Om eTAL COVERED PLYWOOD DOORS 1B ‘These doors are composite doors made of plywood and mild steel, and are reasonably ¥ roof. ‘The core of the door consists of two or three layers of planned,. tongued a grooved seasoned teak or yellow pine board of total thickness 20 to 25 mm. The coe 8 encased in tight fitting sheet metal (such as furniture steel, galvanised steel, copper, sheet bronze etc.), having tightly folded joints to exclude air so that the core does not ignite. Such a composite construction does not only prevent the flames ut also prevents the heat to pass from one side to the other. The door is also strong against burglars. 111. WINDOWS A window is comprised of two parts : (i) Window frame, and (ii) Sashes or shutter frame. Window frames are fixed to the opening in the wall, by means of suitable hold fasts. The sashes or shutter frames are fixed to the window frames by means of suitable hinges. The window frame has sill at the bottom, unlike doors. The function of the window is to admit light and air to the room and to give 4 view to the outside. It should also provide insulation against heat loss and, in some cases, against sound. The selection of size, shape, location and number of windows in a room depends tyon the following factors : @ Size of the room. (i) Location of the room. (ii) Utility of the room. (jv) Direction of the wall. () Direction of wind. (vi) Climatic conditions such as humidity, temperature etc. * (vii) Requirements of exterior view. (viti)Architectural treatment to the exterior of the building. Based on the above factors, the following thumb rules are in use :BUILDING ConsTRUER, 1. Breadth of window =} (width of room + height of room). 2. The total area of window-openings should normally vary from 10 to 29%, the floor area of the room, depending upon climatic conditions. of 8. The area of window-opening should be atleast one square metre for every 30 to 40 cubic metre of inside content of the room. 4. In public buildings, the minimum area of windows should be 20% of ‘oor area. 5. For sufficient natural light, the area of glazed panels should atleast be to 10% of the floor area. Indian Standard recommends that the size of window frame should be derive after allowing a margin of 5 mm alround an opening for convenience of fixing. The width and height of an opening is indicated by number of modules, where each module is of 100 mm. A designation 6 WS 12 denotes a window-opening with single shutter, having width equal to 6 modules (ie. 6 x 100 = 600 mm) and height equal to 12 modules (ie. 12 x 100 = 1200 mm). The letter W denotes a window-opening, and a letter S stands for single shutter. Similarly, the designation of 10 WT 18 of a window-opening denotes width of opening 10 modules (10 x 100=1000 mm) and a height of opening equal to 13 modules (i.e., 13 x 100 = 1300 mm) ; letter W stands for window and T stands for double shutters. Table 17.2 gives Indian Standard recommendations for size of opening, size of frame and size of window shutters. ‘TABLE 17.2, RECOMMENDED DIMENSIONS FOR WINDOWS Size of window shutter (mm) Designation Size of opening | Size of window frame (mm) (mm) @ (2) (3) @ (5) 1 6 WS 12 600 x 1200 590 x 1190 500 x 1100 2. 10 WT 12 1000 x 1200 990 x 1190 460 x 1100 8. 12 WT 12 1200 x 1200 1190 x 1190 560 x 1100 4 6 WS 13 600 x 1300 590 x 1290 500 x 1200 5, 10 WT 13 1000 x 1300 990 x 1290 460 x 1200 6. 12 WT_13 1200 x 1300 1190 x 1290 560 x 1200 17.8. TYPES OF WINDOWS Windows are classified as follows, based on the nature of operational movemenl of shutters, materials used for construction, manner of fixing and their locatios- 1. Fixed Windows. 2. Pivoted’ windows. 3. Double hung windows.4. Sliding windows. 5. Casement windows. 6 Sash windows. 7. Louvered windows. 8. Metal windows. 9 Bay windows. 10. Clerestorey windows, 11. Corner windows, 12. Dormer windows. 13. Cable windows. 14, Lantern windows. 15. Skylights. 16. Ventilators, 17. Combined windows and ventilators,‘AND WINDOWS WINDOWS ese windows are pro- god for the sole purpose of ting Tight and/or provid- 150 sion in the room. The row consists of & window e to which shutters are e No rebates are provided to the frame. The shutters ge fully glazed. 1 PIVOTED WINDOWS In these windows, the shutters are allowed to swing round pivots fixed to the win- dow frame. The window frame has no rebates. The frame ofthe window shutter is simi- lar to that of an encasement window. The shutter can swing or rotate either hori- wntally, or vertically (Fig. 17.25). - Pivot (a) Vertical pivoted Window frame Style Fixed shutter Hold fast (b) Horizontal pivoted FIG, 17.25. PIVOTED WINDOWS.308 SUMAN CONSTRUCT, 3. DOUBLE HUNG WINDOWS This type of win- dow consists of a frame and a pair of shutters, arranged one above the other, which can slide ver- tically within the grooves provided in the window- frame. By the provision of such sliding, the win- dows can be cleaned ef- fectively and at the same time ventilation can be controlled effectively Be! (a) Elevation since the windows can be WiorT.S Parting strip opened at the top and bot- tom to any desired extent. Each sash is provided with a pair of metal weights connected by cord or chain over pulleys. The chain or cord is fixed to ; (c) Section C.D. (b) Section A.B. (Enaged) the style. The pulleys are fixed to the frame. When FIG. 17.26. DOUBLE HUNG WINDOWS. the weights are pulled, the shutters open to the required level. The upper sash moves in the downward direction, thus opening at the top, while the lower sash move in the upward direction thus opening at the bottom. Special frame, called boxed frame or cased frame is provi consisting of two vertical members (spaced apart to provide the groove) a head and a sill. Small wooden piece (parting strip) is provided in the groove of the frame keep the weights apart. Small parting bead is provided to separate the two shutters when they are opposite to each other. 