Coverage of The Pandora Papers Leaks: A Comparative Analysis of English and Urdu Press

RESEARCH REPORT ON
Coverage of the Pandora Papers Leaks: A Comparative Analysis of English and Urdu
Press
SUPERVISOR
Mr. Farhad Safi
SUBMITTED BY
Kashif Khan
Muhammad Usama
Muhammad Izhar
Hazrat Bilal
Department of Journalism & Mass Communication

Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan
Batch: 07
SESSION: 2018-22
DEDICATION
We dedicate this research to our parents and teachers especially to our supervisor Assistant Prof.
(HOD) Farhad Safi.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would thank Almighty ALLAH, the most beneficent, the most merciful, the most caring and
loving. We would also thank to our research supervisor Assistant Professor Farhad Safi. This
research would not have been possible without his personal and academic support and great
patience at all times, we are extremely gratified.
ii
APPROVAL SHEET OF RESEARCH
Coverage of the Pandora Papers leaks in English and Urdu Newspaper: A Comparative Content
Analysis of English and Urdu press from 2 October to 3 November 2021.
The committee certifies that the Thesis presented by Kashif Khan Roll No. 28, Muhammad
Usama Roll No.57, Muhammad Izhar No. 46, Hazrat Bilal Roll No. 63, on Content Analysis of
Dawn, The News International, Nawa-i-waqt and Jang on by Coverage of the Pandora Papers
leaks in English and Urdu Newspaper from 2 October to 3 November 2021 is up-to the standard
and we hereby approved if for acceptance as partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor's
Degree in Journalism and Mass Communication, AWKUM.
_________________________
Supervisor and Chairman

Farhad Safi
Affectionate HoD and supervisor Farhad Safi.
iii
TABLE CONTEXT
S.NO TOPIC P/ NO
CHAPTER NO. 1
1.1 Introduction 1-2
1.2 Short introduction of dailies which we have analyzed 3-4
1.3 Research Hypothesis 5

