List of presidents of the Philippines

Malacañang Palace in Manila is the official residence of the president.[note 1] Built in 1750, it has become a
prominent symbol of and metonym for the office.

Under the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines, the president of the

Philippines (Filipino: pangulo ng Pilipinas) is both the head of state and the head of
government, and serves as the commander-in-chief of the country's armed forces.[4]
[5]
 The president is directly elected by qualified voters to a six-year term and must be
"a natural-born citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter, able to read and write, at
least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines for at
least ten years immediately preceding such election". Any person who has served as
president for more than six years is barred from eligibility. Upon resignation, or removal
from office, the vice president assumes the post.[6]

History[edit]
Emilio Aguinaldo became the inaugural president of the Philippines under the Malolos
Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic.[7][note 2] He held that office until 1901
when he was captured by United States forces during the Philippine–American
War (1899–1902).[4] The American colonization of the Philippines abolished the First
Republic,[12] which led to an American governor-general exercising executive power.[19]
In 1935, the United States, pursuant to its promise of full Philippine sovereignty,
[20]
 established the Commonwealth of the Philippines following the ratification of the 1935
Constitution, which also restored the presidency. The first national presidential
election was held,[note 3] and Manuel L. Quezon (1935–44) was elected to a six-year term,
with no provision for re-election, [5] as the second Philippine president and the first
Commonwealth president.[note 2] In 1940, however, the Constitution was amended to allow
re-election but shortened the term to four years. [4] A change in government occurred
three years later when the Second Philippine Republic was organized with the
enactment of the 1943 Constitution, which Japan imposed after it occupied the
Philippines in 1942 during World War II.[23] José P. Laurel acted as puppet president of
the new Japanese-sponsored government; [24] his de facto presidency,[25] not legally
recognized until the 1960s,[11] overlapped with that of the president of the
Commonwealth, which went into exile. The Second Republic was dissolved after Japan
surrendered to the Allies in 1945; the Commonwealth was restored in the Philippines in
the same year with Sergio Osmeña (1944–46) as president.[4]
Manuel Roxas (1946–1948) followed Osmeña when he won the first post-war election in
1946. He became the first president of the independent Philippines when the
Commonwealth ended on July 4 of that year. The Third Republic was ushered in and
would cover the administrations of the next five presidents, the last of which
was Ferdinand Marcos (1965–86),[4] who performed a self-coup by imposing martial
law in 1972.[26] The dictatorship of Marcos saw the birth of the New
Society (Filipino: Bagong Lipunan) and the Fourth Republic. His tenure lasted until 1986
when he was deposed in the People Power Revolution. The current constitution came
into effect in 1987, marking the beginning of the Fifth Republic.[4]
Of the individuals elected as president, three died in office: two of natural causes
(Manuel L. Quezon[27] and Manuel Roxas[28]) and one in a plane crash (Ramon
Magsaysay, 1953–57[29]). The longest-serving president is Ferdinand Marcos with
20 years and 57 days in office; he is the only president to have served more than two
terms. The shortest is Sergio Osmeña, who spent 1 year and 300 days in office.
Two women have held the office: Corazon Aquino (1986–92), who ascended to the
presidency upon the successful People Power Revolution of 1986, and Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo (2001–10), who, as vice president, ascended to the presidency upon
Estrada's resignation and was elected to a full six-year term in 2004.

Presidents[edit]
Vice
Name Electi
# Portrait Party Term preside Era
(Lifespan) on
nt

January
Emilio 23, 1899
Aguinal – March
23, First
1 do None 1899 None[b]
1901[a] Republic
(1869–
1964)
(2 years,
59 days)

None[c] August –[d] None U.S.

14, 1898 Military
– July 4, Government
1902
 (3 years,
324 days)

July 4,
1901 –
Novemb
er 15, U.S. Insular
1935 Government
(34 years,
134 days)

1935
Novemb
er 15,
Manuel 1935 –
Nacionalis
L. August Sergio Commonwe
2 ta Party
Quezon Nationalist
1, Osmeña alth
(1878– 1944[e] 1941
Party
1944)
(8 years,
260 days)

October
14, 1943
KALIBA –
Jose P. PI August Second
3 Laurel Association 1943 None[b]
(1891– for Service
17, Republic
1959) to the New 1945 [f]

Philippines (1 year,
307 days)

August
1, 1944
Sergio Nacionalis
– May
4 Osmeña ta Party
(1878– Nationalist
28, 1946 1941 Vacant[g] Commonwe
1961) Party (1 year, alth
300 days)

