Spectroscopy with radioactive beams:

MINIBALL

CERN, Geneva (REX-ISOLDE) ILL, Grenoble (Lohengrin)

Cologne (with Cologne plunger) GSI, Darmstadt (Rising)

Where can we find new physics?
EX
continuum

→ Far from stability

High Spins
Euroball, Gammasphere
halo nuclei
J new shell closures
Low Spins
transfer reaction, Coulomb excitation r-process nuclei
N −Z
N
+Z

neutron drip line

tic
o

etc.
Ex

→ Need radioactive beams

The challenge
Very low beam intensities
→ Need high efficiency like Euroball or
Gammasphere.
→ Need detectors very close to target.
Inverse kinematics
5% c
HPGe

HPGe
→ Leads to Doppler broadening.
→ Detector should subtend a small solid
angle.
→ Need high granularity.
The solution
Segmented Ge detectors
→ New technology needed:
• more compact cold electronics (e.g. Miniball has
seven cold FETs in same space where Euroball
has just one).
• new warm preamplifiers with higher bandwidth
and smaller physical size.
Pulse-shape analysis
→ New techniques also needed
• new acquisition electronics.
• Monte-Carlo simulations of pulse-shapes needed.
• experimental studies of pulse-shapes also needed.
 The 6-fold segmented, encapsulated
Miniball detector

Motherboard
with 7 cold
FETs

One of the 21 warm preamps

Capsule lid HP Ge crystal Thin-walled capsule
 Pulse-shape analysis
-400 0 400 ns -400 0 400 ns -400 0 400 ns

4 2500
Core 2500
Seg 1 2500
Seg 2
3 5
2000 2000 2000
2 6 1500 1500 1500
1
1000 1000 1000
-400 0 400 ns

2500
Seg 3 2500
Seg 4 2500
Seg 5 2500
Seg 6

2000 2000 2000 2000

1500 1500 1500 1500

1000 1000 1000 1000

-400 0 400 800ns -400 0 400 800ns -400 0 400 800ns

2500 2500 2500
4 Core Seg 1 Seg 2
3 5
2000 2000 2000

2 6 1500 1500 1500

1
1000 1000 1000
-400 0 400 800ns
2500 2500 2500 2500
Seg 3 Seg 4 Seg 5 Seg 6
2000 2000 2000 2000

1500 1500 1500 1500

1000 1000 1000 1000

PSA and scattering
4 Seg 3 Seg 4 Seg 5
2000
3 5

2 6
1
1000

Core

Amplitude[ADC-units]
Seg 6 Seg 1 Seg 2
2000
2000

1000
1000
0 400 800 0 400 800 0 400 800 0 400 800
Time[ns]

• Collimated source in front of segment 4. Net signals in segments 4, 5 and 6, i.e. scattering
from 4 to 5 to 6.
• For PSA, we assume: main interaction is first interaction. Good assumption at low and high
energies. Less good for intermediate energies.
• We must subtract net charge from each segment, in order to obtain the mirror-charge
amplitudes.
The Digital Gamma Finder (DGF-4C)
Filter/trigger Input filter
DSP FIFO DACs for gain

• Commercial product made

System FPGA FPGAs Sampling ADC and offset Impedance adapting
Firewire
clock distribution Amplifier

by Xia (http://www.xia.com)
Inputs
• Single width CAMAC module
for 4

• 4 complete spectroscopic
Camac

channels

channels
• 40 MHz sampling ADC
• Onboard signal processing by
FPGA and DSP
2 cm
• Possibility of writing user code
(Miniball uses this for onboard
Digital part Analog part Pulse-shape analysis)

1 of 4 channels
DGF-4C FIFO
local bus Host computer
• Separate digital fast and slow
4096
Amplifier Nyquist
Filter
ADC Fast
CAMAC I
Firewire
16 MWrd/s
filters implemented in FPGA
12bit 40MHz
2.5 MWrd/s

