1st Year: Finals
[ PharmChem Lab ]
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)
● a clear, colorless liquid compound of oxygen and
hydrogen
● In pure form, it is a very pale blue liquid that is
slightly more viscous than water
● It was discovered in 1818 by Louis Jacques
Thénard, by the reaction of barium peroxide with
nitric acid
● used as a powerful oxidizing agent
PREPARATION OF H2O2
EQUATION TO PREP. H2O2 FROM BARIUM
PEROXIDE
2 BaO2(s) + 2 H3PO4(aq) → Ba(PO4)2(s) + 3 H2O2(l)
BaO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + H2O2(l)
BaO2(s) + CO2 + H2O2 → BaCO3(s) + H2O2(l)
Synonyms: Hydrogen peroxide.
● Similar term(s): dihydrogen dioxide, hydrogen
dioxide, hydrogen oxide, oxydol, peroxide, H2O2
Description: H2O2 is a colorless liquid at room temperature
with a bitter taste, is unstable, decomposing readily to
oxygen and water with the release of heat.
Properties:
● a reactive oxygen species and the simplest
peroxide, a compound having an oxygen–oxygen
single bond.
● decomposes slowly into water and elemental
oxygen when exposed to light, and rapidly in the
presence of organic or reactive compounds.
● The oxidizing activity of hydrogen peroxide
results from the presence of the extra oxygen
atom compared with the structure of water.
● pH level = 3 to 6, depending on the concentration
and how it is produced. H2O2 is a very weak acid
that can form hydroperoxide or peroxide salts or
derivatives of many metals.
● stable in abiotic environments at ambient
temperature and neutral pH, yet rapidly kills any
type of cells by producing highly reactive
hydroxyl radicals
What happens when you mix hydrogen peroxide
with water?
Hydrogen peroxide works as a high-level disinfectant. It
reacts very quickly, disintegrating into hydrogen and
water without leaving any by-products. This process
increases the amount of oxygen in water. The free
oxygen radicals then decompose the pollutants, leaving
only water.
OTHER PROPERTIES
● Pure, anhydrous hydrogen peroxide is a colorless,
syrupy liquid with a specific gravity of 1.44. It
blisters the skin and has a metallic taste. The liquid
solidifies at -0.41° C (31.4°F).
● Concentrated solutions are unstable, and the pure
liquid may explode violently if heated to a
temperature above 100° C (302.4° F).
● It is soluble in water in all proportions, and the
usual commercial forms are a 3% and a 30%
aqueous solution. It is miscible with cold water
and is soluble in alcohol and ether.
● To retard the decomposition of the peroxide into
water and oxygen, organic substances, such as
acetanilide, are added to the solutions, and they are
kept in dark bottles at low temperature.
MANUFACTURE OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
● by the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of sulfuric
acid or of potassium bisulfate or ammonium
bisulfate.
● It is also prepared by the action of acid on other
peroxides, such as those of sodium and barium
TYPES OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
● 3% H2O2 (“household” hydrogen peroxide):
○ available in supermarkets and drugstores,
typically in brown bottles.
● 6 to 10% H2O2 (hair-bleaching hydrogen
peroxide)
*NOTE!! Hydrogen peroxide is an antiseptic, or disinfectant,
that kills viruses and various forms of bacteria. But it needs
more time than rubbing alcohol to kill germs. It needs up to 5
minutes to do its job.
