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    6 views9 pages

    Foundation Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Abhishek Joshi
    All chapters .

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 9
    Foundations - 1 : General 2.1, INTRODUCTION ae Sanding consiata of two basic components : the superstructure and the which is above ground, and whine cuper structure is usually that part of the building or foundations is the aa es serves the Purpose of its intended use. The substructure which transmits the losd ar ny ion of the building, usually located below ground level, that part of the structure 7 Mati to the sub-soil. A foundation is therefore loads are transmitted, The wat ia in direct contact with the ground to which the foundation is called the vee oo ich is located immediately below the base of the foundation which ae ot or foundation soil, while the lowermost portion of the mois isin ree contact with the sub-soil is called the footing. ] ion of a foundation is to transmit the dead loads, super-imposed = al it, ee and wind ie fm, a builaing to the soil on which the building > ir settlements are within permissible limits, without causing cracks in the super-structure, and (6) the soil does not fail. When loads are transmitted to the sub-soil, it settles. If this settlement is slight and uniform throughout, no damage will be caused to the building. But if the settlement is excessive or unequal, serions damage may result in the form of cracked walls, distorted doors and window openings oe kee, walls thrown out of plumb etc, and -sometimes the complete collapse The foundation is thus the most important part of a building. Since it remains below the ground level, the signs of failure of foundation are not noticeable till it has already affected the building. A foundation should be sufficiently strong to prevent excessive settlement as well as unequal settlement. Unequal settlement or differential settlement may be caused by (i) weak sub-soils, such as made up ground (ii) shrinkable and expansive soils (such as clay), (iii) frost action, (iv) movement of ground water, and uplift pressure, (v) excessive vibrations, due to traffic, machinery etc., (vi) slow consolidation of saturated clays, and (vii) slipping of strata on sloping sites. When designing the foundations, therefore, the above factors must be taken into account. 2.2, FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATIONS Foundations serve the following purposes : 1, Reduction of load intensity. Foundations distribute the loads of the super- structure, to a larger area so that the intensity of the load at its base (ie. total load divided by the total area) does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the sub-soil. (17) ween eee. sO LION, 18 In the case of deep foundations, it transmits the super-imposed loads to the sub-soj) both through side friction as well as through end bearing. ‘ 2, Even distribution of load. Foundations distribute the non-uniform load of the super-structure evenly to be sub-soil. For example, two columns carrying unequal loads can have a combined footing which may transmit the load to sub-soil evenly with uniform soil pressure. Due to this, unequal or differential settlements are minimised 3. Provision of level surface. Foundations provide levelled and hard’ surface over which the super-structure can be built. 4. Lateral stability. It anchors the super-structure to the ground, thus imparting lateral stability to the super-structure. The stability of the building, against sliding and overturning, due to horizontal forces (such as wind, earthquake etc.) is increased due to foundations. 5. Safety against undermining. It provides the structural safety against undermining or scouring due to burrowing animals and flood water. 6. Protection against soil movements. Special foundation measures prevents or minimises the distress (or cracks) in the super-structure, due to expansion or contraction of the sub-soil because of moisture movement in some problematic soils. 2.3. ESSENTIAL REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD FOUNDATION Foundations should be constructed to satisfy the following requirements : 1. The foundations shall be constructed to sustain the dead and imposed loads and to transmit these to the sub-soil in such a way that pressure on it will not cause settlement which would impair the stability of the building or adjoining’ structures. 2. Foundation base should be rigid so that differential settlements are minimised, specially for the case when super-imposed loads are not evenly distributed. 3. Foundations should be taken sufficiently deep to guard the building against damage or distress caused by swelling or shrinkage of the sub-soil. 4. Foundations should be so located that its performance may not be affected due to any unexpected future influence. 2.4, TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS Foundations may be broadly classified under two heads : (a) Shallow Foundations (6) Deep Foundations. According to Terzaghi, a foundation is shallow. if its depth is equal to or less than’ its width. In case of deep foundations, the depth is equal to or greater than its width. (A) SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS From the point of view of design, shallow foundations may be of the following types : 1. Spread footings. 