• Only validated events are

FPGA (filter)
Data
Analog input
CAMAC IEEE 1394
circuitry Fast

Slow DMA
processed by DSP
• 8 Kword buffer in DSP
Good

Gain DAC

Offset DAC
DSP + hardware histograms
RAM

Logic Lines: -Fast MULT IN/OUT

-GFLT (Master Trg)
-BUSY/SYNCH for synchronous
operation of several DGF-4C modules
4*32K
24bit • Data transfer by fast CAMAC
-GSLT (Validation)
Scan of Miniball detector
10 20 30 40 50 60 70

• Detector scanned along radius with a collimated

1000
E
C
A
1000
source
D B

• Consider steepest slope of core signal as a

C
800 B D 800
A
E

function of source position

600 600

• Innermost positions have fastest rise time

400 400 (shortest migration path for electrons)
200 200

0 0
60 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

1000 1 2 3 4 5 6
6
1000
• Detector scanned across a segment with a
collimated source
800
1
800
• Consider the ratio of the mirror charge
600
5
600
amplitudes in the neighbouring segments
4
2
3
• Asymmetry of mirror charge amplitudes depends
400 400
on position (mirror charge greatest in closest
segment)
200 200

0 0
−1 −0.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
2-D scan of Miniball detector
1 2 3 4 5
• 14 positions measured
with a collimated source
A • For each we plot time-to-
steepest-slope vs. mirror
charge asymmetry for
segments 3 and 4
B • Position of source can be
seen clearly

1 2 3 4 5
Mirror charge Asymmetry

Time to steepest slope

 Doppler correction (in beam)
Chn
6400 6450 6500 6550 6600 • In-beam experiment at Cologne
FWHM: 35 keV Just core energies tandem
80K
• 37Cl beam on deuterated Ti
60K
target (inverse kinematics)
40K
• v/c = 5.7%
20K
• A monitor detector placed at 165°
Using segment hit far from the target was also used.
FWHM: 14.0 keV
80K pattern This detector measured a FWHM
of 7.8 keV at this energy (due to
60K angular straggling of outgoing
40K
proton). If we use a position-
sensitive particle detector, we can
20K reduce this contribution

FWHM: 10.2 keV Full pulse-shape • Combining with intrinsic

80K analysis resolution of 2.2 keV, contribution
from uncertainty in position is:
60K
34.0 keV - just core
40K 11.4 keV - segment hit pattern
6.2 keV - full PSA
20K

2140 2160 2180 2200

keV
REX-ISOLDE
HV platform
20-60 kV
Efficiency ~ 5 % from ISOLDE target to experiment
EBIS
A/q < 4.5
Buncher Three 7-gap resonators
ISOLDE To target
beam Separator and
Penning RFQ IH- 9-gap detector
60 keV ∆(q/A)/(q/A) structure resonator
trap array
= 1:150
HV platform
MINIBALL
60 kV
5 keV/u 300 keV/u 1.1-1.2 Mev/u 0.8-2.2 MeV/u 2.2-3.0 MeV/u

25 m

ISOLDE REX-ISOLDE
→ operational since 1967 → operational since 2001
→ uses CERN PS-booster → Penning trap (REX)
→ more than 600 isotopes → Electron-beam ion source (EBIS)
→ more than 60 elements → Radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ)
→ Up to 1011 ions/s → Interdigital H-type (IH) structure
→ Three 7-gap resonators
→ 9-gap resonator since 2004
→ Final beam up to 3.0 MeV/u
→ CERN facility since end of 2003
 The REX-ISOLDE physics program
Towards the doubly magic 100Sn

Mixed symmetry states in 88Kr

Shape coexistence in 70Se g-factors in Te isotopes:

B(E2) measurements around 132Sn

Stellar reaction
14O(a,p)17F

Towards the doubly magic 78Ni

N=40: Coulex of 68Ni and 68,70,m,gCu

“Island of inversion at N=20”

Structure of 10Li Fusion reactions with neutron-rich nuclei

Neutron transfer reactions on 30Mg
 Ancillary Detectors
Double-sided silicon- • 16 annular p+n
strip detector junction strips
(Edinburgh • 24 n+n junction
University) strips (sectors)
per quadrant
Davinson et al. NIM A454 (2000) 350-358

