NCERT HYDROGEN

Hydrogen peroxide
Read with US, learn important
points and excel in JEE and NEET
 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
❖ What is a Peroxide?
➢ Any compound consisting of oxygen-oxygen single bond is a
peroxide compound.
CHEMISTRY- HYDROGEN-11

➢ In an ionic compound, this bond is observed as an anion with

symbol 𝐎𝟐− 𝟐 & is called peroxide anion.
➢ In a covalent compound, if O-O bond is seen, it is called ‘peroxo’
group or ‘peroxide’ group.
➢ The oxidation state of each Oxygen atom in peroxide group is -
1.
➢ 𝐎𝟐−
𝟐 is known as Peroxide
➢ O2- is called Oxide and
➢ 𝐎−𝟐 is called Superoxide.

H to O
 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
❖ Discovered by Thenard in 1918.
❖ Structure of H2O2-
CHEMISTRY- HYDROGEN-11

➢ Non-polar structure
➢ Open book like structure

H 101.9° 90.2°
H 94.8° 111.5°
O 145.8pmO 98.8pm
O 147pmO 95pm H
H

Solid phase (at 110K)

Gaseous phase

H to O
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

Hydrogen peroxide is an important chemical used in pollution
control treatment of domestic and industrial effluents.
➢ 9.7.1 Preparation
It can be prepared by the following methods.
o (i) Acidifying barium peroxide and removing excess water by
evaporation under reduced pressure gives hydrogen peroxide.

o
 HYDROGEN PEROXI DE
❖Preparation of Hydrogen peroxide
I . Laboratory preparation-
CHEMISTRY- HYDROGEN-11

1. From sodium peroxide [M erck’s Process]-

273𝐾
Na2O2 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O2
dil. Acid (20%)
cooled in ice
2. By action of dil. H 2SO4 on barium peroxide-
BaO2.8H2O + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + H2O2 + 8H2O

H to O
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

Hydrogen peroxide is an important chemical used in pollution
control treatment of domestic and industrial effluents.
➢ 9.7.1 Preparation
It can be prepared by the following methods.
o (ii) Peroxodisulphate, obtained by electrolytic oxidation of
acidified sulphate solutions at high current density, on
hydrolysis yields hydrogen peroxide
 HYDROGEN PEROXI DE
3. By the action of CO2 on Barium peroxide-
BaO2 + CO2 + H2O → BaCO3 ↓ + H2O2
CHEMISTRY- HYDROGEN-11

I I . M anufacture-
1. By Electrolysis of sulphuric acid-
H2SO4 → H+ + HSO-
At cathode- 2H+ + 2e- → H2
+𝐻2 𝑂, 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑠
At anode- 2HSO4- → H2S2O8 + 2e- H2O2 +
2H2SO4

H to O
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

o This method is now used for the laboratory preparation of

D2O2.
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

Hydrogen peroxide is an important chemical used in pollution
control treatment of domestic and industrial effluents.
➢ 9.7.1 Preparation
It can be prepared by the following methods.
o (iii) Industrially it is prepared by the autooxidation of 2-
alklylanthraquinols.
 HYDROGEN PEROXI DE
3. By the action of CO2 on Barium peroxide-
BaO2 + CO2 + H2O → BaCO3 ↓ + H2O2
CHEMISTRY- HYDROGEN-11

I I . M anufacture-
2. By oxidation of 2-ethylanthraquinol-

+ H2 𝑃𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡

O2 (from air)
H2O2 is produced

H to O
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

Hydrogen peroxide is an important chemical used in pollution
control treatment of domestic and industrial effluents.
➢ 9.7.1 Preparation
o In this case 1% H2O2 is formed. It is extracted with water and
concentrated to ~30% (by mass) by distillation under reduced
pressure. It can be further concentrated to ~85% by careful
distillation under low pressure. The remaining water can be
frozen out to obtain pure H2O2.
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

Hydrogen peroxide is an important chemical used in pollution
control treatment of domestic and industrial effluents.
➢ 9.7.2 Physical Properties
o In the pure state H2O2 is an almost colourless (very pale blue)
liquid.
o Its important physical properties are given in Table 9.4.
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

➢ 9.7.2 Physical Properties
o In the pure state H2O2 is an almost colourless (very pale blue)
liquid.
o Its important physical properties are given in Table 9.4.
o H2O2 is miscible with water in all proportions and forms a
hydrate H2O2.H2O (m.p. 221K).
o A 30% solution of H2O2 is marketed as ‘100 volume’ hydrogen
peroxide. It means that one millilitre of 30% H2O2 solution will
give 100 mL of oxygen at STP.
o Commercially marketed sample is 10 V, which means that the
sample contains 3% H2O2.
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