2. Combined footings 3. Strap footings. 4. Mat foundation. Various types of shallow foundations are shown in Fig. 2.1. ‘A brief description of these is given below. Details about the design requirements etc. are discussed in Chapter 3. 1. Spread Footings : Spread footings are those which spread the super-imposed load FOUNDATIONS — 1: GENERAL 19 Strip footing Step footing — Combined footings ‘Spread footing for wall FIG. 2.1. VARIOUS TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS. of wall or column over a larger area. Spread footings support either a column or wall. Spread footings may be of the following kinds : @ Single footing [Fig. 2.2(c)] for a column (i) Stepped footing (Fig. 2.2()] for a column (ii) Sloped footing (Fig. 2.2(c)] for a column @) Wall footing without step [Fig. 2.3(a)) (v) Stepped footing for wall [Fig 2.3(6)] (vi) Grillage foundation [Fig. 2.4]. Fig. 2.2 (a) shows a single footing for a column, in which the loaded area (b xb) ofthe column has been spread to the size Bx B through a single spread. The base is gen- erally made of concrete. Fig. 2.2(b) shows the stepped foot- ing for a heavily loaded col- umn, which requires greater spread. The base of the col- umn is made of concrete. Fig. 2.2(c) shows the case in which the concrete base does not have uniform thickness, but is made sloped, with greater thickness at its junction with the column and smaller thick- ness at the ends. ee ie? shows the (a) Single footing (b) Stepped footing (©) Sloped footing ing for a:wall, con- FIG, 22, SPREAD FOOTINGS FOR COLUMNS T], Column (a) Simple footing sisting of concrete base without any steps. Usu- ally, masonry walls have stepped footings as shown in Fig. 2.3 (6), with a con- crete base. Fig. 2.4 shows a steel grillage foundation for a steel stanchion car- rying heavy load. It is a special type of isolated footing generally pro- vided for heavily loaded steel stanchions and used. in those locations where bearing capacity of soil is poor. The depth of such a foundation is limited to 1 to 15 m. The load of the stanchion is dis- tributed or spread to a very large area by means of two or more tiers of rolled steel joints, each layer being laid at right angles to the layer below it. Both the tiers of the joists are then embeded in cement concrete to BUILDING CONSTR, Ucn, (b) Stepped footing FIG. 2.3. SPREAD FOOTING FOR WALLS : STRIP FOOTING. Steel stanchion (a) Section A- (b) Plan FIG. 2.4. GRILLAGE FOUNDATION. fOUNDATIONS — 1: GENERAL a the joists in position and to prevent their corrosion. The detailed method of construction keeP Men explained in § 3.6. Grillage foundation is also constructed of timber beams s planks (Fig. 3.12 and 3.13). 8‘ embined Footings : A spread footing which supports two or more columns is 2 Cry as combined footing. The combined footings may be of the following kinds : terme) Rectangular combined footing (Fig. 2.5 (a)] (i) Trapezoidal combined footing [Fig 2.5(b)] (ii) Combined column-wall footings (Fig. 2.6(a),)] Combined footings are in- variably constructed of reinforced om The combined footing for columns will be rectangular in shape if they carry equal loads. The design of rigid rectangular combined footing should be done insuch away that centre of gravity of column loads coincide with the centroid of the footing area. If the columns carry unequal loads, Fosting the footing is of trapezoidal shape, as shown in Fig. 2.5 (6). Sometimes, it may be re- quired to provide a combined foot- ing for columns and a wall. Such combined footings are shown in Fig. 2.6 (a) [when the columns (a) Rectangular footing ie eee and in Fig. 2.6 (b) Trapezoidal footing [when the columns carry un- equallcads).'Thedesign principles 1" 2* COMBINED FOOTINGS FOR COLUMNS. of these footings have been discussed in Chapter 3. Footing (a) Rectangular (b) Trapezoidal FIG. 26, COMBINED FOOTINGS FOR COLUMNS AND WALL. 2 a 3. Strap Footings : If the independent footings of two columns are connected by a beam, it is called a strap footing. A strap footing may be used where the distance between the columns is so great that a combined trapezoidal footing becomes quite narrow, with high bending moments. In that case, each column is provided with its independent footings and a beam is used to connect the two footings. The strap beam does not remain in contact with soil, and Sy Footing of thus does not transfer any pressure ue column A to the soil. The strap, assumed to be infinitely stiff, serves to transfer the column loads on to the soil with equal and uniform soil pressure under both footings. Fig. 2.7 shows the strap footing for two columns A and B. Column A 1 Footing is so near to an existing wall that of wall the footing of the wall does not permit FIG. 2.7. STRAP FOOTING. oe eeSenendient footing of column A spread out towards the wall, though it has fre i irecti 4. aes Foundation (Raft Foundation) ee ee or mat is a combi: i ‘ and iiiouta ll ‘the walls aa ae oe sntire area beneath a structure the building loads are heavy, the use of spread footings eit Son ha half the area and it may prove more economical to use mace ce cover, more than! ee ‘onomical to use mat or raft foundation. They pressible lenses or the soil is sufficiently o column 8 Strap beam making ‘the

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