1.4 Objective of The Study 6
1.5 Limitation of the study 7
CHAPTER NO.2
2.1 Literature review 8-9-10
2.2 Media coverage 10
CHAPTER NO. 3
3.1 Methodology 11
3.2 Technique for content analysis 11
3.3 Sample for content analysis 12
3.4 Agenda setting theory 12
3.5 Quantitative 13
3.6 Sampling 13
3.7 Theoretical framework and concept 14
3.8 Pandora Papers leaks 14
CHAPTER NO.4
4.1 Data Analysis 15-26
4.2 Conclusion 27
4.3 References 28-29
iv
CHAPTER NO. 1
1.1. INTRODUCTION
On October 3, 2021 Pandora papers were leaked by International Consortium of Investigative
Journalists (ICIJ). There are more than 700 prominent Pakistani names in Pandora Papers
including top cabinet members, ministers, media owner, Army officers and their relatives and
powerful businessmen — individuals spanning the entire Pakistani elite have been named in the
'Pandora Papers'. The Pandora Papers are 11.9 million leaked documents with 2.9 terabytes of
data that the ICIJ published beginning on October 3, 2021.
It's noteworthy to mention here, when On May 9, 2016 Panama Papers were leaked by ICIJ. The
setting Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif name was in the leak, then, PTI chairman Mr. Imran Khan
Demand the resign from Nawaz Sharif as a PM but Nawaz Sharif didn’t resigned. Therefore,
Imran Khan Protest against Nawaz Sharif and lock down Islamabad and then Supreme Court
take notice the panama papers and the case was start on November 1, 2016and Supreme Court
announced the final decision on July28, 2017 Nawaz Sharif was disqualified by the Supreme
Court of Pakistan.
When the ICIJ leaked the Pandora Papers the current Prime Minister Imran Khan take notice and
twitted on October 3, 2021 "My govt will investigate all our citizens mentioned in the Pandora
Papers & if any wrongdoing is established we will take appropriate action". "Imran Khan has set
up a high-level cell under the Prime Minister's Inspection Commission to investigate the people
named in the Pandora Papers", DW reported. but unfortunately everyone involved was not
thoroughly investigated and necessary action have not taken against the culprits as in the Panama
1
leaks the properly action was taken nor Supreme Court nor any other department show interest in
the Pandora Papers the reason may be due to overloaded high-profile names.
2
1.2. DAILIES
1.2.1. DAWN
Dawn is Pakistan's oldest and most widely circulated English language newspaper. It’s flagship
of the Dawn Group of Newspaper, published by Pakistan Herald Publications, which also owns
the Herald, a Magazine, Spider, an information technology magazine and Aurora, an advertising,
marketing and media magazine. It was founded by Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah in
Delhi, India, on October26, 1941 as a Mouthpiece for the Muslim League. The first issue was
printed at Latifi Press on October12, 1942. The newspaper has offices in Karachi (Sindh),
Lahore (Punjab), and the federal capital Islamabad, and representatives abroad as of 2010; it has
a weekday circulation of over 109,000. The CEO of Dawn group is Hameed Haroon, and the
current editor of Dawn is Zaffar Abbas.
1.2.2. THE NEWS INTERNATIONAL
The News International is Published by the jang group of Newspaper, publisher of the daily jang
largest Urdu Newspaper in Pakistan. Mir Khalil Ur Rehman was the founder of the newspaper
and his Younger son, Mir Shakeel Ur Rehman, is the Present owner. The news International
published in broadsheet size, is the largest English Language Newspaper in Pakistan. The news
has an ABC Certified circulation of 140,000. It is published from Karachi, Lahore ad
Rawalpindi/Islamabad. An overseas edition is published from London that caters to the Pakistani
community in the United Kingdom and plans are currently underway to start Publication in New
York City USA.
3
1.2.3. NAWA-I-WAQT
Nawa-i-waqt is an Urdu daily newspaper in Pakistan which is currently owned by Majid Nizami
Trust. It was launched on March 23, 1940, under the leadership of Hameed Nizami (3 Oct 1915-
22 Feb 1962). Hameed Nizami was the founder of this newspaper. His younger brother Majid
Nizami (3 April 1928 – 26 July 2014) was the chief editor and publisher of Nawa-i-waqt Group
of Publications until he died in 2014 and then this group became the property of Majid Nizami
Trust created by Majid Nizami himself in his lifetime. In 2016, Rameeza (adopted daughter of
Majid Nizami) and actual daughter of MianArif and Ghazala Arif elected as the Managing
Director of Nawa-i-waqt Group of Publications by the Trustees of Majid Nizami Trust and was
also elected as the Senior Vice President of All Pakistan Newspapers Society (APNS).
1.2.4. JANG
The Daily Jang is an Urdu newspaper headquartered in Karachi, Pakistan. It is the oldest
newspaper of Pakistan in continuous publication since its foundation in 1939, first published
during World War II, hence the name (Jang) translating to "war" in Urdu. Its current group chief
executive and editor-in-chief is Mir Shakil-ur-Rahman. Past editors and contributors have
included Mahmood Shaam, NazirNaji and ShafiAqeel.
4
1.3. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H1. The News International newspaper gave more coverage to the Pandora Papers
leaks.
H2. Dawn Newspaper gave less coverage to Pandora Papers leaks as compare to The
News International Newspaper.
H3. In Urdu Newspaper, Jang gave more coverage to Pandora Papers leaks.
H4. In Urdu Newspaper, Nawa-i-waqt gave less coverage to Pandora Papers leaks as
compare to Jang.
H5. English Newspapers gave coverage to Pandora Papers leaks as compare to Urdu
Newspaper, because most of the Investigative Journalists are associated with English
Newspapers.
5
1.4. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The study was conducted to find out the following objectives
To find out the contents of the four Pakistan's leading Newspaper between English (Dawn & The
News International and Urdu (Jang &Nawa-i-waqt) Newspapers about the coverage of Pandora
Papers leaks.
The primary objective of the study is to identify the ratio of the coverage devoted to stories,
editorials, and opinions by the Print Media in English and Urdu dailies.
Divide the Newspaper into different sections News stories, editorials, and opinions.