WHAT IS THE MECHANISM OF ACTION (MOA) OF
H2O2?
● producing destructive hydroxyl free radicals that
can attack membrane lipids, DNA, and other
essential cell components.
● responsible for certain bactericidal effects
observed in biological systems, such as the growth
inhibition of one bacterial species by another and
the killing of invading microorganisms by activated
phagocytic cells.
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU PUT H2O2 ON A
WOUND?
● "It prevents healing rather than promoting it." That's
because its reactive power isn't specific to germs.
● also kills normal cells within the wound — including
healthy skin cells and immune cells — and slows
blood vessel formation, all of which are important
for wound healing.
PRODUCTS WITH H2O2:
● antiperspirant/deodorant (2)
● baby shampoo (2)
● baby soap (2)
● body wash/cleanser (5)
● conditioner (4)
● facial moisturizer/treatment (1)
● hair color and bleaching (51)
● hair perm (1)
*NOTE!! hair care products such as hair dyes, hair bleaches,
conditioners, shampoos and rinses, hair bleaches and
shampoos have hydrogen peroxide.
IDENTIFICATION TESTS
Shake 1mL of the product with 10mL of water containing 1
drop of diluted sulfuric acid, and add 2mL of ether. Then add
a drop of potassium dichromate TS and observe the results.
K2Cr2O7 + 2 H2O2 → K2CrO4 + CrO(O2)2 + 2 H2O
*NOTE!! H2O2 on addition to an aqueous solution of chromic
acid (CrO3) or acidic solutions of dichromate salts, it will form
an unstable blue peroxide CrO(O2)2 - H2O2 acts as an
oxidizing agent
H2O2 can act as a reducing agent in any (acidic, alkaline or
neutral) medium.
● In alkaline medium, hydrogen peroxide reduces
halogens to halide ions.
○ Ex: hydrogen peroxide reduces iodine gas
(OS → 0) to iodide ion (OS → -1).
Perchromic Acid Test or Vanishing Blue Test
upon addition to an aqueous solution of chromic acid (CrO3)
or acidic solutions of dichromate salts, it will form an
unstable blue peroxide CrO(O2)2.
H2SO4
↓
H2O2 + (C2H5)2O + K2Cr2O7
= blue ethereal layer due to perchromic acid
*NOTE!! In aqueous solution it rapidly decomposes to form
oxygen gas and chromium salts.
*TS – Test Solution
To 1mL of potassium permanganate solution add a few
drops of sulfuric acid, then add a few drops of the product.
2 KMnO4 + 3 H2O2 → 2 MnO2 + 2 KOH + 2 H2O + 3 O2
Hydrogen peroxide's action as a reducing agent is the
reaction with potassium permanganate, which is a
convenient method for preparing oxygen in the laboratory.
TAKE NOTE:
● Phosphoric acid is present in twice the necessary
amount thus creating an acid medium and
maintaining some barium as barium
diphosphate.
● The remaining barium is later precipitated as
BaSO4. Less filtration difficulties are thus
encountered. To test for the completeness of
precipitation with dilute sulfuric acid, filter about
1mL of the mixture into a test tube (use a small filter
paper) and add a drop or two of diluted sulfuric acid.
If precipitation takes place, add more diluted
sulfuric acid to the whole mixture and repeat the
test.
 ● Starch is used as a filter aid and may be replaced
with talc or fuller’s earth.
SAMPLE COMPUTATION
2. Explain the meaning of “volume strength” of
hydrogen peroxide solutions.
● 6% (6 ml) will be pure hydrogen peroxide and 94 ml
will be water. Volume strength (vol.) This tells you
how much oxygen is released from 1 ml of
hydrogen.

