Roofs and Roof Coverings ESE RRR 41, INTRODUCTION q 4 roof may be defined as the uppermost part of the building, provided as a grocural covering, to protect the building from weather (ie... from rain, sun, wind, « Structurally, a roof is constructed in the same way as an upper floor, though tbe shape of its upper surface may be different. Basically, a roof consists of structural denents which support roof coverings. The structural element may be trusses, portals, jes, slabs (with or without beams), shells or domes. The roof coverings may be ‘AC. sheets, G.I. sheets, wooden shingles; tiles, slates or slab itself. Roof and roof coverings receive rain and snow more directly and in much greater quntity than do the walls. It must, therefore, provide a positive barrier to the entry of rain, and vigorous weather proofing is most important. At the same time, the roof structure, which support the roof coverings must have adequate strength and stability. Apart from these, a roof must have thermal insulation, fire resistance and sound insulation. Requirements of a roof The requirements of a good roof are summarised below : a i It should have adequate strength and stability to carry the super-imposed dead live loads. , , 2 It should effectively protect the building against rain, sun, wind, etc, and "thould be durable against the adverse effects of these agencies. 3. It should be water-proof, and should have efficient drainage arrangements. 4 It should provide adequate thermal insulation. 5. It should be fire resistant. 6 It should provide adequate insulation against sound. __ Most forms of roof ternal ot Provide for majority of buildings an adequate insulation against sound from 1 . ‘2 TYPES OF ROOFS May be divided into three categories : or sloping roofs, Fut roofs or terraced roofs, and : Jan of the building, limat; - Selecti pends upon the shape or pl e 4 “Sete conditions ¢ fs oe tee of astractionsl materials available. Pitched (329) ome Z iquremo - o Types OF PITCHED ROOFS ee be broadly classified i A pitched roofs may y into the following : (a) Single roofs ing 1, Lean-to-roof (verandah roof), 2. Couple roof. 3, Couple-close roof. 4. Collar beam roof or collar tie roof. o Double or purlin roofs © Triple-emembered or framed or trussed roofs King-post roof truss. Queen-post roof truss. Combination of king-post and queen-post trusses, Mansard roof truss. Truncated roof truss. . Bel-fast roof truss or latticed roof truss. . Composite roof trusses. 8. Steel sloping roof trusses. IR ere Single roofs consist of only common rafters which are secured at the ridge (to ridge beam) and wall plate. These are used when span is less so that no intermediate support is required for the rafters. A double roof is the one in which purlins are introduced to support the common rafters at intermediate poiht. Such roofs are used when the span exceeds 5 metres. The function of a purlin is to tie the rafters together, and to act as an intermediate support to the rafters. A triple membered or trussed nf consists of three sets of members : (i) common rafters, (ii) purlins, and (iii) trusses. The purlins, which give an intermediate support to the rafters, are themselves supported % trusses which are suitably spaced along the length of a room. A trussed roof is Provided when the span of the room is greater than 5 metres, and when the length Toom is large, ie. where there are no internal walls or partitions to support the Purling 7 "SS. SINGLE ROOFS .,,. Single roofs are those which consist of only the rafters which are supported at the ae an is limited to 5 metres, oe a ‘me oe ee on See est imum span of the rafters ‘ : @ lean-to- roof, verandah-roof or 8s 2.5 m. Single roofs are of four types ' 0) (1) colar beam roof. Teaf, (ii) couple roof, (iii) couple close roof,334 BUILDING Const, 1. Lean-to-roof __ This is the simplest type of sloping roof, in which rafters slope to one side It is also known as Pent roof or Aisle roof. The wall to one side of the roo, ™?