Administration the management of any office, business,

or organization;
management of public affairs; government.
performance of executive duties.
AIMS- ensure the efficient performance of all
departments in an organization. They provide motivation
to the work force and make them realize the goals of the
organization.
Supervision the action of supervising someone or
something.
the act or function of overseeing something
or somebody.
Ex. making sure their students are
participating in class.
AIM OF SUPERVISOR provide liability for both the
supervisor and supervisee exploring practice and
performance.
Principles- awareness of similar methods, careful
planning of supervision, regularity, and long-term
duration.

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Skills- managers must interact with employees to
monitor performance and dictate tasks.
Functions of school administration and supervision
COORDINATING.
DIRECTING.
RECORDING AND REPORTING.
PROVIDING. LEADERSHIP.
EVALUATING.
SUPERVISING.
ORGANIZING.
Decision making implies the analysis of the alternatives
particularly the consequences in the future. *Planning is
concerned with the setting of goals an organization,
preparation of programs or course action designed to
accomplish goals to plot the operation of the program.
*Organizing has to do with arrangements of functions of
offices and personnel so as to reciprocal relations.
*Without communication in an organization, it is
impossible for an organization to get things done
effectively. *Coordinating aims to insure smooth
operation of performance of all sectors of the

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organization. The administrators problems is how to
make the people accept assignments willingly and to
adjust their behavior to that of the group.In order to
accomplish a group goals requires firm and fair exercise
of authority and persuasive performance of the
leadership function. *Evaluating pervades all the
elements of the administration process.—It aims to
determine whether goals-long range or short range are
implemented. It points out strengths and weaknesses of
organizational operations and leads thereby, the
administrator to make more rational decisions.
Good leadership in schools helps to foster both a
positive and motivating culture for staff and a high-
quality experience for learners.

Basis of Admin and super

Principle may be considered a law, a doctrine, a policy,
or a deep-seated belief which governs the conduct of
various types of human endeavor.

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democratic administration promotes a human centered
management approach in an organization.
Democratic” indicates that school governance
is based on human rights values, empowerment
and involvement of students, staff and
stakeholders in all important decisions in the
school.
This will stimulate the sense responsibilities and
leadership, in the pupils
It would also provide the pupils/ students with the real
experience to influence and make decisions in matters
which affect their lives inside and outside schools.

here are six foundations of education: (1) psychological,

(2) sociological, (3) anthropological, (4) historical, (5)
philosophical, and (6) legal foundations.

The Foundations of Education consists of disciplines

such as sociology, philos- ophy, psychology, and the
history of education.

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Why is it important to have a strong foundation in
education?
They play a crucial role in building important cognitive,
social and emotional skills. They also help build visual
skills, listening skills, speaking skills, communication
skills, interpersonal skills and enhance cognitive ability
and decision-making.

What are the 7 philosophy of education?

These include Essentialism, Perennialism, Progressivism,
Social Reconstructionism, Existentialism, Behaviorism,
Constructivism, Conservatism, and Humanism.

What is decision making in educational administration?

Decision making is a process that guides actions.
Decisions are based on the beliefs, values and previous
experiences of individuals.

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What is the importance of decision-making?
Strong decision-making helps solve problems promptly
and creates a leadership position for the decision-
makers. Strong decisions should be impartial and
devoid of any emotional influences that might make us
overlook shortcomings. Such decision-making should
also be transparent and logical.

The System Approach focuses first upon the learner and

then course content, learning experiences and effective
media and instructional strategies. Such a system
incorporates within itself the capability of providing
continuous self-correction and improvement.
the teacher has to plan completely the utilization of
selected resource material and the classroom activities.
The teacher should have a good overall view of the
subject, know his/her limitations, know all about
his/her pupils and the individual differences in their
learning capacities and plan accordingly. The system
approach involves continuous evaluation of learning
outcomes and utilization of knowledge gained by
analysis of results of evaluation to suitably modify the
plan of approach to achieve the stated objectives.

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What is the role of educational administration?
overseeing the administration and governance of
educational programs within the department.
overseeing and expanding the department research
agenda and portfolio. managing departmental events.
developing and implementing strategies for
communication and research translation.

Curriculum and Instruction (C&I) is a field within

education which seeks to research, develop, and
implement curriculum changes that increase learner
achievement in educational settings. The field focuses
on how people learn and the best ways to educate.

School as a social system

As an educational organization, the school provides the
students to gain knowledge, ability and attitude in
accordance with the aims and principles of the
educational system. The school is a social organization
on its own as well as it can be handled within the
context of the relations and its place within the society.

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What do you mean by social system?
1 : the patterned series of interrelationships existing
between individuals, groups, and institutions and
forming a coherent whole : social structure. 2 : the
formal organization of status and role that may develop
among the members of a relatively small stable group
(such as a family or club).

Why school is a system?

The school is considered an open system since it is
directly linked with the community. The school interacts
with the community through various activities, and
decision making structures should be well organized in
an open context. All these systems are mutually
dependent on each other and are highly interactive.
Purpose of social system
social systems are used to identify relationships that
connect people and organizations, which ultimately
contribute to a larger institution.

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What are the 4 social systems?
The structure of social systems may be analyzed in
terms of four types of independently variable
components: values, norms, collectivities, and roles

What are the problems of educational administration?

Top 9 Issues Faced by School Administrators
Registration of students.
Enrollment and admission.
Managing courses.
Evaluating teachers.
Collaboration and communication.
Managing classrooms.
Monitoring students.
Managing revenues

What are the trends in educational administration?

Some major themes have been: results and
accountability, equity, gender, ethics and values,

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successful and effective school, school improvement
and distributed leadership.
Online schooling.

What is the competency-based approach?

The competency-based education (CBE) approach
allows students to advance based on their ability to
master a skill or competency at their own pace
regardless of environment. This method is tailored to
meet different learning abilities and can lead to more
efficient student outcomes.

What is an example of competency-based learning?

In extreme cases, for example, students may be
awarded a high school diploma but still be unable to
read, write, or do math at a basic level. A “competency-
based diploma” would be a diploma awarded to
students only after they have met expected learning
standards.

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