Course Instructor Mr.

Asif Malik
Part 1st year
Work sheet Chapter#11

Heat and Thermodynamics

Q.no#1 Attempt the following Questions :

i. Why the average velocity of the molecules in a gas container is zero but the average of
the square of velocities is not zero?
ii. Why does the pressure of gas in a car tyre increase when it is driven through some
distance?
iii. Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure is greater than specific heat at constant
volume. Why?
iv. Give an example of a process in which no heat is transferred to or from the system but
the temperature of the system changes.
v. Is it possible to convert internal energy into mechanical energy? Explain with an
example.
vi. Is it possible to construct a heat engine that will not expel heat into the atmosphere?
vii. Can the mechanical energy be converted completely into heat energy? If so give an
example.
viii. Prove that W=PΔV.
ix. What are isothermal and adiabatic processes?
x. State the 1st law of thermodynamics and give its mathematical form.
xi. What would be the heat lost if internal energy decreases by 10 J and 20 J of work is
done on the system simultaneously?
xii. Give two examples of adiabatic process.
xiii. Carnot cycle provides the basis to define a temperature scale that is independent of
material properties. Explain.
xiv. Derive Charles’s law from kinetic theory of gases.
xv. Write down main postulates of kinetic theory of gases.
xvi. State Carnot’s theorem.
xvii. Under what circumstances the efficiency of a Carnot engine will be 100 % ? it is
possible?
xviii. Difference between Reversible process and irreversible process.
xix. Define internal energy.
xx. What is the average translational kinetic energy of molecules in a gas at temperature 27 0
C?

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 Work sheet Chapter#10 optical instruments

ii.
i. What do you understand by linear magnification and Angular magnification? Explain
how a convex lens is used as Magnifier?
ii. Explain the difference between Angular magnification and resolving power of an optical
instrument. What limits the magnification of an optical instruments?
iii. Why would it be advantageous to use blue with a compound microscope?
iv. One can buy a cheap microscope for use by the children. The images seen in such a
microscope have colored edges, why is this so?
v. If a person were looking through a telescope at the full moon, how would the
appearance of the moon be changed by covering half of the objective lens.
vi. Define distinct vision( near point).
vii. How convex lens act as Magnifying glass?
viii. Write down four uses of spectrometer?
ix. Write down essential components of a spectrometer.
x. Define total internal Reflection and Critical angle.
xi. Define Snell’s law. Write its mathematical form.
xii. Define Magnification.
xiii. Define Astronomical telescope. Write its expression.

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Work sheet Chapter#09 Physical optics

iii.
i. Under what conditions two or more sources of light behave as coherent sources?
ii. How is the distance between interference fringes affected by the separation between
the silts of Young’s experiment? Can fringes disappear?
iii. In the young’s experiment, one of the slits covered with blue filter and other with red
filter. What would be the pattern of light intensity on the screen?
iv. Can visible light produce interference fringes? Explain.
v. Explain whether the young’s experiment is ana experiment for studying interference or
diffraction effects of light.
vi. Could you obtain Newton’s with transmitted light? If yes’, would the pattern be different
from that obtained with reflected light?
vii. How would you mange to get more orders of spectra using a diffraction grating?
viii. Define wave front and a ray of light.
ix. What is the difference interference and diffraction of light waves?
x. What is Huygen’s principle? Explain.
xi. Define diffraction grating.
xii. What are Newton’s rings? Why central spot in Newton’s ring is dark?
xiii. Define Diffraction.
xiv. What is Michelson’s interferometer?
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 Worksheet Chapter#08 Waves

i. Is it possible for two identical waves travelling in the same direction along a string
to give rise to a stationary wave?
ii. Why does sound travel faster in solids than in gases?
iii. How are beats useful in tunning musical instruments?
iv. Explain why sound travels faster in warm air than in cold air?
v. Explain Beats.
vi. Difference between crest and trough .
vii. What is effect of temperature on speed of sound?
viii. What do you mean by Harmonic series?
ix. Taking an example of periodic wave , prove that v=f λ .
x. What are stationary waves and how are they produced?
xi. Difference between transverse periodic waves and longitudinal periodic waves.
xii. Define crest and trough.
xiii. What is the effect of temperature on speed of sound?
xiv. What are the factors upon which speed of sound in air depends?
xv. Why did the Newton fail to calculate the velocity of sound accurately?
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Worksheet Chapter#07 Oscillations

