AND JOINERY i [CATION OF JOINTS 164 gus types of joints used i pol of joints used in wood work may he classified under the following pends * hening joi + Bearing Petes 2. Widening joints or side joints. > Angle oF corner joints. 4. Framing joints, 5. . 6 Oblique shouldered joi 4s LENGTHENING JOINTS som ered joints. These are also known as spliced or longitudinal joints. These joi a joints are used ipioeease the length of wood members, such as ties, struts, ete. The method of lengthening 4s upon the situation of the member in a framed structure, where such joints ‘commonly required. Lengthening joints are of the following types : 1 Lapped joints. 2. Fished joints. 3. Scarfed or spliced joints. 4. Tabled joints. 1 Lapped joints : This is the simplest type of joint, formed by placing the two ends of the members one over the other for a short distance and binding them together by means of wrought iron straps and bolts. If the member carries tensile stress, it is essential to provide bolts passing through both the pieces (Fig. 16.1). Metal fish plate (b) Mild stee! bolts FIG. 16.2, FISHED JOINTS. FIG. 16.1. LAPPED JOINT. wakitboa Joint : In this joint, the ends of the two members are cut square and touching each other (or butted). They are then jointed together placing wooden ‘ i d then pressed ing om in Fig. 16.2(a). The ends of fish plates are slightly bent and then ce embers Figs. 16.2 (6) and (c) show other forms in which the joint is further 2 Scare’ bY Keys or indented fish plates. Piece ©F spliced joint : In this joint, projections are made in the end of one = Corresponding depressions are formed in the other piece. The two pieces366 ne BUILDING Congp, STRUCT, are then secured together by means of bolts, straps, fish plates and keys, Sug, soi ave Good appearance since the uniform depth of the member is obtained. Various yt of fished joints are shown in Fig. 16.3. FIG. 16.3. FIG. 16.4. SCARFED OR SPLICED JOINTS. TABLED JOINTS. 4. Tabled joints : These joints are formed when the member is subjected to both tension as well as compression. It is similar to spliced joint, but is formed by cutting special shape in both the pieces and securing them with fish plates, bolts, keys etc, as shown in Fig. 16.4 16.6. WIDENING JOINTS These joints are also called side joints or boarding joints, and are used for extending the width of boards or planks. The members are placed edge to edge. These are used for wooden doors, floors etc. They are of the followin types : 1, Butt Joints ( Fig. 16.5 a). It is also known as square, plain or ordina”y joint. 2. Rebated joint (Fig. 16.5 4). It is formed by overlapping the cut portions. The joint remains dust proof after shrinkage of timber. 3. Rebated and filleted joint (Fig. 16.5 ¢). It is formed by introducing woode? silt in the rebated portions, having small depression. It is used for floors of facortS ete. 4. Ploughed and tongued joint (Fi, fillet in the grooves cut in the two pie 5. Tongued and grooved joint ( Fj, . sag fillet in one piece and groove in the other. i 16.5 e). It is formed by making arr in dation te tonne a frooved joint (Fig 16.5 /. It is formed by forminé be seen. and’ groove. Nail is placed in such away that it ca0® ig- 16.5 d). It is formed by introducing wo0de? ces,xy AND JOINS 367 d joint 7. Splaye' ., 16.58): It is formed (6 ving the ends. The ‘a oan LEN Bs is used only for or- a oo : i es, but is 87 AP batt joint. SS WR RN s ilo VioNY g, Dowelled joint (©) Rebated and fileted joint (4) Ploughed and tongued joint 15h), Itis formed centre portion of end of * Tongue piece and inserting (e) Tongued and grooved joint (f) Rebated tongued and grooved joint seme «or LO, WHER Son en OF SPP. Hlir“W“ qhis is very strong joint. (9) Splayed joint (h) Dowelled joint 9. Matched and trtingue and groove ar- (i) Matched and beaded joint () Matched and V-joint Saeaigemestis QMBWE to give good appearance. (k) Dovetailed joint FIG. 16.5. WIDENING JOINTS. 