- verandah) is taken higher than the sting 7 wall (or pillars) to the other side. A wooden wall plate is supported either on a steel corbel or a stone corbel, which are provided at 1 m centre to centre. The wall plate (or post plate) is embedded on the other side, to the wall or pillars. The dif- ference in elevation between the two wall plates is so kept that the desired slope is obtained. Usual slope is 30°. The common rafters are nailed to wooden wall plate at their upper end, and notched and nailed to the wooden FIG. 15.4. LEAN-TO-ROOF. post plate at their lower end. Some- times, iron knee straps and bolts are used to’ connect the rafters to the post plate, Eaves boards, battens and roof coverings are provided as shown in Fig. 15.4. This type of roof is suitable for maximum span of 2.5 m. These are provided for sheds, out-houses attached to main building, verandahs, etc. 2. Couple roof This type of roof is formed by couple or pair of rafters which slope to both the sides of the ridge of the roof. The upper ends of each pair of rafter is nailed to a common ridge piece and their lower ends are notched and nailed to the wooden wall plates em- bedded in the masonry on the top of the outer walls. Such a roof is not very much favoured because it has the tendency to spread out at the feet (Wall plate level) and thrust out the walls supporting the wall plates. Due to this, he et roof is used when the me is limited to 3.6 me- fee Wall Wal plate Fdge piece tres. (>) Planaoe close roof $ Coupe close roof is couple roof, oople oy horizontal connie’ called tie beam, to pen t the rafters from PO eg and thrusting out wall. The tie beam dé a ‘a wooden member pt steel rod. The connec- a between wooden tie and feet of rafters is obtained dove tail halved joint. For inferior work, the ties may just be spiked to the rafters. There is one tie beam for each pair of rafters. ‘These tie beams can also (b) With king rod be used as ceiling joists when required. A couple- dose roof is economically suitable for g; yy i increased grater loads, the rafters may have tatideney. to cag ta cab oe Seana by providing a central vertical rod, called king rod or king bolt which connects the ridge piece and the tie beam as shown in Fig. 15.6 (6). 4, Collar beam roof s When the span in- creases, or when the load is more, the rafters of the couple close roof have the tendency to bend. This is avoided by taising the tie beam and fix- ing it at one-third to one-half of the vertical height from wall plate to the ridge. This Taised beam is known as the nd beam (or collar tie). rhus, a collar beam roof is i is provided ilar to a couple close roof, except that in the latter case & we idod at he raised at the level of wall plates while in this case a collar eat ie A lower aller position level (Fig. 15.7), This roof is suitable for spans upto vier height of the room. te stronger roof. A collar beam provides roof grea sh ‘ot ' Collar and scissors roof collar beams, crossing each Mer to y, Ht is similar to the collar roof, excePt tne oe shown in Fig. 166. ve an appearance of scissors is Prov' FIG. 15.6. CLOSE COUPLE ROOF. FIG. 15.7, COLLAR BEAM ROOF.FIG. 15.8. COLLAR AND SCISSORS ROOF. 15.6. DOUBLE OR PURLIN ROOFS These roofs have two basic elements : (i) rafters, and (ii) purlins. The purlins give inter- mediate support to the rafters, and are supported on end walls. The intermediate supports so pro- vided in the form of purlins, re- duce the size of the rafters to the economical range. Such a roof is also known as rafter and purlin roof. The rafters are provided fairly close (40 to 60 cm dlc). Each rafter is thus supported at three points : (i) at the bottom; on the wall through wall plate, (ii) at the top, by the ridge bam, and (iii) at the centre by a purlin. By supporting the rafter at its mid-point in this manner with a purlin, the span is halved, thus enabling the rafter to be made considerably lighter than it would need to be if it spanned the whole distance from eaves to the ridge. For larger rl, two or more purlins may be provided to support each rafter. Fig. 15.9 shows tv forms of this roof. 15.7. TRUSSED ROOFS When the span of the roof exceeds 5 m and where there are no inside wls to support the purlins, framed structures, known as trusses are provided at suitabl interval along the length of the room. Spacing is generally limited. to 3 metres wooden trusses. In this system, the roof consists of three elements : (i) rafters it support the roofing material (i... tiles etc.), (ji) purlins to provide intermediate su to rafters, and (iii) trusses to provide support to the ends of purlins. The trusses in the same direction in which the couple of rafters run, The trusses also sup? FIG. 15.9. RAFTER AND PURLIN ROOF.AND ROOF COVE 337 nage piee or Tidge beam. The various types of trusses in use are : we". King-post truss. ii) Q i Combination of king-post and ee tn " ii). ard “post trusses, (jv) Mansi truss. (v) Truncated truss. (vi) Belfast truss. (viii) Composite trusses. ‘The first six types are essentially wooden trusses. (vii) Steel trusses. 