2.

8 A I only C I, II and III only

Oils and Fats B III only D I, II, III and IV
31 Which of the following belong
to the homologous series of 34 The diagram shows the change in structure of natural rubber after process
esters? P.
I Palm oil
c c c c c c
II Margarine s s
process P s s
III Sodium butanoate c
c c c c c c c s c
IV Glycerol s
A I and II only c c c
c c c c
B I and III only
rubber X rubber Y
C III and IV only
D I, II and III only Which of the following statements is true about the change?
A Rubber X is more elastic than rubber Y.
32 Which of the following molecular B Rubber X is stronger than rubberTCY.2/19
formulae of fatty acids is formed C Rubber X is more resistant to heat than rubber Y.
from the hydrolysis of a non- D Rubber X is more easily oxidised than rubber Y.
saturated fat?
A C15H31COOH 35 A rubber tapper faces a problem of transporting latex to a glove-making
B C17H35COOH factory in liquid form. To solve the problem he has to add a substance
C C17H33COOH ’06 into the latex to prevent the coagulation of the latex.
D C23H47COOH Choose the correct substance and the explanation to solve the problem.

2
Substance Explanation

2.9 A Water To make the latex more dilute

Natural Rubber
B Ethanoic acid Contains H+ ions that neutralise the negative
33 Which of the following chemicals charge on the membrane of the rubber particle
can cause latex to coagulate? C Ammonia Contains OH– ions that neutralise the H+ ions
I Methanoic acid solution from the acids produced by bacteria
II Sulphuric acid
III Ethanoic acid D Sodium chloride As a preservative to maintain the original state of
IV Nitric acid solution the latex

Structured Questions
1 Table 1 shows the names, molecular formulae, melting (b) Complete Table 1 by filling in the molecular
points and boiling points of a few straight chain formula of propane and the name of C4H10.
members of a homologous series. [2 marks]
(c) Draw the structural formula of the first member
Molecular Melting Boiling of this homologous series. [1 mark]
Name
formula point (°C) point (°C)
(d) Predict the physical states of
Ethane C2H6 –183 –89 (i) propane [1 mark]
(ii) pentane [1 mark]
Propane –188 –42
(e) Give the name and the molecular formula of the
C4H10 –138 –0.5 member of the same homologous series after
pentane. [2 marks]
Pentane C5H12 –130 36
(f) Write a balanced equation for the complete
Table 1 combustion of ethane. [1 mark]

(a) Give the name and the general formula of this

homologous series. [2 marks]

381 Carbon Compounds

 2 Propene is an important hydrocarbon in the petrochemical (b) State the function of concentrated sulphuric acid
industries. Diagram 1 shows the conversion of propene in this reaction. [1 mark]
into other organic compounds. (c) (i) Name the reaction for the preparation of
ethyl ethanoate. [1 mark]
Polypropene (ii) Write the chemical reaction for the reaction
process II in (i). [1 mark]
(d) The experiment is repeated by replacing ethanol
process process with methanol.
Propane Propene Propan-1-ol
I III (i) Name the ester formed. [1 mark]
process IV (ii) Draw the structural formula of the ester
formed. [1 mark]
Compound X (iii) State one physical property of the ester.
[1 mark]
Diagram 1
(e) The flowchart shows the conversion of ethene to
Based on Diagram 1, answer the following questions. ethanol and then to ethanoic acid.
(a) State the homologous series of propene.
[1 mark] process I process II Ethanoic
(b) Name process I. [1 mark]
Ethene Ethanol
acid
(c) Under certain conditions, propene reacts to form
polypropene. Write an equation for the formation Based on the flowchart, write the chemical
of polypropene in process II. [1 mark]
2