10. Matched and Vjointed joint (Fig. 16.5 j). This is similar to the beaded joint, except that it is ctamfered in the shape of V. 11. Dovetailed Joint (Fig. 16.5 k). It is formed by providing key of dovetail shape to fit in the corresponding grooves in the connecting members. 167. BEARING JOINTS Bearing joints are provided when two members meet at right angles, to give sufficient strength to the functions. Bearing joints are of the following types : ___ 1, Halved joints. These Jints are formed by cutting wimg half the depth of each * care meeting at right angles, } ne ‘at top surfaces of both the ‘mbers flush. Fig. 16.6 (a) Bae angle halved joints. Fig. (a) Angle halved joint _(b) Bevel halved joint (c) Dovetail halved joint Ve @ : shows bevel halved joint. ics 6 (c) shows dovetailed ah Joint. Figs. 16.6 (d) and alban, Tespectively longitudi- ved and tee halved joints. 2. Notched Joint. It (4) Longitudinal halved joint (e) Tee halved joint ed by forming notch in FIG. 166. 8 fomBUILDING CONSTR, (@) Single notched (0) Double notched FIG. 16.7. NOTCHED JOINT. FIG. 16.8. COGGED Jom one or both the members to be connected (Figs. 16.7 a, 6). 3. Cogged joint (Fig. 16.8). This joint is formed by cutting small noid in the beam or timber member and providing notches on the lower member with projection in the centre. The projection is known as cog. The upper portion, in whic) only small notch has been formed, retains its strength. 4. Housed joint (Fig. 16.9 a). It is formed by fitting the entire tickness of the end of one member for a short distance into another piece. It is used in stairs in which the ends of risers and treads are housed in the strings. 5. Chase-mortise joint (Fig. 16.9 6). This is used for jointing a subsidiary member to a primary (main) member already fixed earlier. A chase or recess of wedge shape is formed in the main member while a tenon of corresponding shape is provided in the secondary member. 6. Dovetailed joint. Figs. 16.9 (c) and (d) show two forms of dovetailed joints ‘Shoulder (2) Housed joint (b) Chase - mortice joint + (©) Single dovetal joint FIG. 16.9, BEARING JOINTS.AND JOINERY 369 pot is formed by cutting wedge-shaped or flaring shaped pieces from each member ge y pooking the projection of one member into the other. This joint is used for ee 7 skylights, and corners of boxes, cabinets, drawers etc. 1, Mortise and tenon joint (Fig. 16.9 ¢). The joint is formed by cutting projection, ipo 88 tongue or tenon, in one member which fits into slot, called mo-tise, cut vo the other member. 3. Joggle or stump or stub tenon joint (Fig. 16.9 f). This is used for framing studs into the sill of a wooden partition wall. It is aijar to mortise-tenon joint except that tenon is short in length, and does not extend full depth of mortised member. 9. Bridle joint (Fig. 16.10). The joint is commonly used in wooden trusses at the ‘ction of struts and ties. It is formed by cutting a type of mortise in the end of one piece tofit in the bridle or projection left upon another piece. 10. Fox-tail wedging joint (Fig. 16.10 5). The joint is formed by cutting a slightly dovetailed mortise to a lesser (2) Briddle joint (©) Fax-tall wedging depth than the member. The tenon is cut and two sockets FIG. 16.10. BEARING JOINTS. are made in the tenon in which weiges are inserted. The entire assembly is then inserted into the mortise. ll. Tusk tenon joint (Fig. 16.11). This joint is very strong and is commonly Used in timber floor construction. The joint is formed of tenon, tusk and horn, as shown in Fig. 16.12. It is employed for joining members of equal depth, meeting each (©) Section X - X FIG. 16.11. TUSK-TENON JOINT.370 BUILDING ConsTRUCty other at right, angles. The tenon should be mortised in the centre of the mem Wedge is employed to strengthen the joint. bers, 16.8. FRAMING JOINTS Framing joints are used to construct the frames of doors, windows, venti) etc. These joints are similar to bearing joints except that they are not ‘tor, carry stress as compared to bearing joints. The method of cutting the grooves a” tongues in the members of the frame is suitably altered to obtain the desireq ont of the joint. 