1, King-post truss Aking-post truss, shown in Fig 15.10 consists of the i gcomponents : (i) lower tjobeam, (i) two inclined prin- cipal rafters. (iii) two struts, and (iv) a king post. The prin- cipal rafters support the purlins. The purlins support the closely-spaced common raf- ters which have the same slope as the principal rafters. The common rafters support the roof covering as usual. 8 is to3m priors The ae is FIG. 15.10. KING-POST TRUSS ( SPAN 7 m) 5 to8 metres. The lower, horizontal, tie beam receives the ends of the principal rafters, wd t prevents the wall from spreading out due to thrust. The king-post_ prevents the from sagging at its centre of span. The struts connected to the tie beams nd the principal rafters in inclined direction, prevent the sagging of principal rafters. tidge beam is provided at the apex of the roof to provide end support to the common tafters, The trusses are supported on the ved blac of stone or concrete, embedded can supporting walls so that load is ibuted to a greater area. The principal rafter is jointed to the am by a ‘single abutment and tenon or by a ‘bridle joint’. The joint is T strengthened by a wrought iron Strap, would round the joint. The of each strut is fixed to the principal jot oe ‘oblique’ mortise and tenon wrlayeg ¢ king-post is provided with . shoulders and feet, and is tenoned Tie beam Stirrup strap as oon upper edge of the tie beam for FIG. 15.11, DETAILS OF JOINTS cient distance. It is further strength- 1 ee tie be Join” hee}338 BUILDING CONSTRUEn, ened by mild steel or wrought iron strap. At its head, the king-post is joint, the ends of principal rafters by ‘tenon and mortice’ joint. The joint is to means of a three-way wrought iron or mild steel strap on each side. Purling me of stout timber, are placed at right angles to the sloping principal rafters, ang |* secured to them through cogged joints and cleats. Cleats, fixed on principal ;, ae prevent the purlins from tilting. Fig. 15.11 shows the details of the joint. The Common, rafters may be connected to eaves board or to pole plate at the other end. Pole pian are horizontal timber sections which run across the tops of the tie beams at theiy ends, or on principal rafters near their feet. They thus run parallel to purling 2. Queen-post truss A queen-post truss differs from a king-post truss in having two vertical posts rather than one. The vertical posts are known as queen-posts, the tops of which are connected by a horizontal piece, known as straining beam. Two struts are provide to join the feet of each queen-post to the principal rafter, as shown in Fig. 15.12. The queen-posts are the tension members. The straining beams re- ceives the thrust from the principal rafters, and keeps the junction in sta- ble position. A straining sill is introduced on the tie beam between the queen-posts to counteract the thrust from inclined struts which are in com- pression. In absence of the straining sill, the thrust board (@) Queen post truss from the strut would tend to force the foot of the queen-post inwards Purlins, with cleats, are provided as in the king- post truss. These trusses are suitable for spans be- tween 8 to 12 metres. The joint at the head of queen-post-is formed due to the junction of two compression members (principal aaa and ining beam) and a ten- ion rember(queen-post ) (©) Joint details The head of the queen-post FIG. 15.12. QUEEN-POST TRUSS. Principalxo noOF COVERING 339 7 wider, and the head of the principal rafter and the end of straining beam i sole ed into it. The joint is further strengthened by fixing a 3-way strap of wrought-iron getste each face as shown in Fig. 15.12 (b). Similarly, the feet of queen-post «x #22 tp receive the tenon of the inclined strut, forming a ‘single abutment and is vide**y, The queen-post then tenons into the tie beam. The joint is further strengthened 00 joo and bolts. rap StTOPS oy abination of king-post and queen-post trusses n-post trusses aoe fr spans upto King post res. For greater the queen-post truss ao strengthened by one pore upright member, called rincess-post to each sie, Fig. 15.13 (a) and (6) dow the resulting combi- nation of king-post and Pr -post trusses, which Tiebeam —_post (a) post sresuitable upto 18 m span. 4 Mansard roof truss This roof truss, vamed after its designer érancois Mansard, a French architect, is a combination Straining beam -Queen post Straining sill ofking-post and queen-post ‘trusses. It is a two-storey ‘russ, with upper portion Queen Princess ‘nsisting of king-post truss post Post post and the lower portion of Keb) Gueen-post truss. The entire f 5 FIG. 15.18. COMBINATION OF KING-POST ‘nus has two pitches. The ‘AND QUEEN-POST TRUSSES. Wie pitch (king-post truss) tree fom 30° to 40° while ine Pitch (queen-truss) varies from 60° to 70°. The use of this truss results it hae in space, since a room may be provided between the two queen-posts. However, become obsolete because of odd shape. Fig. 15.14 shows two alternative forms FIG. 15.14. ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF MANSARD TRUSSEs.340 of Mansard truss. Fig.-15.15 shows the details of the truss, 5. Truncated truss A truncated truss is similar to Mansard truss, ex- cept that its top is formed flat, with a gentle slope to one side. This type of truss is used when it is required to provide a room in the roof, between the two queen-posts of the truss, as shown in Fig. 15.16. 6. Bel-fast roof truss @ow string truss) This truss, in the form of a bow, consists of thin sections of timber, with its top chord curved. If the roof covering is light, this roof FIG. 15.15. DETAILS OF MANSARD TRUSS. truss can be used upto 30 m span. The roof truss is also known as Jatticed roof trust Straining beam Sk FIG. 15.17. BEL-FAST TRUSS.1F COVERING eors ano ROO a composite roof trusses 1 trusses made of two such as timber and are known as composite set asses. In a composite rf the tension members are paterialss oat steel, while compres- ® members are made of tim- per. If tension members are (a) Composite king post truss ‘e of timber, their section Ch. N008 py - rincipal very heavy because of reduction of section at the joints. Special fittings are re- ired at the junction of steel Cll. shoe and timber members. The joints in composite trusses should be such that cast or fittings can be easily used. Fig. 15.18 shows some common types of composite roof trusses, using fittings such as Cl. head, C.I. shoe, steel angle bolts and straps etc. 16.8, STEEL ROOF TRUSSES : When the span exceeds 10 m, timber trusses become heavy and uneconomical. Steel FIG. 15.18. COMPOSITE ROOF TRUSS. trusses are more economical for larger spans. However, steel trusses are more commonly used these days, for all Spans-small or large, since they are : (i) more economical, (ii) easy to construct or fabricate, ii) fire-proof, (iv) more rigid, and (v) permanent. Steel trusses are fabricated from rolled steel etractural members such as channels, angles, T-sections and plates. lost of the roof trusses are fabricated from angle-sections because they can resist effectively both tension as well as compression, and their jointing is easy. In India, Te timber has become very costly (except in hilly regions), steel trusses have practically Superseded timber trusses. ; Steel trusses may be grouped in the following categories : (a) Open trusses (6) North light trusses (c) Bow string trusses (d) Arched rib trusses and solid arched ribs.BUILDING Const omy 4106m 406m 418m (a) King post truss (b) Raised chord truss (€) Scissors truss 69m 6t09m 6 109m (4) King post truss (e) Raised'chord truss (D Simple fink tuse Ow 12m 90 12m (@) Howe truss (h) Fan - fink truss FIG. 15.19. STEEL TRUSSES. The various shapes of these, along with their suitability for different span ranges, are shown in Figs. 15.19, 15.20, and 16.21. (a) Compound fink truss fo) Conjpoundl note bie ews A (oe) ‘Compound howe truss with raised chord (d) Compound fan - fink truss: (@) Cambered fink or french truss FIG. 15.20. STEEL TRUSSES.yp ROOF COVERING iw 910 12m (@) North light trusses. 12m 2b ft (b) North light or saw-tooth or weaving shed truss 912m 9to12m ms Industrial Building Bents : (©) Modified north light truss. 200.30 m (6) Bow string truss FIG. 15.21. STEEL TRUSSES. These building bents, employed in big factories or mills, consists of a roof truss supported on steel stanchions. These bents are transversely braced. Various forms of these bents are shown in Fig. 15.22. The roof trusses supported ic aren provide structural of system for the industrial buildings. The type of roof cov- mes, its insulating value, oustical properties, the ap- Pearance from inner side, the a and the maintenance re- iy ments are the various fac- . Which are given the ration while designing Toof system. The asbestos ool Ai . (@) Frame with fink truss (b) Sky light on fink truss fem | fe 181020 “ (©) Frame with pratt truss (@) Frame with arched truss FIG. 15.22. INDUSTRIAL BUILDING. BENTS.