4. SLIDING WINDOWS These windows are similar to sliding doors. The shutters move either horizontalY or vertically on small roller bearings. Suitable openings or grooves are left in the vert or walls to accommodate the shutters when they are slided to open the window. windows are provided in trains, buses and shops and bank counters. 5. CASEMENT WINDOWS aa These are the main or common types of windows usually provided in build The shutters of the window open like shutters of the doors, The window has * which is rebated to receive the shutters. The shutters consists of styles, top rails, er bP fails, and intermediate rails, thus dividing it into panels, The: panels may et , or unglazed, or partly glazed and partly unglazed. In case of windows double shutters, the outer shutters may have wire gauged panels for fly proofs @ SASH OR GLAZED WINDOWS (Fig. 17.28) lv ‘A sash window is @ type of casement window in which the panels 9°(b) Section A B (Enlarged) (a) Elevation FIG. 17.27. CASEMENT WINDOWS. glazed. The frame of each shutter consists of two vertical styles, top rail and a bottom rail. The space between the top and bottom rails is divided into small panels by means of small timber members placed horizontally and vertically. These timber members, known as sash bars or slazing bars are re- bated to receive glass panels, Glass-panes are fixed to these sash bars either by means of putty or by timber ‘commonly known 8 glazing beads se- tured to the sash bars Means of nails. If Window opening is Wide, the window frame "uy have central ver- Member known as the em Similarly, if Wooden windows have this defect.xp WINDOWS — “ They are rot proof and termite proof. they are highly fire resistant. gince steel windows are fabricated from thin sections, they provide more effective iw jight and ventilation. a wee . They grant better facilities for providing different types of openable parts. 9, They are easy to maintain, and the cost of maintenance is almost negligible. ws 4 BAY WINDOWS qibe room. This Projec- gmmaybe triangular, cir- qdar, rectangular or po- a] in plan. Such a yindow, shown in Fig. 1132, is provided to get mincreased area of open- ing for admitting greater light and air. They also FIG. 17.32. BAY WINDOW. provide extra space in the rom, and improve the overall appearance of the building. 1. CLERE-STOREY WINDOW (Fig. 17.33) These windows are provided in a room which has greater ceiling height than the surrounding rooms, or when a lean-to-roof of low height is there adjacent to the rom. It is generally provided near the top of the main roof, and they open above the lean-to-roof, or roof slab of adjoining rooms. The window shutter is made to swing ‘ two horizontal shutters provided on side styles. It can be opened or closed by means Fic. 17.33, CLERE-STOREY WINDOW FIG. 17.34. CORNER WINDOW.404 BUILDING CONSTRUCT, of two cords, one attached to the top rail and other to the bottom rail of the shi The shutter swings in such a way that upper part opens inside the room nd lower part opens outside, to exclude rain water. Such a window increases the ap, of the building. It is essential to provided a rain-shed or chhajah over the wing? 11, CORNER WINDOWS . This is a special type of window which is provided in the corner of a This window has two faces in two perpendicular directions. Due to this, light and gir is admitted from two directions. Such a window very much improves the elevation o the building. However, special lintel has to be cast over the window-opening. The jamb post of the window, at the corner, is made of heavy section, as shown in Fig. 1734 12, DORMER WINDOWS ae A dormer window is a vertical window provided on the sloping roof, as shown in Fig. 17.35. Such a window provides ventilation and lighting to the enclosed space below the roof, and at the same time, very much improve the appearance of the building. 13. GABLE WINDOWS It is a vertical window provided in the gable end of a pitched roof, as shown in Fig. 17.35. 14. LANTERN WINDOWS Such windows are provided over the flat roofs, to provide more light and ait to the inner apartments/rooms of a building. The windows project above the roof level. They may be of several shapes in plan. They admit light either through vertical faces or inclined faces, as shown in Fig. 17.86 . The roof slab has an appropriate openins below the window. FIG. 17.35. DORMER WINDOW AND GABLE WINDOW TL cuene } Flat root FIG. 17.36. LANTERN WINDOWS.= I at is provided on a sloping roof, to admit light. The window projects A sey sloping surface. They run parallel to the sloping surface. The common jo the “uitably trimmed and the sky light is erected on a curb frame shown in hers 7. The opening 80 made is properly treated by lead flashing to make the fe m3 ing the opening, water-proof. FIG. 17.37. SKY LIGHT. \. VENTILATORS i the window, generally Ventilators are small windows, fixed at a greater height than the wi 30 to 50 cm below Nt level. The ventilator aframe and a shutter, Frame trina Glazed, which is syle shties pivoted. The can osed be opened or Omi, gp, DEANS of two (a) Elevation tap pane attached to the : | eo ! Te of the shutter. smc eigethe shutter Span (0) Veriical section epg? and bottom ) 8 ater ig eee vic: 17.38. VENTILATOR.BUILDING CONSTRUCT, TABLE 17.8 DIMENSIONS OF VENTILATORS 4 590 x 690 990 x 690 1190 x 590 Table 17.3 gives the dimensions of ventilator openings, size of ventilator and size of ventilator shutter. In the designation, the first number denotes the width of the opening in modules, each of 100 mm, letter V denotes a ventilator, while the last number denotes the height of the opening in the modules. 17.9. VENTILATOR COMBINED WITH WINDOW OR DOOR: FAN LIGHT (Fig. 17.39) Ventilators may also be provided in con- tinuation of a window or a door, at its top. Such a ventilator is also known as a fan light. The con- struction of a fan light is similar to a window sash. Such a ventilator is usually hinged at top, and can open out. Alter- natively, the ventilator shutter can be hinged at the bottom. FIG. 17.39. VENTILATOR COMBINED WITH WINDOW.