ii.
i. What is the total distance travelled by an object moving with S.H.M in a time
equal to its period, if its amplitude is A ?
ii. What happens to the period of a simple pendulum if its length is doubled? What
happens if the suspended mass is doubled?
iii. Does the acceleration of a simple harmonic oscillator remain constant during its
motion? Is the acceleration ever zero? Explain.
iv. What is meant by phase angle ? does it define angle between maximum
displacement and the driving force?
v. Under what conditions does the addition of two simple harmonic motions
produces a resultant which is also simple harmonic?
vi. Explain the relation between total energy, potential energy and kinetic energy for
a body oscillating with S.H.M .
vii. Describe some common phenomenon in which resonance plays an important
role.
viii. If a mass spring system is hung vertically and set into oscillations, why does the
motion eventually stops?
ix. Define second pendulum. Calculate its frequency.
x. On what factors does the velocity of mass spring system depends?
xi. In relation to SHM , explain the equation ; a=-ω2x.
xii. Prove that ω=√ k /m .
xiii. Difference between free and forced oscillations.
xiv. Write down the applications of Resonance.
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Worksheet chapter#06 Fluid dynamics

iii.
i. Explain what do you understand by the term viscosity?
ii. What is meant by Drag force? What are factors upon which drag force acting
upon a small sphere of radius r , moving down through a liquid, depend?
iii. Why fog droplets appear to be suspended in air?
iv. Explain the difference between laminar flow and turbulent flow.
v. Two row boats moving parallel in the same direction are pulled towards each
other, explain.
vi. Explain, how the swing is produced in a fast moving cricket ball.
vii. Explain the working of a carburetor of a motor using Bernoulli’s principle.
viii. Define terminal velocity and give its mathematical form.
ix. Explain the difference between laminar flow and turbulent flow.
x. State Stokes’s law.
xi. Elaborate three conditions which a fluid must satisfy to study its motion.
xii. What is the relation between speed and pressure of the fluid?
xiii. State Torricelli’s theorem. Write its relation.
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Worksheet chapter#05 circular motion

i. Explain the difference between tangential velocity and the angular velocity , if one
of these is given for a wheel of known radius , how will you find the other?
ii. Explain what is meant by centripetal force. Why it must be furnished to an object
if it is to follow a circular path?
iii. What is meant by moment of inertia? Explain its significance?
iv. What is meant by Angular momentum? State law of conservation of Angular
momentum?
v. Show that orbital angular momentum L0= m v r.
vi. State the direction of following vectors in simple situations: angular momentum
and angular velocity.
vii. When mud flies off the tyre of a moving bicycle, in what direction does it fly?
Explain.
viii. A disc and a hoop start moving down from top of an inclined plane at the same
time. Which one will be moving faster on reaching the bottom?
ix. Why does a diver change his body positions before and after diving in the pool?
1
x. Find the rotational K.E of a disc if its I= mr2 .
2
xi. Prove that a= r α .
xii. Prove that 2 Rad=114.60 .
xiii. Give one practical application of Rotational K.E .
xiv. Difference between Real weight and apparent weight.
xv. Establish a relation between linear velocity and angular velocity.
xvi. Define angular displacement. Write its unit.
xvii. Show that s=r ϴ.
xviii. Find total kinetic energy of rolling sphere of mas m and radius r on
horizontal smooth surface.
xix. Difference between spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum.
xx. Define angular acceleration and centripetal acceleration.
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 Worksheet Chapter#04 Work and energy

i. Calculate the work done in kilo joules in lifting a mass of 10 kg (at a steady
velocity) through a vertical height of 10 m.
ii. An object has 1 J of potential energy. Explain what does it mean?
iii. When a rocket re-enters the atmosphere, its nose cone becomes very hot,
where does this heat energy come from?
iv. A girl drops a cup from a certain height, which breaks into pieces. What energy
changes are involved?
v. Define work energy principle. Also write down its equation.
vi. Define Kilowatt hour, show that 1 KWh= 3.6 x 10 6 J.
vii. Prove that P= F. V.
viii. Difference between Joule and watt.
ix. Define Absolute P.E and write only its formula.
x. Define escape velocity. Write its expression.
xi. Write down two examples from conservative forces and non conservative
forces.
xii. Define Gravitational field, give its example.
xiii. State law of conservation of energy.
xiv. A person holds a bag of groceries while standing still, a car is stationary with its
engine running at stand point , how the two situations are similar.
xv. What do you mean by variable force? Give its two examples.
xvi. In which case is more work done? When a 50 kg bag of books is lifted through
50 cm , or when a 50 kg crate is pushed through 2m across the floor with a
force of
50 N ?

