Talia Garcia

Neuro Notes #3: Surface Anatomy of the Brain

60 points

Review your Powerpoints (slides and notes sections), you own class notes, and any other reputable sources regarding the surface anatomy of
the brain. Develop the following table into a reference guide regarding the structures of the surface anatomy of the brain and what happens
when they are damaged. This is your reference guide for future study and clinical practice, so make it your own. I encourage you to include
information that I did not cover in lecture, especially if important to clinical practice. You will need to expand the table as you work, and some
landmarks/structures will have considerably more information than others. Occasionally, there will be a space that you may not complete; you
may need to eliminate or add lines as you work. Enjoy!

LANDMARK LOCATION FUNCTION(S) OTHER INTERESTING INFO PATHOLOGY

OR Anatomical Symptoms Produced When Damaged,
STRUCTURE Description including impact on communication and
Anatomical swallowing
Name(s)
Cerebrum: Landmarks
Longitudinal Runs divides left and right N/A
Fissure medially, hemisphere
separating
the l+r
hemispheres

Cerebral Sulci Found on the - Increases - Increasing surface area allows N/A
surface of surface area of more neurons to be packed into
the cerebrum cerebral cortex the cortex to process more info
- Forms brain
 divisions

-
Corpus Inferior to Allows both - Has over 200 million nerve fibers - Loss of contact between
Callosum the hemispheres in the that connect the l+r hemisphere bilateral hemispheres
longitudinal brain to communicate - Pseudobulbular palsy
fissure, and send signals to - Dysarthria
connecting each other - Dysphagia
the l+r - Dysphonia
hemispheres
https://www.flintrehab.com/
corpus-callosum-injury/
Frontal Lobe
Precentral Anterior to - Primary motor - Motor homunculus “little man” Left Side
Gyrus central sulcus cortex is inside - Motor control of legs is mapped - Stroke
(motor strip) at the top/interior region of - Difficulty in motor speech
- Where the motor strip production (apraxia)
neurons that - Motor control of face is mapped
from the at the bottom https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/
corticospinal 10.1161/strokeaha.115.010402
tract are from
Premotor Ventral to - Eye-hand - Contains frontal eye fields (rapid - Apraxia
Cortex primary coordination eye movement scanning) - deficits in contralateral fine
motor cortex - Finger motor control
movement - difficulty in using sensory
https:// - Speech feedback for the control and
www.brown. accuracy performance of movements.
edu/
Courses/ https://www.brown.edu/Courses/
BI_278/ BI_278/Other/Teaching
 Other/ %20examples/biomed-370/
Teaching syllabus/5-frontal.pdf
%20example
s/biomed-
370/
syllabus/5-
frontal.pdf
Prefrontal Connected to Gives direct - attention deficit (ADD/ADHD)
Cortex limbic system communication with - impulsivity
of centers of arousal, - lack of emotional control
dienchephalo alertness and - problems with executive
n and emotional control functions
reticular - personality changes
activating Pleasure pain anger
system of the rage panic and
brainstem aggression
Broca’s Area Left Formation of complex - Broca’s aphasia- “Broken speech” - Broca’s aphasia
hemisphere language and verbal
production of speech
Ovelaps
precentral
gyrus

Superior to
later sulcus
Central Sulcus Runs Separates parietal lobe - AKA Rolandic fissure N/A
vertically and frontal lobe
between - Site of primary motor cortex
precentral
and - Divides motor and sensory
postcentral cortices
gyri

Extends
 about the
lateral sulcus
and into the
longitudinal
fissure
Lateral Sulcus Runs Divides frontal and - Visible in both hemisphere but N/A
horizontally parietal lobes from the it’s longer in the L
across 2/3 of temporal lobe - When opened, reveals MCA and
the lateral insular cortex
surface of
the brain