To find out the coverage space devoted to each of these different sections.
To find out the contents of the four Pakistan's leading Newspaper between English (Dawn & The
News International and Urdu (Jang &Nawa-i-waqt) Newspapers about the coverage of Pandora
Papers leaks.
To find out the intensity of the coverage in the selective Newspapers
6
1.5. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This study analyzed the content of newspaper Dawn, The News International, Jang and Nawa-i-
waqt only for 30 days so the present study is just focusing the newspaper coverage of Pandora
paper leak. October 2, 2021 to November3, 2021.
According to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, there are 707 newspapers in Pakistan as of 2019.
The number of newspapers in 2022 may exceed 1000, but this is our estimate. As per ABC and
the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics websites, there is no new data on the total number of
newspapers in concern websites available after 2019.
This research is limited to only four newspapers, two from English and two from Urdu. The
newspapers are Pakistan's leading publications. As according to FY 2011-12, the top five
newspapers in terms of print media advertisement revenue were Jang with PKR3.45bn revenue
(31 percent of total print ad revenue), Dawn with PKR1.87 (17 percent), Express News with
PKR0.86bn (8 percent), Nawa-i-waqt with PKR0.76bn (7 percent), and The News with
PKR0.731bn (7 percent).
7
CHEPTER NO. 2
2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW
The collective communication outlets known as media (plural of medium) are tools used to store
and deliver information and data. It is linked to communication media or specialized
communication businesses such as print media and the press, photography, advertising, cinema,
broadcasting (radio and television), and/or publishing. The term "world medium" refers to "one
of the means of general communication, information, or entertainment in society,
such as a newspaper, radio, or television." The beginning of human communication through
designed channels, not vocalization or Gestures, dates back to ancient cave paintings, drawn
maps, and writing. At broader level media can be divided in to two types, news media and non-
news media including newspapers, television and internet, news media are all actively providing
news and information on all happenings across the world, whereas non news media generally
include the entertainment media responsible for providing entertainment to each and every
echelon of society (Holbrook, Timothy 2005) Media is the important element of society and
every part of the specific society relies on media for information seeking. Media is actively
performing its functions ranging from providing information to entertainment, but surveillance is
one of its crucial roles. By informing general public, media has to play a vital function not only
to inform but also to make consensus amongst public on certain issues. This is also the formation
of public opinion and perception through media, thus media is providing information at one end
and making public opinion and perception on the other hand by providing the complete
Information on any story. In addition to performing different kinds of roles, media promote or
highlight some issues and put some issues in background which again depends on importance,
8
sensitivity and Agenda. Media act according to the circumstances and situations, it like to
support specific point of view on some issues and this is all done because media is the vigilant
pillar to provide basic and instant news coverage on all aspects. "Media could be strong enough
through its Surveillance function and it can have a very strong impact through contemporary
news media". Thus through modern advancements and access to information through print or
electronic media made it possible to bring certain kind of view on any subject that could
propagate among Masses.
According to McQuoid (2005), "the media provide with their audience with a supply of
Information, images, stories and impressions, sometimes according to anticipated needs,
sometimes guided by their own purposes, and sometimes following the motives of other social
Institutions (e.g., advertising, making propaganda, projecting information). Given this diversity
of underlying motivation in the selection and flow of the Images of reality", As we can see,
mediation is most likely a completely neutral process. The reality is that favorable images,
sending will always be selected and constructed to some extent, and there will be certain
consistent Biases." The media plays an important role in shaping society's reality by selecting
images and news stories that highlight only certain aspects and dimensions of an event or issue.
McQuoid further explains that "in respect of news, picture of reality that news claims to provide
cannot help but be a selective construct made up of fragments of factual information and
observation that are bound together and given meaning by a particular frame, angle of vision or
Perspective" Berger and Luck man discussed the Social construction of reality with connection
to everyday knowledge and that knowledge comes to established as reality. They further
explained that reality is always be socially constructed, which has to transmit from one
individual to another with a strong sense of reality of this world. People use different objects to
9
communicate like language, signs and material objects to externalize their inner impressions
about reality. This process is externalization and societies are produced as a result of collection
of all these impressions from the members of community. And when society becomes an
objective reality is called objectivities, when individual absorb the constructed reality in a
process of internalization and then becomes a product of social interaction. Basically there are
three basic moments in the process of reality construction; Externalization, Objectivities, and
Internalization".
2.2. MEDIA COVERAGE
Coverage, as the name implies, is something that is covered and brought to the attention of the
audience or readers, whereas media coverage is all about emphasizing certain issues and stories