3. What property of hydrogen peroxide is exhibited in ID

test a? Give the chemical equation and change in
oxidation numbers.

+6 +1
K2Cr2O7 + 2 H2O2 → K2CrO4 + CrO(O2)2 + 2 H2O

4. In ID test c, what is the use of hydrogen peroxide

topical solution? How does it work?

+7 +4
2 KMnO4 + 3 H2O2 → 2 MnO2 + 2 KOH + 2 H2O + 3 O2
KMnO4 is reduced to Mn2+ by acidic H2O2. Under alkaline
conditions, however, some of these reactions reverse; for
example, Mn2+ is oxidized to Mn4+ (as MnO2).

IMPORTANCE OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

● All living things (specifically, all obligate and

facultative aerobes) possess enzymes known as
catalase peroxidases, which harmlessly and
catalytically decompose low concentrations of
hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.

● The most common household use of hydrogen

peroxide was to disinfect wounds, but it is now
thought to slow healing by affecting tissue
growth through several possible factors. Only a
very minute concentration of H2O2 can induce
healing, and only if not repeatedly applied.

USES:

● acts as both an oxidizing and a reducing agent.

● Its oxidizing properties are used in the bleaching of

substances, such as hair, ivory, feathers, and
delicate fabrics, which would be destroyed by other
agents.

● It is also used medicinally, in the form of a 3%

aqueous solution, as an antiseptic and throat
wash.
QUESTIONS:
● used in restoring the original colors to paintings that
1. What is meant by “buddizing property” of hydrogen
have darkened through the conversion of the
peroxide?
white lead used in the paintings to lead sulfide.
● The property of hydrogen peroxide to produce
bubbles which indicates the decomposition of H2
● oxidizes the black lead sulfide to white lead
and O2.
sulfate.
 ● source of oxygen in the fuel mixture for many *NOTE!! Addition of a little ethanol (CH3CH2OH) enhanced
rockets and torpedoes. the precipitation of Rochelle salt

● As a reducing agent it reacts only with easily

reduced chemicals such as silver oxide and Ammonia TS, a few drops, then in excess
potassium permanganate. KAl(SO4)2 • 12 H2O + NH3 — soluble

WHAT IS ALUM? Sodium hydroxide TS, a little, then in excess

KAl(SO4)2 • 12 H2O + NaOH — soluble
An alum is a hydrated double sulfate salt of a monovalent
cation and a trivalent cation. The general formula of alum is:

M+1M+3(SO4)2 • 12 H2O Barium chloride TS. Divide the precipitate obtained in

two portions:
Where: KAl(SO4)2 • 12 H2O + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + AlCl3 + KCl + 2 H2O
M+1 is commonly Na+1, K+1, Ti+1, NH4+1, or Ag+1 a. One portion, add HCl
M+3 is commonly Al3+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Ti3+, or Co3+ ● BaSO4 + HCl — insoluble
b. Second portion, add HNO3
● BaSO4 + HNO3 — insoluble

THE MOST COMMON ALUMS

QUESTIONS:

1. What is a “true alum”?

● True alums crystallize in well-defined octahedral
shapes and are beautifully colored, particularly
those containing d – transition metals. Ex.
Potassium alum

2. What are two official alums? Give their uses?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EXPERIMENT:

● This experiment illustrates a chemical recovery

process in which waste aluminum is converted
chemically into an aluminum compound, hydrated
potassium aluminum sulfate, KAl(SO4) • 12 H2O, or
common alum.

● The experiment illustrated an interesting example of

the reduction of environmental waste.

Properties:

● a colorless substance that forms large

octahedral or cubic crystals when
potassium sulfate and aluminum sulfate are
dissolved together and the solution is cooled.
IDENTIFICATION TESTS The solutions of potassium alum are acidic.
Sodium Bitartrate Test
Sodium bitartrate TS and a little ethanol
● soluble in seven times its weight of water
at room temperature and is very soluble in
KAl(SO4)2 • 12 H2O + NaHC4H4O6 → KNaC4H4O6 + Al2(SO4)3 hot water. When crystalline potassium alum is
+ 12 H2O rochelle salt heated, some of the water of hydration
 becomes chemically separated, and the partly
dehydrated salt dissolves in this water, so that
the alum appears to melt at about 90°C (about
194°F). When heated to about 200°C (about
392°F), potassium alum swells up, loses all
the water and some sulfur trioxide, and
becomes a basic salt called burnt alum.
Potassium alum has a density of 1.725.
● Other types of alums made with aluminum
sulfate include sodium alum, ammonium alum,
and silver alum.
USES:
● Slightly antiseptic; due to bacteriostasis through
liberation of acid on hydrolysis.
● Used as local styptic; and frequently employed in
making astringent lotions in 0.5 to 5% conc. and
douches
● Styptic pencils are made by fusing Potassium
alum with the addition of potassium nitrate and
pouring into suitable mold. (Caustic pencil
contains silver nitrate)
● used for flame proofing textiles and in baking
powders, mordants for delicate dyeing
operations, and medicines.
● Potassium alum is a powerful astringent and
deodorant.
PRINCIPLE INVOLVED IN ITS DEODORANT
PROPERTY:
Potassium alum acts by virtue of interaction with odorous
fatty acids liberated or produced by action of bacteria on
lipids in sweat, and by an action suppressing bacterial
growth because of a decrease in pH.
ALUMINUM MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
GEL
Weighing and Compounding Procedures:
1. Simple syrup will be prepared for the whole class by
group.
2. Weigh the ingredients: magnesium oxide (MgO, 2
g), aluminum oxide (Al2O3, 0.5 g), sodium citrate
and sodium benzoate.
3. Prepare 30% magnesium hydroxide paste as
follows:
● Transfer 2.0 g of MgO powder into a
beaker and add 5 mL of purified water. Mix
well. The final product should weigh 7.0 g.
4. Prepare the aluminum hydroxide gel, USP as
follows:
● Hydrate the Al2O3 powder, 0.5 g in about
10 mL of purified water (probably in a test
tube or any convenient container) and mix
thoroughly for 5 minutes. The final product
should weigh approximately 10.0 g.
5. Mix the Al(OH)3 gel together with the Mg(OH)2 paste
in the beaker, rinse the tube or container of Al(OH)3
gel with a few mL (5 mL) of purified water and add
the rinsing to the mixture.
6. In a (test tube) mix the glycerin with the syrup and
add the flavor, anise oil, while shaking slowly.
7. Add the mixture of glycerin-syrup-flavor in step 6, to
the bulk in step 5, mixing thoroughly.
8. In another test tube, dissolve the weighed sodium
citrate in about 5 mL of purified water and then add
the sodium benzoate. Mix well.
9. Add to the bulk in step 7 the solution of sodium
citrate and sodium benzoate in step 8, rinsing the
test tube with a few mL of water, then adding to the
mixture. Mix thoroughly.
10. Make up to 5 mL with purified water using a cylinder
to measure the finished product.
Packaging Directions:
1. Pour into a suitable size bottle and label it as OTC.
Include in the label the instruction: “Shake well
before use”
Product Description:
A liquid gel formulation of two hydroxides of magnesium and
aluminum.
Questions:
1. What happened when magnesium oxide and
aluminum oxide were treated with water? Show the
equations.
● Aluminum reacts with water to produce hydrogen
gas according to the equation
2 Al + 3 H2O → 3 H2 + Al2O3
Al2O3 + 3 H2O → 2 Al(OH)3
● Magnesium oxide reacts with water, it forms
Magnesium hydroxide
MgO + H2O Mg(OH)2
Aluminum oxide is amphoteric. It has reactions as both a
base and an acid.
*NOTE!! Aluminum oxide is insoluble in water and does not
react like sodium oxide and magnesium oxide. The oxide
ions are held too strongly in the solid lattice to react with the
water.
2.Why is aluminum hydroxide generally in combination
with magnesium hydroxide for antacid preparations
nowadays?
● Magnesium causes increased bowel motility and
aluminum causes decreased motility, which is
another reason why the two are usually combined.
Both magnesium hydroxide and calcium
carbonate have a short, rapid effect; aluminum
hydroxide has a slow, persistent effect.
● Aluminum and magnesium antacids work quickly to
lower the acid in the stomach. Liquid antacids
usually work faster/better than tablets or capsules.
This medication works only on existing acid in
the stomach. It does not prevent acid
production.
● A mixture of the two hydroxides is recommended
because magnesium hydroxide raises the
gastric pH higher and faster than aluminum
hydroxide, which has a longer duration of
action.
PROPERTIES OF Al(OH)3
● odorless, white amorphous solid. Its density is 2.42
g mL-1. the melting point is 300 ºC, insoluble in
water and ethanol, but soluble in acids and
alkalis solutions.