16.9. ANGLE OR CORNER JOINTS Corner joints are used where two members are to be framed so as to form a corner or angular edge. These joints are very often secured by railing. Glue is used for making these joints. Following are commonly used angle joints : 1, Butt joint (Fig. 16.12 a,,c). The members are connected just at joining them edge to edge. The joint may sometimes be rebated and beaded to give better appearance. The joint may also be tongued. 2. Grooved and tongued joint (Fig. 16.12 d), The joint is formed by fitting the projection (or tongue) of one member into the groove of the other. 3. Plain mitred joint (Fig. 16.12 e). The joint is formed by cutting the edges of both the mem- (a) Simple butt (b) Rebated butt and beaded _(c) Tongued and but bers at an angle. 4. Mitred and feathered joint (Fig. 16.12 f). In this, an additional wooden member is inserted in the middle of the mitre joint. “wT “Tt Wa i (4) Grooved and tongued (e) Mitred (D) Mitred and 5. Housed Joint (Fig. 16.12 g). The joint is formed by fitting on mem- ber completely into the de- pression of the other. 6. Shouldered and (g) Housed (h) Shouldered & housed —_{i) Dovetailed hot housed joint (Fig. 16.12 h). In this only a part of one member fits into the “wT wT “wT corresponding: depression of the other. 7. Dovetailed —( Mitredandrebated —_(k) Mitred, rebated 0 Tongue, goo housed joint (Fig. 16.12 and feathered and mi howe al type FIG. 16.12. ‘ANGLE JOINTS i). This is a special AS : ow hich one \ of housed joint in w’np JOINERY aml i at Le noused into the other by dovetail shaped projection and cut. | ot “yitred and rebated joint (Fig. 16.12, & ip addition to a mitre. , 008 ‘yitred, rebated and feathered joint (Fig. 16.12 &). The joint is formed % a feather in the above joint. y%), Tongued, grooved and mitred joint (Fig. 16.12 ). This joint is formed 10. e and groove in the lower edge of the mitre, to give improved appearance. oo QUE SHOULDERED JOINTS pit J). The joint is formed by using hese joints are used where member to be joined meet at an actute or obtuse och a8 in timber truss construction where the principal rafter, tie beam, struts weet obliquely. Following are the common types of oblique joints : oe ae 1, Briddle joint These joints (shown in Figs. 16.10 (a), 2 Mitred joint 16.12 (e) and 16.6 (c) respectively) are similar to = es those discussed earlier, except that the members 3, Dovetailed halved joint {meet at an angle, other than a right angle. 4, Birds mouth joint (Fig. 16.13 a). This joint is formed by cutting an angular woh (called bird's mouth) in fe min member, to which the other member is partly in- sated and fitted. 5. Oblique tenon joint (Fg. 16.13 a). This is used for (a) Bird's mouth joint ennecting a horizontal mem- tetoaninclined member, both 9 te members being of bigger R si, The tenon of inclined TT Sued Sy zenber is oblique, which fits Ge} ‘ato the corresponding mortise non joint ‘ue of the horizontal member. Oe The joint is further strength- FIG. 16.13. OBLIQUE TENON JOINTS. fed by bolts, keys, straps etc. 4. FASTENINGS Timber joints are secured in position with the help of following commonly used ‘mings (Fig. 16.14), fog, ' Wire nails. These are circular or oval in shape, made of wrought iron or ‘ ‘ in length. 2 Cut nails, ‘These are trapezoidal in section, and are smaller in Ss i ion, with head at me of, Floor brads. These are tapering nails of rectangular section, hand are used for securing floor boards. tig, * Lath naila, It is in the form of iron clout, 5 Trenail, tt i iI or pin of hard wood. ; & Pins, eS a Odden pieces used for securing joints of door and | square and tapering, with rough