in any form of media, including print and electronic, in order to make the audience or readers
aware of them. Sometimes media coverage is to uncover the truth, other times it is to highlight
the important and overlooked aspects of a story, other times it is to try to influence public
opinion in favor or against a story, other times it is to shape perceptions, and other times it is to
cover because some forces, such as pressure groups in the public or private sector, or foreign
influence, want them to. Gamson (2001) observes that media coverage of collective action
movements even varies considerably from issue to issue Gunther (1992) in his article Biased
Press or Biased Public: attitudes towards media coverage of social groups, argues that mostly
people gives credibility to media because of media coverage and quality of message given by
media. Researcher in this article says that trust in media can be better understood by the audience
response, proposing that distrust is more likely to be a situational response, stemming from
involvement with issues and groups.
10
CHAPTER NO. 3
3.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Media activism was determined through content analysis of national newspapers to explore the
dimensions and nature of the media coverage and newspapers role; content analysis of the
newspapers has been done to examine the fact that how much coverage has been given to
Pandora Papers leaks by newspapers for this reason a coding sheet was developed that which
newspaper given more coverage. The two English and two Urdu newspapers were selected on
the basis of the largest circulation.
In Pakistan Dawn and The News International are leading newspapers in English category and
Nawa-i-waqt and Jang are the leading newspapers in Urdu. Content analysis will be based on the
analysis of space given to the Pandora Papers leaks, slanting of the news or point of view
included in content analysis of the newspapers which explained the tone; positive, negative and
of neutral type of news coverage.
3.2. TECHNIQUE FOR CONTENT ANALYSIS
Media prominence of the issue has been assigned to the actual news coverage of the issue in four
different newspapers, this is actually the content analysis which was categorized in different
dimensions to analyze that what place newspapers had given to the Pandora Papers leaks in
Pakistan.
11
3.3. SAMPLE FOR CONTENT ANALYSIS
Newspaper has been analyzed from October 2, 2021 to November2, 2021. It makes the analysis
of total 30 days. Another focal point of the study is to cater the coverage of the newspaper
specifically for Pandora Papers leaks for the reason of content analysis. The newspaper coverage
has been analyzed a day before the leak of Pandora Papers and twenty-nine days after the leaks.
3.4. AGENDA SETTING THEORY
Agenda-setting theory describes the news media's "ability to influence the importance placed on
agenda topics." Agenda setting is a social science theory that makes predictions. That is, if a
news item is frequently and prominently covered, the audience will consider the issue to be more
important. Max McCombs and Donald Shaw formalized agenda-setting theory in their study of
the 1968 American Presidential election. McCombs and Shaw found a strong correlation
coefficient between what 100 Chapel Hill, North Carolina residents thought was the most
important election issue and what the local and national news media reported as the most
important issue in their 1968 "Chapel Hill study." McCombs and Shaw were able to determine
the extent to which the media determines public opinion by comparing the salience of issues in
news content with the public's perceptions of the most important election issue. More than 400
studies on the agenda-setting function of the mass media have been published since the 1968
study, which was published in a 1972 edition of Public Opinion Quarterly, and the theory
remains relevant.
12
3.5. QUANTITATIVE
There are many methods for conducting research studies in mass communication discipline, such
as survey, content analysis and experimental/ laboratory research etc. So in this research study
quantitative content analysis method will be use.
Quantitative research is the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via
statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. The objective of quantitative research is
to develop & employ mathematical models, theories, and hypotheses pertaining to phenomena.
The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the
fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of
quantitative relationships.
Quantitative data is any data that is in numerical form such as statistics, percentages and so on.
The researcher analyses the data with the help of statistics and hopes the numbers will yield an
unbiased result that can be generalized. Our research is quantitative in this research we have
analyzed 4 newspapers two from English and two from Urdu and then we got coverage of the
Pandora Papers leaks.
3.6. SAMPLING
Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of
observations are taken from a larger population. The methodology used to sample from a larger
population or any others depends on the type of analysis being performed but may include
simple random sampling or systematic sampling. In sampling we have chosen four different
newspapers The News International, Dawn, Nawa-i-waqt and Jang.
13
3.7. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND CONCEPT
Theoretical concept for the research has the aim to fulfill all the requirements of the researcher.
Here in this study the theory of Agenda Setting is used.
When major news happens, the world’s mass media organizations take notice. Same happened in
the leaks of the Pandora Papers leak, in almost around the globe media organizations gave full
attention after and a day before leaks of the Pandora Papers.
This theory refers to how the media’s news coverage determines which issues becomes the focus
of public attention.
First introduced in 1972 by college professors, Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw, they
found in surveying North Carolina voters during the 1968 U.S. presidential election that what
people thought were the most …
3.8. Pandora Papers leaks