PROPERTIES OF Mg(OH)2
● odorless white solid with low solubility in water, a
density of 2.34 g/mL, and melting point of 350 °C.
Available as an aqueous suspension in water.
Uses of Al(OH)3 and Mg(OH)2 suspension:
Aluminum Hydroxide, Magnesium Hydroxide are antacids
used together to relieve heartburn, acid indigestion, and
upset stomach. They may be used to treat these symptoms
in patients with peptic ulcer, gastritis, esophagitis, hiatal
hernia, or too much acid in the stomach (gastric
hyperacidity).
PREPARATION OF ORAL REHYDRATION
SOLUTION
Weighing and Compounding Procedures:
1. Weigh the ingredients: sodium chloride, glucose,
potassium chloride, trisodium citrate dihydrate.
2. Mix and dissolve all the dry ingredients in #1 and
stir thoroughly until all the solid ingredients are
totally dissolved.
3. Add enough amount of purified water to make
the total volume of the solution using a cylinder to
measure the finished product.
Packaging Directions:
1. Pour into a suitable size bottle and label as OTC.
Product Description:
● clear colorless solution of Sodium chloride,
Glucose, anhydrous, Potassium chloride, and
Trisodium citrate dihydrate dissolved in purified
water.
Packaging:
● kept and preserved in a tight container and avoid
exposure to temperatures above 30°C.
Questions:
1. Identify the uses of each ingredient in the formulation
of ORS.
● Water: Water is the base of ORS and is used to
replenish the fluids that are lost from the body
during dehydration.
● Glucose: Glucose is a simple sugar used to provide
energy to the body. It helps to increase the
absorption of water and electrolytes in the small
intestine.
 ● Electrolytes: Electrolytes are minerals that are
present in the body and are essential for various
bodily functions. They include sodium chloride
(NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and Trisodium
citrate dihydrate, help to maintain the balance of
fluids in the body and also play a role in maintaining
the normal functioning of the muscles and nerves.
2. Why is glucose used in ORS?
● Glucose and electrolytes work well together. Sugar
helps your body in electrolyte absorption along with
other nutrients. This ensures that you get the most
out of your electrolyte consumption, making it
easier for the ions to get to work.
3. Why is potassium used in rehydration?
● Potassium is an essential mineral that is needed by
all tissues in the body. It is referred to as an
electrolyte because it carries a small electrical
charge that activates various cell and nerve
functions. In rehydration, potassium chloride helps
prevent hypokalemia.
4. Why citrate is added in ORS?
● Citrate corrects the acidosis that occurs as a result
of diarrhea and dehydration.
5. Why is citrate used instead of bicarbonate in ORS?
● trisodium citrate dihydrate has the advantage of a
longer shelf-life in hot and humid climates, can
effectively replace sodium bicarbonate in the
standard ORS solution if used as an adjunct to
standard hydration and antibiotic therapy in
children with severe cholera or as the only
treatment in children. The addition of bicarbonate to
ORS increases the cost, and decreases the shelf
life of ORSs.
6. Why is Zinc used in diarrhea?
● Zinc is used in diarrhea because it is a vital
micronutrient essential for protein synthesis, cell
growth and differentiation, immune function, and
intestinal transport of water and electrolytes
7. What is ReSoMal solution?
● ReSoMal (REhydration SOlution for MALnutrition)
● ReSoMal contains approximately 45 mmol sodium,
40 mmol potassium, and 3 mmol magnesium per
liter.
● Ingredients:
○ glucose, electrolytes and minerals, dry,
homogeneously powdered, packed in
hermetically sealed, laminated sachets,
each sachet contains 42 g of powder.
● Composition:
○ Glucose125 mmol/L,, Sodium45 mmol/L,,
Potassium40 mmol/L,, Chloride70
mmol/L,, Citrate7 mmol/L,, Magnesium3
mmol/L,, Zinc0.3 mmol/L,, Copper0.045
mmol/L
○ Osmolarity of prepared solution: 300
mmol/L
● Indication: Treatment of dehydration in severely
malnourished children.
● Target population: Children 6-59 months old
suffering from Dehydration AND Severe Acute
Malnutrition
**NOTE!! Should not be used for cholera patients.
● Dosage, Instructions for use:
○ ReSoMal is a powder for preparation of
oral solution for treatment of dehydration
in children with Severe Acute
Malnutrition (SAM.)
○ Used only after dehydration in SAM
children is carefully assessed, based on
medical history and clinical signs and
ONLY in Inpatient facilities under medical
supervision with strict monitoring.
● The use of ReSoMal should be stopped if:
○ The respiratory and pulse rates increase;
○ The jugular veins become engorged; or
○ There is an increasing oedema (e.g. puffy
eyelids).
The assessment of need for rehydration with ReSoMaL and
monitoring during treatment, as well as dosage should be
done strictly according to national guidelines for the
management of severe acute malnutrition, WHO 1999
Management of Severe Malnutrition: a manual for physicians
and other senior health workers or WHO 2013 Guideline
Updates on the management of severe acute malnutrition in
infants and children.
