Republic of the Philippines

PALAWAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Tiniguiban Heights, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan

ROXAS CAMPUS
National Highway, Barangay New Barbacan (Retac), Roxas, Palawan

[DEPARTMENT NAME] DEPARTMENT

MODULE IN
[GE-Ad: GENERAL
CHEMISTRY (Organic)]

[PICTURES/ILUSTRATION (OPTIONAL) WITH PROPER CITATION)]

[JOHN MARK L. JUAREZ]

Faculty
 [Module 5]

CHEMICAL BONDING & MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

[Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations]

MODULE OVERVIEW

It has long been known that pure carbon occurs in different forms (allotropes) including
graphite and diamonds. But it was not until 1985 that a new form of carbon was
recognized: buckminsterfullerene. This molecule was named after the architect and
inventor R. Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983), whose signature architectural design was
the geodesic dome, characterized by a lattice shell structure supporting a spherical
surface. Experimental evidence revealed the formula, C60, and then scientists determined
how 60 carbon atoms could form one symmetric, stable molecule. They were guided by
bonding theory-the topic of this chapter-which explains how individual atoms connect to
form a bond.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

 Explain the formation of cations, anions, and ionic compounds

 Describe the formation of covalent bonds

 Define electronegativity and identify the polarity of covalent bonds

 Draw Lewis structures depicting the bonding in simple molecules

 Compute formal charges for atoms in any Lewis structure

 Identify the most reasonable Lewis’s structure for a given molecule using formal
charges

 Explain the concept of resonance and draw Lewis structures representing

resonance forms for a given molecule

 Compute lattice energies for ionic compounds using Born-Haber cycle

  Predict the structures of molecules using valence shell electron pair repulsion
(VSEPR) theory

 Explain the concepts of polar covalent bonds and molecular polarity

CONTENT
 EVALUATION

1. Does a cation gain proton to form a positive charge or does it lose electrons?

2. Write the electron configuration for each of the following ions:

(a) As3– (b) I– (c) Be2+ (d) Cd2+ (e) O2– (f) Ga3+ (g) Li+ (h) N3– (i)
Sn2+ (j) Co2+ (k) Fe2+

3. From the labels of several commercial products, prepare a list of six ionic compounds
in the products. For each compound, write the formula. (You may need to look up some
formulas in a suitable reference.

4. Predict which of the following compounds are ionic and which are covalent, based on
the location of their constituent atoms in the periodic table:

a. Cl2CO c. NCl3 e. K2S

b. MnO d. CoBr2 f. CO

5. Explain the difference between a nonpolar covalent bond, a polar covalent bond,
and an ionic bond.
REFERENCES

1. R. Chang, General Chemistry: The Essential Concepts, 5th ed., 2008

2. J.W. Hill and R.H. Petrucci, General Chemistry: An Integrated Approach, 2nd ed.,
1999.
3. Patricia Eldredge, R.H. H and, LLC, General Chemistry-Principles, Patterns, and
Applications, 2011. (http://www.saylor.org/books)
4. David W. Ball, Introductory Chemistry, Cleveland State University,2011,
(http://www.saylor.org/books)
5. J. E. Brady, J. W. Russel and J.R. Holum, General Chemistry: Principles and
Structure,
5th ed., 2006.
6. S. S. Zumdahl and S.A. Zumdahl, Chemistry, 7th ed., 2007
7. J. McMurry, Organic Chemistry, 8th ed., 20P