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Worksheet Chapter#03 Motion and force

i. Show that the Range of projectile is maximum when projectile is thrown at

an angle of 450 with horizontal.
ii. Define impulse and show that how it is related to linear momentum?
iii. At what point or points in its path does a projectile have its minimum speed,
its maximum speed?
iv. What is Ballistic missile? Define its Trajectory.
v. Explain the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions.
vi. State law of conservation of linear momentum.
vii. What is projectile motion? Give an example.
viii. Define isolated system. give its example.
ix. Derive an equation for force due to water flow.
x. Derive an expression for the height of projectile.
xi. Define range of the projectile.
xii. Write down the application of Ballistic missiles.
xiii. Find out the velocities when m1=m2 and v2=0 ?
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 Worksheet chapter#02 Vectors and equilibrium

i. Can you add zero to a null vector?

ii. The sum of three vectors gives a zero resultant. What can be the
orientation of the vectors?
iii. Is it possible to add a vector quantity to scaler quantity? Explain.
iv. Define the terms position vector and unit vector.
v. Prove that A.B= AxBx+AyBY+AzBz.
vi. What is the unit vector in the direction of the vector A=4i+3j ?
vii. Write down the steps for addition of vectors by rectangular
component method?
viii. Define null vector and equal vector.
ix. Suppose the sides of a closed polygon represent vector arranged
head to tail. What is the sum of these vectors?
x. Write down any two properties of dot product.
xi. Give significance of torque.
xii. Prove that scalar product is commutative.
xiii. Explain rectangular coordinate system.
xiv. Define torque. Give its unit.
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Worksheet Chapter#01 Measurements

i. Write the dimensions of (i) pressure (ii) density.

ii. Define precision and Accuracy.
iii. Show that Einstein equation E=mc 2 is dimensionally
consistent.
iv. Given that V=(5.2± 0.1) volt .Find its percentage uncertainty.
v. Does a dimensional analysis give any information on constant
proportionality that may appear in an algebraic expression?
Explain.
vi. Find the dimensions and S.I units of coefficient of viscosity in
F=6π η r v .
vii. Show that the expression vf=vi+at is dimensionally correct,
where vi is the velocity at t=0 ,a is acceleration and vf is the
velocity at time t.
viii. Add the following mass given in kg upto appropriate precision
2.189 , 0.089 , 11.8 and 5.32.
ix. What are the dimensions and units of gravitational constant
mm
G in the formula F= G .
r
ix.
√
check the correctness of the relation v= F
xl
m

x. write down two uses of dimensions analysis.

xi. Find out the total uncertainty in the value of resistance R
when V= 5.2 ±0.1 V , I= 0.84 ±0.05 A.
xii. State principle of homogeneity of dimensions.
xiii. Define dimension. Give its example.
xiv.

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 LONG QUESTIONS
1. Describe the vector addition of vectors by rectangular components.
2. Define scalar product. Give examples. Write down the characteristics of scalar product.
3. What is projectile find its maximum height , time of flight and Range of projectile.
4. What is gravitational field? Show that gravitational filed is conservative field.
5. Discuss interconversion of potential energy and kinetic energy.
6. Define and explain centripetal force and derive the relation for it?
7. What is Rotational K.E? find the kinetic energy of a disc and a hoop?
8. State and explain Bernoulli’s equation.
9. State and explain equation of continuity.
10. What is simple pendulum? Show that the motion of pendulum is S.H.M. Also find relations for
its time period and frequency?
11. Prove that ( Mechanical energy) is conserved in S.H.M.
12. Discuss Newton’s assumption. And also derive the Newton’s formula.
13. Prove that vt=v0+0.61t or What is the effect of temperature on speed of sound?
14. Show that frequencies of stationary waves in a stretched string are quantized.
15. What is carnot engine? Discuss carnot cycle. Also derive the relation for its percentage
efficiency.
16. Prove that CP – CV= R .
17. What is First law of thermodynamics? Explain isothermal and adiabatic process.
18. State and explain law of conservation of linear momentum.
19. What is terminal velocity. Derive its expression.
20. What is Escape velocity. Derive its expression.
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