➢ 9.7.3 Structure
o Hydrogen peroxide has a non-planar structure. The molecular
dimensions in the gas phase and solid phase are shown in Fig
9.3
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

➢ 9.7.4 Chemical Properties
o It acts as an oxidising as well as reducing agent in both acidic
and alkaline media.
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

➢ 9.7.4 Chemical Properties
o It acts as an oxidising as well as reducing agent in both acidic
and alkaline media. Simple reactions are described below.
o (i) Oxidizing action in acidic medium
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

➢ 9.7.4 Chemical Properties
o It acts as an oxidising as well as reducing agent in both acidic
and alkaline media. Simple reactions are described below.
o (i) Oxidizing action in acidic medium
HYDROGEN
HYDROGEN
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

➢ 9.7.4 Chemical Properties
o It acts as an oxidising as well as reducing agent in both acidic
and alkaline media. Simple reactions are described below.
o (i) Oxidizing action in acidic medium
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

Hydrogen peroxide is an important chemical used in pollution
control treatment of domestic and industrial effluents.
➢ 9.7.4 Chemical Properties
o It acts as an oxidising as well as reducing agent in both acidic
and alkaline media. Simple reactions are described below.
o (i) Oxidizing action in acidic medium
o (ii) Reducing action in acidic medium
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

Hydrogen peroxide is an important chemical used in pollution
control treatment of domestic and industrial effluents.
➢ 9.7.4 Chemical Properties
o It acts as an oxidising as well as reducing agent in both acidic
and alkaline media. Simple reactions are described below.
o (i) Oxidizing action in acidic medium
o (ii) Reducing action in acidic medium
o (iii) Oxidizing action in basic medium
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

Hydrogen peroxide is an important chemical used in pollution
control treatment of domestic and industrial effluents.
➢ 9.7.4 Chemical Properties
o It acts as an oxidizing as well as reducing agent in both acidic
and alkaline media. Simple reactions are described below.
o (i) Oxidizing action in acidic medium
o (ii) Reducing action in acidic medium
o (iii) Oxidizing action in basic medium
o (iv) Reducing action in basic medium
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

Hydrogen peroxide is an important chemical used in pollution
control treatment of domestic and industrial effluents.
➢ 9.7.5 Storage
o H2O2 decomposes slowly on exposure to light.

o In the presence of metal surfaces or traces of alkali (present in

glass containers), the above reaction is catalysed.
o It is, therefore, stored in wax-lined glass or plastic vessels in
dark.
o Urea can be added as a stabiliser.
o It is kept away from dust because dust can induce explosive
decomposition of the compound.
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

➢ 9.7.6 Uses
o Its wide scale use has led to tremendous increase in the
industrial production of H2O2. Some of the uses are listed
below:
o (i) In daily life it is used as a hair bleach and as a mild
disinfectant. As an antiseptic it is sold in the market as
perhydrol.
o (ii) It is used to manufacture chemicals like sodium perborate
and per -carbonate, which are used in high quality detergents.
o (iii) It is used in the synthesis of hydroquinone, tartaric acid
and certain food products and pharmaceuticals
(cephalosporin) etc.
 HYDROGEN

❑ 9.7 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2)

➢ 9.7.6 Uses
o (iv) It is employed in the industries as a bleaching agent for
textiles, paper pulp, leather, oils, fats, etc.
o (v) Nowadays it is also used in Environmental (Green)
Chemistry. For example, in pollution control treatment of
domestic and industrial effluents, oxidation of cyanides,
restoration of aerobic conditions to sewage wastes, etc.
HYDROGEN JEE PYQS JAN 23
 HYDROGEN JEE PYQS JAN 23

ANS. 3
HYDROGEN JEE PYQS JAN 23
 HYDROGEN JEE PYQS JAN 23

ANS. 1
HYDROGEN JEE PYQS JAN 23

ANS. 1
HYDROGEN JEE PYQS JAN 23

ANS. 1
HYDROGEN JEE PYQS JAN 23
 HYDROGEN JEE PYQS JAN 23

ANS. 2
 HYDROGEN JEE PYQS JAN 23

ANS. 2
HYDROGEN JEE PYQS JAN 23
 HYDROGEN JEE PYQS JAN 23

ANS. 150g/L
 HYDROGEN JEE PYQS JAN 23

ANS. 150g/L