Parallel-plate • 25 strips in x
avalanche counter and y directions
(TU Darmstadt) ections
• 1.6 mm strip
resolution
• 4 - 10 mbar iso-
butane
Cub et al. NIM A453 (2000) 522-524
¾ Coulex 32Mg (T1/2=95 ms)

Doppler correction for 32Mg

32Al from E decay in trap&EBIS

32Mg @ 107Ag (4.4 mg/cm2)

~ 3 days beam on target
Doppler correction for 107Ag • 2.844 MeV/u
• ~ 1.5·104 pps
• purity: 85% 32Mg
 30Mg is OUTSIDE of the “Island of Inversion”
32Mg is INSIDE of the “Island of Inversion”

241 ± 31 e2fm4

30Mg: O. Niedermaier, H. Scheit et al., PRL 94, 172501 (2005)

JS(31Mg)=1/2+: G. Neyens et al., PRL94 022501 (2005) (COLLAPS - ISOLDE)
GSI Fragment Recoil Separator
• FRS produces and separates secondary beams with fission or
fragmentation.
• Gives fully stripped ions with energies 100-500 Mev/u (i.e. a
relativistic beam).
ry
ary o nda CI41
r i m e
S mc 21-S
P m t SCI
bea bea of fligh
S1 Time S4
S2
et

To

ber MW41
e M SIC
targ

mag ole

ent
net

S3

2
r i m

W4
xpe

41
Dip

MU
e
tion

SCI
e
21

on c ultiwir
duc

er
SCI

tor
i r
rad

ham
ltiw
Pro

tilla
tor

M
Deg

Mu
Scin
tilla

sati
Scin

Ioni
• TOF SCI21-41 gives β. → dE and β give Z.
• Dipole magnet gives Bρ. → Bρ and β give A/Q.
• Multiwires give position and direction of beam (i.e. tracking).
• Ionisation chamber (MUSIC) gives dE.
Rare ISotope INvestigations at GSI
(RISING)
• CATE array of 9 position-
sensitive ∆E-E telescopes at 0˚.
• 15 Euroball clusters at forward
angles (105 detectors).
• 8 Miniball clusters at ~90˚
(24 detectors).
• Hector (BaF2 ) at backward
angles.
Particle identification
• We can plot Z (from MUSIC)
vs. A/q (from TOF).
• This lets us select the beam
incident on the RISING
target.

• Or we can plot E vs. ∆E in

CATE.
• This gives us the product after
the reaction at the RISING
target.
Tracking and Doppler Correction

• Multiwires give direction and position of incoming beam.

• We project onto target to calculate interaction position.
• CATE gives direction of outgoing particle.
• We calculate angle between outgoing particle and detector and
perform Doppler correction.
Miniball@RISING - 36Ca
• Double fragmentation reaction:
→ 40Ca(630 A.MeV) + 9Be at entrance to FRS
→ Select 37Ca with FRS (Bρ + MUSIC + TOF)
→ 37Ca(200 A.MeV) + 9Be in centre of RISING spectromter
→ Select 36Ca with CATE (∆E-E telescope)
• Analysis by Pieter Doornenbal (GSI) - see his talk for details.
• The background is mostly from
β = 55 % Bremstrahlung.
3014 ± 21 keV
• Bump to the left of the peak is a
single escape peak.
+ +
• 21 → 01 transition at 3014 keV
observed for the first time. Only
ground state known previously.

• Despite the high v/c of 55 %,

we get resolution of 4.7 %
Miniball@Lohengrin (ILL, Grenoble)

Source changing Fission products

Condenser mechanism
Exit slit Dipole magnet

Beam stop Target position

Reactor wall

• Fission occurs at target placed inside the reactor.