ReSoMaL should never be freely available for caretakers to
give it to their children whenever they have a loose stool as
this practice is dangerous and may seriously worsen a child's
medical condition.
● Shelf life: 36 months
● Storage conditions: Do not store above 30 C.
**NOTE!! should be used within 24 hours after prep
● Indications: Prevention and treatment of
dehydration, in children suffering from complicated
acute malnutrition only
Additional Notes on ORS:
● treat dehydration caused by diarrhea, a common
illness in travelers. Unlike other fluids, the ratio of
the ingredients in an ORS matches what the body
needs to recover from a diarrheal illness
 ● lifesaving formula that is designed to rehydrate the
body in cases of diarrhea, vomiting, and other
conditions that cause dehydration.
● medical treatment that supplies fluids, electrolytes,
and glucose to the body that are lost due to certain
conditions. ORS drink is considered to be one of the
most effective treatments for dehydration and can
be used by people of all ages, including infants
and children.
● AKA. oral rehydration therapy. It is usually taken by
mouth and can be consumed in various forms such
as packets, sachets or bottles.
● low-cost, simple, and effective way to rehydrate the
body.
● not a regular drink and should only be used when
there is a loss of water from the body.
**NOTE!! ORS should be used as per the instructions
provided on the packet and under the guidance of a
healthcare professional. It is important to seek medical
attention if the symptoms of dehydration persist or if the
person is unable to consume ORS.
When To Use Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)?
● consumed as soon as the symptoms of dehydration
appear, such as:
○ frequent urination, dark yellow urine, dry
mouth, and dizziness.
● used only when there is a loss of water from the
body (diarrhea, heat stroke, or vomiting)
● SHOULD NOT be consumed as a regular drink or
when you are thirsty. It is important to seek medical
attention if the symptoms of dehydration persist or if
the person is unable to consume ORS.
Dosage of Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)
The correct volume of ORS to consume depends on the
person's age, weight, and degree of dehydration.
It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for
a personalized dosage. Generally, it is recommended that:
● babies under two months: 5 teaspoons
● babies between 2 months to 2 years: ¼ to ½ cup
depending on if it was a large or medium stool,
● babies above 2 years: ½ cup to 1 cup
● adults: assess the volume depending on the stool
they are losing. Generally, a glass of water after
each loose stool.
How Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)works?
When ORS is consumed, the glucose in the solution helps
to increase the absorption of water and electrolytes in the
small intestine.
The electrolytes in the solution, such as sodium and
potassium, also help to restore the balance of electrolytes in
the body, which is essential for maintaining normal bodily
functions such as muscle and nerve function.
The solution also contains a specific ratio of electrolytes,
which helps to balance the osmolarity and osmolality of the
solution.
**NOTE!!
● Osmolarity is the concentration of solute
particles in a solution
● Osmolality is the concentration of solute particles
in a solution per unit of water.
How To Store Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)?
ORS should be stored in a cool and dry place and can be
kept for 24 hours after it has been mixed with water.
Anything longer than this can cause negative results. It's
important to check the expiry date on the ORS packets
before using them.
Conditions that can be managed with Oral
Rehydration Solution (ORS)
Oral rehydration therapy can manage all dehydrating
conditions like diarrhea. However, sometimes people with
high irritability and excessive vomiting may not tolerate ORS.
Other indications that a person cannot cope with ORS
include sunken eyes, dizziness, and drowsiness.
Sometimes a child is thirsty but cannot accept drinks orally.
In such cases, the person should be admitted to a hospital,
where doctors may suggest IV drip therapy or any other
suitable treatment.
What to avoid when consuming Oral Rehydration
Solution (ORS)
Individuals under ORS medication should not take tea or
sugary drinks like apple juice. These drinks can interfere with
the electrolyte balance in the body and may not provide the
desired results.
It is important to consume ORS as per the instructions
provided on the packet and under the guidance of a
healthcare professional.
In conclusion, ORS is a vital tool in the management of
dehydration caused by various conditions. Every household
needs to have ORS drink ready in case of emergencies. It is
a simple, affordable, and effective solution that can be used 4. NH4OH solution, a little, then in excess
by people of all ages. It is important to use ORS as per the
instructions provided on the packet and under the guidance
of a healthcare professional. It is important to seek medical
attention if the symptoms of dehydration persist or if the
person