Ends at
angular gyrus
Parietal Lobe
Postcentral Posterior to - Houses primary - “sensory strip” - Loss of proprioception
Gyrus central sulcus sensory cortex - Sensory info from lower body is - Astereognosis
in parietal processed at the top of the strip - Loss of vibratory sense
lobes - Sensory info from head/neck is - Loss of two-point
processed at lower part of the discrimination in the trunk or
strip extremities
- Innervation is contralateral
https://www.sciencedirect.com/
topics/neuroscience/postcentral-gyrus
Sensory Located - Responsible for Analysis and integration of sensory - Contralateral sensory loss
association posterior to awareness of information happens here - Difficult with spatial orientation
cortex the primary sensation and - Sensory integration deficits
somatosenso transmitting - Memory impairment
ry cortex signals on to
the primary
somatosensory
cortex for
processing
Arcuate Beneath Connects expressive Conduction aphasia
fasciculus supramargin and receptive language
al gyrus areas and plays a vital Impaired verbal imitation
role in repetition Paraphasias
Impaired writing
https:// Normal language comprehension
link.springer.com/
referenceworkentry/
10.1007%2F978-0-387-
79061-9_179

Supramarginal Located in Integrates kinesthetic - Ideomotor apraxia

gyrus Inferior part memories with - Astereognosis
of the auditory commands - Right-left disorientation
parietal lobe - Finger agnosia
between - Acalculia
postcentral - dysgraphia
and angular
gyri

Angular gyrus Located at Integration of touch, - responsible for “inner voice” - alexia with agraphia
posterior end vision, and hearing (reading silently) - constructional disturbances
of lateral - self-talk with or without Gerstmann’s
sulcus in Important to cognition - hyperstimulation leads to tetrad
parietal lobes and language hallucinatory perceptions of - depression
- comprehension varying kinds - poor memory
Near of figurative - frustration
superior language - belligerence
margin of
temporal https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
lobe and articles/PMC161681/
 anterior
margin of
occipital
lobe.
Parieto-occipital Visible on divides parietal and - runs vertically N/A
sulcus medial occipital lobes - joins the calcarine sulcus that runs
surface of horizontally
cerebrum

Temporal Lobe
Primary In transverse Receives neural signals - partial hearing loss in both ears
auditory cortex gyri of Heschl from both ears - balance issues

Inside lateral
sulcus

Wernicke’s area Located In Responsible for - fluent aphasia

left analysis of speech
hemisphere sounds,
only comprehension of
spoken language, and
Posterior verbal memory
portion of
superior Right hemisphere is
temporal responsible for
gyrus decoding nonverbal
info (music)
Adjacent to
primary
auditory
 cortex
Superior Inferior to Processes auditory- - includes primary auditory cortex - impairments in receptive
temporal gyrus lateral sulcus linguistic information and Wernicke’s area language
in temporal Processes incoming - verbal info is sent to Wernicke’s - conduction aphasia
lobes auditory stimuli area for decoding - pure word deafness
- nonverbal is sent to right https://radiopaedia.org/articles/
hemisphere superior-temporal-gyrus?lang=us
Middle Inferior to Unclear Suspected to play a role in estimating Alexia and agraphia for kanji characters
temporal gyrus superior distance, facial recognition for familiar
temporal people, decoding word meaning when https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
gyrus reading Middle_temporal_gyrus
Inferior Inferior to Visual processing Features of objects and details of faces Deficit in recognizing facial features
temporal gyrus the middle processed here and objects
temporal
gyrus
Olfactory cortex Rostral Responsible for smell -loss of smell
portion of -olfactory hallucinations
uncus

Occipital Lobe
Parieto-occipital Visible on divides parietal and - runs vertically N/A
sulcus medial occipital lobes - joins the calcarine sulcus that runs
surface of horizontally
cerebrum
Calcarine sulcus Begins near Vision perception Central visual field is located in posterior Hemianopia
the occipital portion of sulcus
pole
Runs Peripheral visual field is located
vertically to anteriorly
meet the
parieto-
occipital
sulcus, just
before
reaching the
splendium of
the corpus
callosum
Primary visual along VISION Visible on medial section of brain - homonymous hemianopsia
cortex calcarine - neglect
fissure Portion about C fissure is upper calcarine
operculum (receives visual input from
lower quadrants of visual field)