May 28,
Manuel 1946 –
Roxas Liberal April Elpidio
5 15, 1946 Third
(1892– Party Quirino
1948) 1948 [e]
Republic
(1 year,
 323 days)

Vacant[g]

April
17, 1948
Elpidio –
Quirino Liberal Decemb
6 Fernand
(1890– Party er 30, 1949
1956) 1953 o Lopez
(5 years,
257 days)

Decemb
er 30,
Ramon 1953 –
Nacionalis Carlos
Magsays March
7 ta Party P.
ay Nationalist
17,
(1907– 1957[e] 1953 Garcia
Party
1957)
(3 years,
77 days)

8 Carlos Nacionalis March Vacant[g]

P. ta Party 18, 1957
1957 Diosdad
Garcia Nationalist –
Party o
(1896– Decemb
1971) Macapa
er 30,
gal
1961
(4 years,
287 days)
 Decemb
er 30,
Diosdad
1961 –
o
Liberal Decemb Emmanu
9 Macapa
Party er 30, 1961 el Pelaez
gal
(1910–
1965
1997) (4 years,
0 days)

1965 Fernand
o Lopez
Nacionalis 1969
ta Party Decemb
Nationalist er 30, Marcos
Ferdina 1973[i]
Party 1965 – None [b] dictatorship
1 nd
Februar
0 Marcos 1977[i]
(1917–
y 25, New Society
1989) 1986[h]
Kilusang (20 years,
Bagong 57 days)
Lipunan Fourth
1981 Vacant[j]
New Republic
Society
Movement
1 Corazon United Februar 1986 Salvador
1 Aquino Nationalis y 25, Laurel
(1933– t 1986 –
2009) Provisional
Democrati June 30,
Government
c 1992
Organizati (6 years,
on 126 days)

Independe Fifth
nt Republic
 Lakas– June 30,
NUCD 1992 –
Fidel V. People
1 June 30, Joseph
Ramos Power- 1992
2 (1928– National
1998 Estrada
2022) Union of (6 years,
Christian 0 days)
Democrats

Laban ng June 30,

Makabaya 1998 –
Joseph ng January Gloria
1 Estrada Masang 20, Macapa
3 (born Pilipino 2001[k] gal
1937) Struggle of Arroyo
the Patriotic (2 years,
Filipino 204 days)
1998
Masses

1 Gloria Lakas– January Vacant

4 Macapa CMD 20, 2001
Teofisto
gal People – June
Power- Guingon
Arroyo 30, 2010
(born Christian a Jr.
1947) Muslim (9 years,
Democrats 161 days) 2004 Noli de
Castro
 June 30,
Benigno 2010 –
1 Aquino Liberal June 30, Jejomar
III 2016 2010
5 Party Binay
(1960–
2021) (6 years,
0 days)

PDP– June 30,

Laban 2016 –
Rodrigo
1 Philippine June 30, Leni
Duterte 2016
6 (born
Democratic 2022 Robredo
Party-
1945) (6 years,
People's
Power 0 days)

Partido June 30,

Bongbon
g Federal ng 2022 –
1 Pilipinas incumbe 2022 Sara
7 Marcos nt Duterte
Federal
(born
Party of the
1957) (42 days)
Philippines

Timeline[edit]
See also: List of presidents of the Philippines by time in office
Unofficial presidents[edit]
Andrés Bonifacio is considered by some historians to be the first president of the
Philippines. He was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente
Supremo; Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan secret society. Its
Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district
councils. When the Katipunan went into open revolt in August 1896 (the Cry of
Balintawak), Bonifacio transformed it into a revolutionary government with him as
president. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacio's government was also known
as the Tagalog Republic (Tagalog: Republika ng Katagalugan; Spanish: Republica
Tagala). (Although the word Tagalog refers to a specific ethnicity, Bonifacio used it to
denote all indigenous people in the Philippines in place of Filipino which had colonial
origins.)[30][31][32][33][34]
Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply
that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar y Carpio should also be included.[35] Miguel
Malvar y Carpio continued Emilio Aguinaldo's leadership of the First Philippine
Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902. Macario Sakay revived
the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both
considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents". Along with Bonifacio, Malvar
and Sakay are not recognized as presidents by the Philippine government. [36][37]
Emilio Aguinaldo is officially recognized as the first president of the Philippines, but this
is based on his term of office during the Malolos Republic, later known as the First
Philippine Republic. Prior to this Aguinaldo had held the presidency of several
revolutionary governments which are not counted in the succession of Philippine
republics.
Manuel L. Quezon delegated his presidential duties to José Abad Santos, the then
Chief Justice, when the former fled the Philippines amidst Japanese occupation of the
islands to establish a government-in-exile. He is believed to have in effect become the
acting president of the Philippine Commonwealth though no legal document has been
retrieved detailing the official transfer of the title of President to Abad Santos. [38]
List[edit]
Term
Vice
Portrait Name Party Preside Government
Lifespan
Took Left nt
office office

