Unit 1

● Tourist:​ Any person who travels to a foreign country for at least one night, but no
more than one year and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an
activity remunerated from within the country visited.
● Tourism:​ The temporary short term movement of people to destinations outside
places where they normally live and work.

Who are the tourists:

● International: ​people from overseas.

● Domestic: ​people from your own country.

They can be divided up in terms of their purpose of visit.

Leisure tourists: ​People who are visiting for pleasure (they are on holiday)

● day trippers, overnight visitors, short break or holiday takers.

Business tourists: (MICE)

● Meetings:​ events designed to bring people together for the purpose of exchanging
information.
● Incentives:​ they travel as part of a motivational incentive scheme to increase or
reward the employee effort.
● Conferences:​ multi-day events of exchanging information.
● Exhibitions:​ viewing products and services.

They are high spending and make extensive use of premium fares on trains and
airlines as well as on staying in quality hotels.

Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR):​ For the purpose of leisure, recreation and holidays.

What is the travel and tourism industry?

It is that hole mix of businesses and agencies that work together to serve the need of people
who travel.
There are various sub-sectors:

These ones determine the characteristics of the tourism industry in any particular location
and the types of tourists that are being attracted to go there.

Roles of the sub-sectors

The role of the travel agent

Travel agencies act as agents for a variety of principals (the suppliers of the travel and
tourism industry’s products)

● Retail travel agent: sell holidays, ancillary products, provide info, advise customers.
● Business travel agencies:provide speed and flexibility in making travel arrangements.

Travel agencies vary in their size and scale of operation:

● Multiples:​ agencies with branches through one or many countries.

● Miniples:​ smaller and independent. not part of a national chain.

Travel agents perform a key role as intermediaries that provide information on destinations
and tour packages and help clients to access this info and confirm their arrangements
though bookings.

The key aspects of this distribution process are:

● Transport, accommodation, attraction local tours, etc

● Tour operator:​ product builders
● Travel agent:​ information brokers, providing the customer with relevant info and
booking facilities.
● Computerized Reservation Systems/Global Distribution Systems (CRS/GDS):
provide the main links to tour operator systems and to travel agents.
● On-line reservation systems:​ allow the customers to deal directly with the primary
 suppliers to obtain info and make reservations.

The role of tour operators

A tour operator combines tour and travel components to create a package holiday.

Packing​: the process of combining iner-related tourism products and services together. They
have a lower price and are designed for an specific target market.

Tour operator should:

● Identify consumers’ needs, requests and expectations

● Assemble customer requirements
● Provide travel experience
● Negotiate prices
● Deliver travel documentation
● Provide info
● Promote products and packages

The role of accommodation providers

There are 8 types of accommodation establishments:

● Hotel:​ at least 10 rooms that correspond to high standards and offers dining services.
● Motel:​ at least 10 rooms situated near a road with a safe parking site (perfect for car
travellers)
● Guesthouse:​ at least 5 rooms which offers dining services.
● Hostel:​ simple accommodation, offers dining or cooking facilities.
● Holiday village or camp:​ has an enclosed area for tents/caravans and parking sites.
● Holiday home:​ for holiday-makers, is rented fully and has cooking facilities.
● Visitors apartment: ​is rented out and has cooking facilities.
● Bed and Breakfast:​ includes breakfast

Serviced accommodation:​ the staff provides services (cleaning, meals, room services)
which are included in the price.

Non- serviced accommodation: ​the sleeping accommodation is furnished and provided on

the rental basis. Special services are not included but they may be available on the site.

The cost and quality oh hotels are usually indicative of the range and type of services
available.
The role of catering outlets

Very important for the creation of suitable conditions for tourism and for satisfying basics
needs.
Food and facilities are important to the development and promotion and can be classified as
tourists attractions themselves.

The role of transport providers

The transportation providers are those operating any major form of transport, these would
include:

- ​Airlines​: they provide the seats, which an individual traveler, business person or tour
operator may purchase.

- ​Water transport​: providers include ferry operators and cruise companies. They provide
vital links between islands and a larger land mass. These services are provided for all
travellers but the tickets are sold by tour operators.