Portion below C fissure is lower calcarine

operculum (receives visual input from
upper quadrants of the visual field
Visual Surrounds VISION Below c sulcus lingual gyrus (part of the - Visual agnosia
association primary visual association cortex - Color agnosia
cortex visual cortex - Alexia
- Deficient visual memory
Brainstem: Landmarks and Structures
Midbrain Uppermost Dorsal: Dorsal: - movement disorders
division of - provides ppl w - tectum - vision and hearing difficulties
brainstem important - contains superior and inferior - memory deficits
survival colliculi and pineal body - deficits in automatic bod
Continuous information functions
with - allows Ventral: https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/
 thalamus and orientation in - tegmentum psychpedia/midbrain
pons 3-D space - houses crus cerebri and
- guides substantia nigra, red nucleus, and
eyes/head/bod assorted cranial nerve nuclei
y in response
to environment
- Trochlear
nerve emerges
from dorsal
region
between pons
and midbrain
Superior colliculi In tectum of - visual - visual info is routed via the optic - inability to turn head
the midbrain processing and tract to lateral geniculate nuclei reflexively in response to
directing head of the thalamus and the superior stimuli
Superior to and eye colliculi http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/
the inferior movement Bs97/TEXT/P23/ov.htm
colliculi relative to HIGHER HILLS
what is seen
On dorsal
aspect of
midbrain
Inferior colliculi In tectum of - receives input - Tinnitus
midbrain from both ears - Hyperacusis
on way up to
Inferior to primary https://www.sciencedirect.com/
superior auditory cortex science/article/pii/
colliculi in temporal S1672293013500055
lobe
On dorsal
aspect of
midbrain

LOWER HILLS
Pineal body Located at Houses pineal gland - can calcify in geriatric patients - Hormone imbalance
midline (endocrine- melatonin) - Disrupted sleep patterns
about the Regulates circadian
colliculi on rhythm
dorsal aspect
of midbrain Onset puberty
Tuber cinereum Visible on the Functions at the source Attaches to pituitary gland (connection - Hormone imbalance
ventral of the substances between brain and endocrine system) - Disrupted sleep patterns
aspect of release by the
midbrain posterior lobe of AKA infundibulum
pituitary gland
Mammillary Part of Memory -appears as two small round structures - memory impairment
bodies hypothalamu Visceral functions that lie between the crus cerebri and
s on the under the tuber cinereum PATHOLOGY IS RARE
ventral
surface of
midbrain
Crus cerebri Visible on the Serves as the bridge Contains descending efferent fibers of Cognitive, sensory, and emotional
sides and that connects each the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts difficulties
ventral cerebral hemisphere
 aspects of with the opposite half
the of the cerebellum
brainstem
https://
www.britannica.com/
science/crus-cerebri
Pons Middlemost Houses all ascending - rounded structure on the ventral Loss of all muscle function except for
division of sensory tracts and aspect of the brainstem eye movement
the descending motor - dorsal view: relatively hidden by
brainstem tracts, several cranial peduncles https://www.braininjury-
nerve nuclei and part - ventral view: oculomotor and explanation.com/consequences/
Between of the reticular trigeminal emerges from lateral impact-by-brain-area/brainstem
midbrain and formation aspect
medulla
oblongata
Medulla Inferior to Houses all motor and - ventral median fissure death
pons sensory tracts that rout - ventrolateral sulcus
info from body to brain - pyramidal decussation: where
or vice versa motor fibers of corticospinal tract
cross over
dorsal
- fasciculus gracilis: sensory
pathway
- fasciculus cuneatus: sensory
pathway
Cerebellum: Landmarks and Structures
Cerebellar In Inferior: connects - Ensures that cerebellum works in Can cause cognitive, sensory, and
Peduncle cerebellum medulla to cerebellum concert with the motor cortex, emotional difficulties
- Superior basal ganglia, and spinal cord to
- Middle Middle: connects pons coordinate and refine motor
- Inferior to cerebellum movements and maintain
equilibrium.
Superior: connects
midbrain to cerebellum Info from PPT
Vermis Raised No distinct function - Clinical depression
section - Inappropriate emotional
between r+l displays
hemispheres - Movement disorders

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Cerebellar_vermis
Flocculonodular Inferior to - Eye movement - Receives input from primary - Nystagmus
lobe posterior - Body vestibular afferents and projects
lobes equilibrium back to the vestibular nuclei
- Receives input from primary
vestibular afferents and projects
back to the vestibular nuclei