• A particular fission product is selected with the Lohengrin mass
separator and delivered to a mylar catcher foil surrounded by a pin-
diode array and Ge detectors (incl. 3 Miniball capsules).
• Microsecond isomers were studied and g-factors measured.
• For details see Gary Simpson’s talk this afternoon.
• Published in Phys. Rev. C 71, 064327 (2005)
Scan of GAMS-5 crystal (ILL, Grenoble)
• Resolution of GAMS-5 curved crystal spectrometer depends on
quality of curvature.
• Using a Miniball-type 12-fold segmented detector and PSA, we
determine position on crystal where each γ ray was diffracted.

• Different points on crystal have different scattering angles,

giving different apparent energies.
• We can use PSA to correct for this and improve the
FWHM.
The Collaboration
(Miniball + RISING + Grenoble)
Bonn: A. Bürger, H. Hübel, A. Al−Khatib, P. Bringel, A. Neußer, A.K. Singh, D. Mehta, T.S. Reddy. CERN: J.
Aysto, U. Bergmann, P. Delahaye, V. Fedosseev, L. Fraile, H. Fynbo, G. Georgiev, U. Koester, T. Sieber, O. Tengblad.
Cologne: N. Warr, S. Binder, J. Eberth, F. Finke, C. Fransen, G. Gersch, H. Hess, K. Jessen, J. Jolie, D. Martin, G.
Pascovici, P. Reiter, A. Richard, A. Scherillo, M. Seidlitz, T. Striepling, O. Thelen, H.G. Thomas, D. Weißhaar.
Cracow: M. Kmiecik, A. Maj, W. Meczynski. Copenhagen: G. Sletten. Daresbury: J. Simpson, D. Warner.
Edinburgh: T. Davinson, P. Woods. Göttingen: K.P. Lieb. ILL(Grenoble): H. Börner, H. Faust, M.
Jenschel, P. Mutti, R. Orlandi, G. Simpson. I. Tsekhanovich, Grenoble: J. Genevey, R. Gugliemini, J.A. Pinston,
GSI: A. Banu, T. Beck, F. Becker, P. Bednarczyk, P. Doornenbal, H. Geissel, J. Gerl, M. Gorska, H. Grawe, J.
Grebosz, M. Hellström, M. Kavatsyuk, O. Kavatsyuk, I. Kojouharov, N. Kurz, R. Lozeva, S. Mandal, I. Mukha, G.
Münzenberg, N. Saito, T. Saito, H. Schaffner, H. Wieck, M. Winkler, H.J. Wollersheim. Heidelberg: V. Bildstein,
H. Boie, C. Gund, J. Fitting, F. Köck, M. Lauer, O. Niedermayer, U. Pal, H. Scheit D. Schwalm, HMI Berlin: C.
Wheldon. Jülich: W. Gast. Keele: G. Hammond. Leuven: P. van den Bergh, P. van Duppen, M. Huyse, O.
Ivanov, K. Krouglov, P. Mayet, R. Raabe, J. van Roosbroeck, R. Sleurs, I. Stefanescu, J.−C. Thomas, J. van de Walle,
H. de Witte. Liverpool: P. Butler, A. Hurst. Madrid: A. Jungclaus. Mainz: S. Franchoo, A. Ostrowski. Milan:
G. Benzoni, A. Bracco, F. Camera, B. Million, O. Wieland. New Delhi: S. Muralithar. Saclay: E. Clement, A.
Görgen. Strasbourg: P. Baumann, S. Courtin, P. Dessagne, A. Knipper, M. Krauth, F. Marechal, C. Miehe, F.
Perrot, E. Poirier, G. Walter. Surrey: Z. Podolyak, J. Walker. TU Darmstadt: G. Schrieder, T. Nilsson, M.
Pantea, H. Simon. LMU (Munich): D. Habs, F. Ames, J. Cederkäll, S. Emhofer, O. Kester, T. Kröll, R. Lutter,
K. Rudolf, P. Thirolf, B. Wolf. TU Munich: R. Krücken, T. Behrens, T. Festermann, R. Gernhäuser, T. Morgan, M.
Paisini, W. Schwerdtfeger. Warsaw: J. Iwanicki. York: C. Barton, D. Jenkins.