As stated in the theory, the leaks of the Pandora Papers are a top priority in the media, with The
News International giving the most coverage.
14
CHAPTER NO. 4
4.1. DATA ANALYSIS
To analyze the relationship among the coverage of the Pandora Papers leaks in newspapers. The
focus of the content analysis was on how newspapers have given space and priority to the
Pandora Papers leaks, and how many stories, editorials, and opinions give space to the leaks in
English and Urdu newspapers.
Saturday 2 OCT, 2021

S.No Dailies No of Stories No of Opinion No of Editorial
1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
international (English)
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
4 Nawa-i-waqt(Urdu) 00 00 00
1. No courage in the respective newspaper observed on the said date
Sunday 3 OCT, 2021

1 Dawn (English)
03 00 00
2 The news 04 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

01 00 00
On October 3, English newspapers gave more coverage to Pandora Papers leaks and Urdu
gave less courage.
15
Monday 4 OCT, 2021
1 Dawn (English)
11 00 00
2 The news 11 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

09 00 00
2. On October 4, English newspapers gave more coverage to Pandora Papers leaks and
Urdu gave less courage.
Tuesday 5 OCT, 2021

1 Dawn (English)
05 02 00
2 The news 07 01 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

06 02 01
Wednesday 6 OCT, 2021
1 Dawn (English)
01 00 00
2 The news 05 00 01
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

05 01 01
16
Thursday 7 OCT, 2021
1 Dawn (English)
03 01 00
2 The news 01 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 01 00
Friday 8 OCT, 2021

1 Dawn (English)
03 00 01
2 The news 01 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

01 01 00
gave less courage.

1 Dawn (English)
01 00 00
2 The news 01 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
17
Sunday 10 OCT, 2021
1 Dawn (English)
02 00 00
2 The news 00 01 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
7. On October 10, English newspapers gave more coverage to Pandora Papers leaks
and Urdu gave less courage.
Monday 11 OCT, 2021

1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
8. On 11 October, No courage in the respective newspaper observed on the said date
Tuesday 12 OCT, 2021

1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
18
1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00

1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
Friday 15 OCT, 2021

1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
19
1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
Sunday 17 OCT, 2021

1 Dawn (English)
01 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
14. On October 17, English newspapers gave more coverage to Pandora Papers leaks
and Urdu gave less courage.
Monday 18 OCT, 2021

1 Dawn (English)
02 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
gave less courage.
20
1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
15. On 19 October, No courage in the selective newspapers observed on the said date

1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00

1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
21
Friday 22 OCT, 2021
1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00

1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
Sunday 24 OCT, 2021

1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
22
Monday 25 OCT, 2021
1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00

1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00

1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
23
1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
Friday 29 OCT, 2021

1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00

1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 01 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
26. On 30 October, the English newspaper gave more courage and Urdu less courage
24
Sunday 31 OCT, 2021
1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
27. On 30 October,, No courage in the respective newspaper observed on the said date
Monday 1 NOV, 2021

1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
28. On 1 November, No courage in the respective newspaper observed on the said date
Tuesday 2 NOV, 2021

1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
25
Wednesday 3 NOV , 2021
1 Dawn (English)
00 00 00
2 The news 00 00 00
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

00 00 00
S.No Press Total No. Total No. Total No

Stories Opinion Editorial
1 Dawn (English)
32 03 01
2 The news international 31 02 01