5. Na2CO3 TS
PREPARATION OF CUPRIC SULFATE
(CuSO4 .5H2O)
Procedure: 6. Using 0.5mL of CuSO4 TS, slowly add conc. HCl.
1. Add the weighed CuO to the diluted H2SO4
contained in a weighed 250mL Erlenmeyer flask.

2. Place a funnel (not inverted) on the mouth of the

flask.
7. K4Fe(CN)6 TS
3. Heat the mixture gradually to boiling until the
Potassium ferrocyanide precipitates red-brown
reaction is complete.
copper(II) ferrocyanide from Cu2+ solutions:
4. Filter while hot and concentrate to 1/3 its volume.

5. Crystallize in an ice bath.

6. Weigh the undissolved CuO and get the weight of

QUESTIONS:
the CuO which reacted.
1. Which is more stable Cu+ or Cu+2 ? Explain.
7. Compute for the theoretical yield based on this
amount. ● Salts of monovalent Cu is unstable in a medium that
permits ionization.

● Cu+2 is more stable

REACTIONS OF COPPER SALTS
1. KI T.S. Filter and divide the filtrate into two (2)
portions and dilute with water. To one portion, add
starch TS, to the other portion, add a few mL of
chloroform and shake.
2. What is the difference between the reaction of
ammonia TS and NaOH TS towards cupric ion? Explain.
● Cupric ion with ammonia TS forms copperamine
structure w/c is blue in color, but when decomposes
turns into black;

● Cupric ion with NaOH TS forms blue ppt of Cu(OH)

3. Explain the results obtained in reaction no. 1

2. Add a little HCl to acidify the solution, then place an

untarnished piece of iron wire or nail. Observe.

3. NaOH solution, a little, then in excess 4. In reaction no. 4,

a. what complex ion is responsible for the original blue
color?
Cu(NH3)4SO4 → very deep blue color

b. What complex ion is present after the reaction? What

is its color?

Cu(NH3)4+2 blue sol’n. w/c turns black when the complex ion
was decomposed