- ​Rail transport​: services are scheduled and travellers perceive trains as safe, inexpensive
and convenient. They often include many facilities such as sleeping compartments and
restaurants.

-​Coach transport​: operations can be categorised as: coach services, private hire services,
tour and excursion operations and transfer services.

-​Car transport​: Provide cars of varying specifications to suit different group size and
budgets. Can be hired independently through international chains or by making a reservation
through travel agencies.

The role of attractions

Attractions draw visitors to a destination and are continually changing and evolving.

● Built Attractions: ​theme parks, museums, shopping centres, historic sites.

● Natural Attractions: ​mountains, forests, coastlines, lakes.

Popular tourist destinations contain attractions to appeal as many visitors as possible in

order to maximise profits and generate funding for a further development.

The role of entertainment venues.

Attractions are responsible for the development in many destinations and are the main
motivators for tourist trips. Without them there would be no need of tourist services. Tourist
attractions have strong entertainment connections (sport stadia, theatres, museums)
 The role of travel information and guiding services

It refers to the activity of accompanying a group of visitors, giving information on the history
and geography of the area, pointing item of interest and being responsible for conducting the
group.

The ​tourist guide’s​ main role is to escort visitors around monuments, sites and museums.

Tourist Information centers (TICs)

● carry promotional material (leaflets, brochures, guide books) of the local region.
● they are found in points of entry or central locations.

The role of ancillary tourist services

The chain of distribution provides opportunities for intermediaries to offer additional travel
products and services to their customers. They usually offer info services, operate
accommodation booking services, tickets, guided tours, etc.

The role and function of tourist boards

The role of National Tourism Organisations (NTOs) is to increase the value of inbound
tourism to a particular country. The government will identify a series of objects and the NTO
will facilitate a strategy for their implementation.

The impacts of travel and tourism

● Economic impacts

Positive Negative

● local communities benefit by selling goods
and services directly to visitors.
● Provides and generates jobs
● Creates new income
● Generation of infraestructures
● Finance growth
● Foreign currency
Leakage: the way in which revenue generated by
tourism is lost to other countries' economies.
Import leakage:​ the money that leaves the country
to pay for the imports of products the host country
cannot supply, that are demanded by tourists.
Export leakage:​ the profits overseas investors who
finance the construction of facilities and
infrastructures take to their origin country.
 ● Environmental impacts

Positive Negative

● Environmental protection, conservation ● Occur when the level of visitors is higher

and restoration of biological diversity.
● Sustainable use of natural resources.
● Protection and preservation of wildlife.
● Creation of reserves.
than the environment's ability
● soil erosion
● increasing pollution
● discharges into the sea
● natural habitat loss
● increased pressure on endangered species
● vulnerability to forest fires

● Socio-cultural impacts

Positive Negative

● Creation of community facilities and ● Demonstration effect: ​socio-cultural impacts

services. tourism may have on the behaviour of the host
● Higher living standards. population.
● Upgraded infrastructure ● Commodification
● Transport improvements ● Globalisation
● Preservation and transmission of cultural ● Loss of authenticity and staged authenticity
and historical traditions. ● Adaptation to tourism demands
● Culture clash
● Crime
● Sex tourism
● Changing attitudes

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 Unit 2

● Destination:​ the place where a journey finally ends.

Locations have a place or a region which is considered a ​tourist destination​ that includes
the following features:
● character of their own
● accessible location
● information services (TIC)
● accommodation and catering facilities
● visitors attractions
● shopping facilities
● parking spaces

Latitude​ indicate distance away from the equator

Longitude​ indicate a location’s position east or west of the Greenwich
Time zones
Sir Sanford Fleming created the worldwide time zone that we use today.
UTC ​(Coordinated Universal Time)
World → divided into 24 time zones → spaced 15 degrees longitude apart.

GMT​ (Greenwich Mean Time)

DTS​ (Daylight Saving Time) for some months of the year
IDL​ (International Date Line) an imaginary line opposite to the Greenwich where the date
changes as one travels east or west across it. Corresponds to the time zone boundary
separating -12 +12 hours GMT.

● China: uses a single time zone- 8 hours ahead of UTC

● Australia: 3 time zones- its central time zone is half-hour ahead of its designated time
zone

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