March
Andres 22,
Bonifacio August Sovereign
None 24, 1897[m] None Tagalog
(1863– or
1897) 1896[l] May 10, Nation
[34][39][40][41]

1897[n]

March Novemb Tejeros

22, er 1, revolutionary
1897[o] 1897[p] government

Novemb Decemb
Republic of
Emilio er 2, er 14,
Biak-na-Bato
Aguinald 1897[q] 1897[r]
Mariano
o None
Trias
(1869–
1964) May 24, June 23, Dictatorial
1898 1898 [s] Government

January Revolutionar
June 23,
23, y
1898 [t][42]
1899[u] Government
Francisc
o Central
Makabul April May 19,
None None Executive
os 17, 1898 1898[v]
Committee
(1871 –
1922)

Miguel
Malvar April
April 1, First
(1865– None 16, None[b]
1901 [w]
Republic
1911) 1902[x]
[43]

Macario
Sakay Katipunan Francisc
May 6, July 14, Tagalog
(1870– (holdout/reviv o
1902 [y]
1906[z]
Republic
1907) al) Carreón
[44][45][46]
 José
Abad
Santos Independen March May 2, Commonwea
None
(1886 – t 17, 1942 1942 lth
1942)
[38]

Jorge KALIBAPI
Bartolom Association Philippine
January October
e Vargas for Service to None Executive
23, 1942 14, 1943
(1890– the New Commission
1980) Philippines

Arturo Kilusang
Tolentin Bagong
o July 6, July 8, Fourth
Lipunan None
(1910 – 1986[aa] 1986 Republic
New Society
2004)
[47][48] Movement

Timeline[edit]
Notes[edit]
1. ^ The president has three official residences, with the Malacañang
Palace Complex as the principal abode and workplace. [1] The others
are Mansion House in Baguio, the official summer residence,
[2]
 and Malacañang sa Sugbo (Malacañang of Cebu), the official
residence in Cebu.[3]
2. ^ Jump up to:a b In chronological order, the presidents started with
Manuel L. Quezon,[8] who was then succeeded by Sergio Osmeña as
the second president,[9] until the recognition of Emilio Aguinaldo [10] and
José P. Laurel's[11] presidencies in the 1960s.[subnote 1][subnote 2] With Aguinaldo
as the first president and Laurel as the third, Quezon and Osmeña are
thus listed as the second and the fourth, respectively. [4][18]
3. ^ Emilio Aguinaldo, the official first president, was elected by
the Malolos Congress and not by popular vote.[21][22]

Subnotes

1. ^ The Malolos Republic, an independent revolutionary state that is

actually the first constitutional republic in Asia,[12][13] remained
unrecognized by any country [14][15] until the Philippines acknowledged
the government as its predecessor,[16] which it also calls the First
Philippine Republic.[12][10][17] Aguinaldo was consequently counted as the
country's first president.[7][10]
2. ^ The Second Republic was later declared by the Supreme Court of
the Philippines as a de facto, illegitimate government on September
17, 1945.[11] Its laws were considered null and void;[4][11] despite this,
Laurel was included in the official roster of Philippine presidents in the
1960s.[11]