(English)
3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

22 05 02
S.No Press Total No. Total No. Total No

Stories Opinion Editorial
1
63 05 02
ENGLISH
2
33 08 04
URDU
3
99 13 06
TOTAL
From October 2 to November 2, The News published 31 stories, 2 editorials, and 2 opinions,
Dawn published 32 stories, 1 editorial, and 3 opinions, Nawa-i-waqt published 11 stories, 2
editorials, and 3 opinion, and Jung published 22 stories, 2 editorials, and 5 opinion. Thus,
English dailies publish 63 stories, three editorials, and five opinions, while Urdu dailies publish
33 stories, four editorials, and eight opinions.
26
4.2. CONCLUSION
To explore the comparison of four newspapers: The News, Dawn, Nawa-i-waqt and Jang. We
study the newspapers from October 2nd to November 2nd, 2021 for Pandora papers leaks. In this
period during
which newspapers gave more coverage before and after leaks of Pandora Papers. A comparative
analysis of the press has been done for all 30 days of selected newspapers and the focal point was
that how newspapers have given space and given priority while covering the leaks. All data was
entered in to a simple way to MS Word that has been done before.
We conclude that Urdu newspapers given less coverage and balanced stories, whereas English
newspapers given more coverage, which was sometimes slanted in favor of someone or pressure
groups. For example, on 4 October, Dawn published a story that was somewhat critical of a
against the few cabinet members of Mr. Imran Khan and some retired army officers,
demonstrated that the assets are not matching to their incomes. Dawn filed some other stories too
like this story. likewise, The News International published story on 4 October, 2021
The leaks of the Pandora Papers were clearly given more courage and attention in English
newspapers.
27
4.3. REFERENCES
1. International Consortium of Investigative Journalist/Investigations, DataInside, ICIJ,
Journalist, About, leaks to us by ICIJ 03 Oct,
2021/https://www.icij.org/investigations/pandora-papers/
2. In the supreme court of Pakistan//Applicant(s)Imran Ahmad Naizi Versus Respondent (s)
PM Main Muhammad Nawaz Sharif/
3. judgements/Const.P._29_2016_28072016.
4. Imran Khan tweet//dw.com/en/story-05.10.2021-Pandora Papers: How-will-the-
revelations+impact Pakistan's-politics?/a-594110849.
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn (newspaper)
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The News International
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawa-i-waqt
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jang
9. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics/Newspapers/2019/707/ https://www.pbs.gov.pk/
10. Medialandscapes.org/Journalist Najim U Din/Journalist report with the help of Free Press
Unlimited/five top newspapers of Pakistan/advertisement revenue/FY-2011-12/.
11. Ayesha Sadaf "Comparative Content analysis of the coverage in English & Urdu dailies
Publication, 2006, Pakistan on the issue of Judicial restoration" Department of media and
communication Studies International Islamic University.
12. McQuail (2005). Mass Communication theory, Edition 5th, Vistaar Publications.
13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_setting_theory.
14. Qualitative Research Methods: Research Methodology overview/Qualitative research,
sampling, theoretical framework.
28
15. Newspapers included:
English:
Dawn
The NewsInternational
Urdu:
Daily Jang
Daily Nawa-i-waqt
29

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RESEARCH REPORT ON

Mr. Farhad Safi

Department of Journalism & Mass Communication

(HOD) Farhad Safi.

patience at all times, we are extremely gratified.

Analysis of English and Urdu press from 2 October to 3 November 2021.

Degree in Journalism and Mass Communication, AWKUM.

Supervisor and Chairman

1.2 Short introduction of dailies which we have analyzed 3-4

1.3 Research Hypothesis 5

1.5 Limitation of the study 7

4.3 References 28-29

On October 3, 2021 Pandora papers were leaked by International Consortium of Investigative

data that the ICIJ published beginning on October 3, 2021.

current editor of Dawn is Zaffar Abbas.

1.2.2. THE NEWS INTERNATIONAL

has an ABC Certified circulation of 140,000. It is published from Karachi, Lahore ad

York City USA.

included Mahmood Shaam, NazirNaji and ShafiAqeel.

News International Newspaper.

The study was conducted to find out the following objectives

To find out the intensity of the coverage in the selective Newspapers

paper leak. October 2, 2021 to November3, 2021.

newspapers in concern websites available after 2019.

2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW

and deliver information and data. It is linked to communication media or specialized

of the means of general communication, information, or entertainment in society,

such as a newspaper, radio, or television." The beginning of human communication through

propagate among Masses.

Information, images, stories and impressions, sometimes according to anticipated needs,

2.2. MEDIA COVERAGE

involvement with issues and groups.

3.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

the basis of the largest circulation.

of neutral type of news coverage.

3.2. TECHNIQUE FOR CONTENT ANALYSIS

3.4. AGENDA SETTING THEORY

quantitative content analysis method will be use.

Quantitative research is the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via

statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. The objective of quantitative research is

The process of measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the

fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of

Pandora Papers leaks.

Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of

newspapers The News International, Dawn, Nawa-i-waqt and Jang.

Here in this study the theory of Agenda Setting is used.

attention after and a day before leaks of the Pandora Papers.

people thought were the most …

3.8. Pandora Papers leaks

News International giving the most coverage.

4.1. DATA ANALYSIS

English and Urdu newspapers.

Saturday 2 OCT, 2021

3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

1. No courage in the respective newspaper observed on the said date

Sunday 3 OCT, 2021

3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

Tuesday 5 OCT, 2021

3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

3 Daily Jang (Urdu)

Friday 8 OCT, 2021