equation for
(d) (i) Explain briefly how process III is carried out (i) process I [1 mark]
in industries. [2 marks] (ii) process II [1 mark]
(ii) Draw the structural formula of propan-1-ol. (iii) State a suitable chemical that can be used
[1 mark] to carry out process II. [1 mark]
(e) Acidified potassium manganate(VII) is added to
propene in process IV. 4 Diagram 3 shows conversions I, II and III starting with
(i) Predict the observation that will take place. glucose.
[1 mark]
(ii) Write a balanced equation for the reaction I Liquid II Liquid
that has occurred. [1 mark] Glucose
yeast A reagent B
(f) Both propene and propane are combustible in
air. Compare and explain the difference in the III concentrated
quantity of soot produced by the two compounds H2SO4 asid
during combustion. [2 marks] Liquid C
3 Diagram 2 shows the set-up of apparatus for the
Diagram 3
preparation of ethyl ethanoate by heating ethanol
and ethanoic acid under reflux. (a) (i) Name conversion I. [1 mark]
(ii) Draw the structural formula of liquid A.
[1 mark]
water out
(b) Liquid B has a vinegary smell.
(i) Name the type of reaction that takes place
in conversion II. [1 mark]
(ii) Write a chemical equation for conversion II.
water in TC 2/20 [1 mark]
(c) Give one chemical test that can be used to
ethanol, ethanoic acid distinguish liquid B from liquid A. [2 marks]
and concentrated
sulphuric acid
(d) (i) Name the homologous series of which
xxxxxxxxxxxxxx liquid C is a member. [1 mark]
(ii) Name liquid C. [1 mark]
heat
(iii) State one use of liquid C. [1 mark]
Diagram 2 (e) Suggest another method to produce liquid A
(a) Why is ethanol and ethanoic acid heated under other than from glucose in conversion I.
reflux? [1 mark] [1 mark]

Carbon Compounds 382

 5 Diagram 4 shows the conversion of latex to compound (c) Name compound X. [1 mark]
X. (d) State two differences in physical properties
c c
between natural rubber and compound X.
s s
process I Natural process II s s
[2 marks]
c TC 2/21
Latex c s c
rubber s (e) How is process II carried out in the industry?
c c c [1 mark]
compound X (f) (i) Name a chemical that can be used to retain
latex in the liquid form. [1 mark]
Diagram 4
(ii) Explain the function of the chemical named
(a) Name process I and process II. [2 marks] in (i). [1 mark]
(b) Name a chemical that can be used to carry out (g) Give one use of compound X. [1 mark]
process I. [1 mark]

Essay Questions
1 (a) Draw the structural formulae of two isomers of 2 (a) Diagram 1 shows the formation of carboxylic acids
but-1-ene and give their IUPAC names. [4 marks] from alcohols.
(b) The information below is referring to carbon
compound X. Alcohols Carboxylic acids

• Carbon 40.0%
• Hydrogen 6.7%
• Oxygen 53.3%
• Relative molecular mass = 60
• Relative atomic mass of H = 1, C = 12
and O = 16
Based on the information of the carbon compound
X,
(i) determine the molecular formula of X.
(ii) draw the structural formula of X.
(iii) name the carbon compound X.
(iv) write the general formula for its homologous
series. [8 marks]
(c) Margarine can be made from palm oil. Compare
and contrast margarine and palm oil in terms of
their structures and physical properties. Briefly
describe how palm oil can be converted to
margarine. [8 marks]
2
Diagram 1
Using suitable reagents and with the help of a
labelled diagram, describe how you can prepare
a named carboxylic acid in the laboratory.
Include the observation and a test to show that
the product formed is an acid. Write a chemical
equation for the reaction involved.
[10 marks]
(b) Many artificial flavours used in the food industry
are esters. Various types of esters can be formed
from the esterification between an alcohol and a
carboxylic acid. Name one possible ester that can
be formed and describe how you can prepare
the named ester in the laboratory. Name the
alcohol and carboxylic acid that is used and the
chemical equations involved.
[10 marks]

Experiment
1 Your planning should include the following:
Hexane is a saturated hydrocarbon whereas hexene
(i) Statement of the problem
is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Both are colourless
(ii) All the variables
liquids. However they undergo different reactions
(iii) Hypothesis
toward addition reaction.
(iv) List of materials and apparatus
You are required to plan an experiment to differentiate (v) Procedure
the two compounds. (vi) Tabulation of data [17 marks]

383 Carbon Compounds