Other notes

1. ^ Term started at the inauguration of the First Republic, and ended

with Aguinaldo's capture in Palanan.
2. ^ Jump up to:a b c d The constitution at this time did not create an office
of the vice president.
3. ^ Executive authority was held by American Governors-General; from
July 1, 1901, to July 1, 1902, the civil and military governor served
concurrently.
4. ^ Appointed by the president of the United States, with advice and
consent of the United States Senate.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b c Died in office.
 6. ^ Term started with the inauguration of the Second Republic, and
ended with Laurel's declaration of its dissolution.
7. ^ Jump up to:a b c The constitution at this time did not mandate a
selection of a new vice president after the erstwhile vice president
becomes president.
8. ^ Ousted after the People Power Revolution, and fled the country
afterwards.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b This was a referendum asking the electorate if the
incumbent president should remain in office.
10. ^ A plebiscite in 1984 approved the recreation of the office of the vice
president, but an election was not called until 1986.
11. ^ Ousted after the Second EDSA Revolution; later declared as
resigned by the Supreme Court.
12. ^ Term began when Bonifacio declared the establishment of
the Tagalog Republic.
13. ^ Term ended after the Tejeros Convention.
14. ^ Executed for treason by Aguinaldo's government; Bonifacio did not
recognize its validity and still acted as president.
15. ^ Term was established at the Tejeros Convention; Aguinaldo took his
oath of office the day after (March 23), but did not fully assume the
office until late April 1897.
16. ^ Term ended with the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
17. ^ Term began after the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
18. ^ Term ended when Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
19. ^ Term ended when Aguinaldo shifted from dictatorial to revolutionary
government.
20. ^ Term began with the
[http://www.pangulo.ph/prexy_efa.php declaration of a revolutionary
government replacing the dictatorship.
21. ^ Term ended with the inauguration of the First Philippine Republic.
22. ^ Term ended upon the return of Aguinaldo, who established a
dictatorship.
23. ^ Term began when Malvar presumptively assumed the presidency
after the capture of Aguinaldo.
24. ^ Term ended when Malvar surrendered in Batangas.
25. ^ Term began when Sakay declared the establishment of the Tagalog
Republic (in the tradition of Bonifacio instead of Aguinaldo).
26. ^ Term ended when Sakay surrendered as part of an amnesty; he was
executed a year later.
27. ^ The running-mate of former President Ferdinand Marcos in
the February 1986 presidential election. Proclaimed himself as acting
president in a coup attempt.

References[edit]
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Malacañang Complex, 3 places to visit for a charming date with
history".  News5. TV5. Archived from  the original  on June 30, 2016.
Retrieved June 22, 2016.
2. ^ "Mansion House".  Presidential Museum and Library.  Presidential
Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office.
Retrieved June 20, 2016.
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president's official residence in Cebu".  GMA News and Public Affairs.
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4. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h "The Executive Branch". Official
Gazette. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic
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5. ^ Jump up to:a b PCDSPO 2015, pp. 62–64
6. ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines".  Official
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7. ^ Jump up to:a b Tucker 2009, p. 8
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Address of President Quezon".  Official Gazette.  Presidential
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Retrieved July 22, 2016.
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2010). "Macapagal legacy casts shadow on today's issues".  The
Philippine Star. Retrieved  July 22,  2016.
11. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Staff writer(s) (October 14, 2015). "Second
Philippine Republic".  Presidential Museum and Library.  Presidential
Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office.
Archived from  the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved  July 6,  2016.
12. ^ Jump up to:a b c Staff writer(s) (September 7, 2012). "The First
Philippine Republic".  National Historical Commission of the
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13. ^ "Araw ng Republikang Filipino, 1899" [Philippine Republic Day,
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20. ^ "The Commonwealth of the Philippines". Official
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Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office.
Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved  June
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23. ^ Jose, Ricardo T. (1997). Afterword.  His Excellency Jose P. Laurel,
President of the Second Philippine Republic: Speeches, Messages
and Statements, October 14, 1943 to December 19, 1944. By Laurel,
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referring to Note 41 at p.61, citing Guerrero, Encarnacion & Villegas);
^ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998, pp. 26, "Formation of a
revolutionary government"; ^ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998,
pp. M1 135 (in "Document G", Account of Mr. Bricco Brigado Pantos).
31. ^ Halili & Halili 2004, pp. 138–139.
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president, GMA News.
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Revolution, Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People, vol.  5,
Asia Publishing Company Limited, ISBN 962-258-228-1.
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Works cited[edit]
 Agoncillo, Teodoro A.; Guerrero, Milagros C. (1970).  History of the Filipino
People  (3rd ed.). Malaya Books.
 Chandler, David Porter; Steinberg, David Joel (1987).  In Search of
Southeast Asia: A Modern History  (Revised ed.). University of Hawaii
Press. ISBN 0-8248-1110-0.
 Guevara, Sulpicio, ed. (2005) [1898].  The laws of the first Philippine
Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899. Compiled, edited, and
translated into English by Sulpicio Guevara. Manila: National Historical
Institute  (published 1972).  ISBN  971-538-055-7  – via University of
Michigan Library.
 Philippine Electoral Almanac  (PDF)  (Revised and expanded ed.).
Manila: Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning
Office. 2015. ISBN 978-971-95551-6-2 – via Internet Archive.
 Tucker, Spencer, ed. (2009).  The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American
and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History.
Vol. 1 (Illustrated  ed.). ABC-CLIO.  ISBN  978-1-85109-951-1.

External links[edit]

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 Philippines at worldstatesmen.org+

ppines
of the Philippines

esidents and vice presidents of the Philippines

Asian countries
Categories: 
 Lists of national presidents
 Lists of political office-holders in the Philippines
 Lists of presidents of the Philippines
 Unofficial Presidents of the Philippines
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 This page was last edited on 11 August 2022, at 04:09 (UTC).
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