[𝑙𝑛 (𝑥 − 2)]

𝑥→2

A. 2 B. 0 C. DNE D. 𝜋

11. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [𝑙𝑜𝑔4(𝑥 + 15)]

𝑥→1

A. 1 B. –2 C. –3 D. 2

12 𝑙𝑖𝑚[5(𝑥−1) ]
𝑥→0

A. 0.3 B. 0.2 C. – 0.3 D. – 0.2

13. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [4(𝑥+1) ]

𝑥→1

A. 13 B. 12 C. 16 D. 15

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𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)−1
14. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 [ ]
𝑥→0 𝑥

A. 2 B. 0 C. 1 D. -1

1 𝑥
15. lim [(2) ]
𝑥→−2

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

Additional Activities

Answer the given item below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

𝒕𝒂𝒏(𝒙)
Evaluate the limit of the function 𝑓 (𝒙) = as 𝑥 approaches zero.
𝒙

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References
DepEd. 2013. Basic Calculus. Teachers Guide.
Lim, Yvette F., Nocon, Rizaldi C., Nocon, Ederlina G., and Ruivivar, Leonar A. 2016.
Math for Engagement Learning Grade 11 Basic Calculus. Sibs Publishing
House, Inc.
Mercado, Jesus P., and Orines, Fernando B. 2016. Next Century Mathematics 11
Basic Calculus. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Desmos Graphing Calculator, http://www.desmos.com

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Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: bataan@deped.gov.ph