bork ayt/ Ose of — Losteckion of. Semtiny and puxpore Dela. organtiation and deduction of Data.. J Konclusion/ < — AAnalyais o Tnfeunee / ode t dny entire Calbition of objects, finite tn number dn cp apes _tontend Cpuxpose) that vor tangobl and be otuably or wat east tobelled for identification “easly vas the first, second. cand 4000, the Nth membu of the tatality caith known N, that ds Yénite, sgonstitudes whab we mean by survey population wie danote Lt by Us {i 2nuN p07 {Ur/ Vary Unb We can also call it by Lniverse, The population tp be sampled (called the sam By . Sampled population shauld tninelde saith the popitation about ihis For eupy sample “6° of U aut of the Sef 2 ( ample $a) of -all- possible Auch samples Bm HOd0 and F et se > The datality of {s.poop. ¥se0 ts abled a sampling Design. o7 just Design J If so the Sampling it cabled 'equi- probability ‘sampling An appropriate proaduse fallocaing which it is possible fe attra “apie according £0 a pian sampling “dus from the tabbity of at “pouthhe sample sin 2 gia sonteat for 2. giwn aurvy population U, ds alts a. bompling bsheme a Result Sade Rael al 2 pat If the number of possible samples in Ot Shite, given a. Aioelg dag Pie 4 ie (6, pla). ¥5e2. “jh ds abvsaye ponthte to actually Implement the sekion o i 7 bate ‘sampling ashame for seiting §) 80 ee fpredduxmined sdlukion probabity P(O de talfied ee bet of eesths comptes + «gg dre 1m ‘aes in 1 be M finite) 1 tach poset er te ym te sp sespectve probabilities au, tay, pp ae jad bg pion sang ah ye may be nated that p. te proper frackons cath F fot estan aleraye chesse a super . we cash of 4 Auffcientty Sarge number T Tp, + Te (40g) 0 posite sintge with + tt us Abe 27 OT at ag we 0ee0> oT, te Le I, “as Ltd, and son, ¢, + Now using andom number tab, oy com ft to it De han aabisays Select 2. sandom Je fe 7 ith equal roast me 1 dh ous fix Ahn orale for srhetin Sb pa Saat LT tar at of tn 1M. df the sebeted sandom number 1d Oj] the Aample Labetud f. te. (6) ds cele! Tk may be nated. that few that saith Scheme of éelution Pls; ds sete] - Plo, r< aj] OP on fy as Ber MT Tyre op. ae teh, As specified by the sampling dsign E Thus we su that if the number of poscible damphs Sab finite and a Aarpling dusinn (6, plo). + 56.2 de gun, then using this information, it de aluays possible fo davdap a sale of selection of S 0 thot its Aladin Probably (p63) 8 specified Jn sampling dein sis sualizeltthaugh theaubally torah, thi meted i nal pracienhle because of the hassle it dnvolves Instead it de posstthh fo wlanise an opprepeite procudase faltouaing which it és much easiee * he joan f ‘Any auch procudune Js ealtd “sampling scheme” e. Evy well aifired sampling Aakeme when faltosed, 2. happens fo be Selcfed ond itt cule probability toy’ be aledated and. hone ond i Ausign happens do be specified a es id Thee ds a one do one Carespondance bebweun a. sampling soheme and a samy ona a. sample 4 07 48 has bein hose from U, dt db spud Sunny she units there ds fo asentain the values of the vexiable(@) of snteust tupedtiody astumed on these units The susie Jn the suicrey data may be denoted as 2 flee dae ee dn Mie Nigro eg fon a {at yliest} ide shalt denate che sample values as 4,4, ones ese have She Sample obsevaone fir. Yoo fy ie nad to ducielon rads based. on the sample values that dou pres enaugh co howe an a, aganding she fommele of intenst on Thus, ou problems seduce 0 ing of a Mood sample isso that b. tinn geod, anmple, Augguting Autsion snckt er sin gh fo have an “the sugandang faramctes of Jateust “th: _ psa ao “pass uel fori Af ob od sith) _ nud a balidin §, pct ot hon robtims sat a owed ptt ‘somphe alled an echinate da estimator thus defined ie eat a paint esti tpt dl tne a ruumbee, which le geomebrialty 0. prin! on the teal AineDikoustion Give popsaton Vand, a sampling design, Aiffount possible samples and thelr respective probabiitis oie nown se 6 be the parameter of stuart sand T be dhe pan estimator. Lak, Py be the probability of Aelecing a. kample 4r ‘os known from the gin sampling design Then T doles 0 value T(Sy- 4p)» ty (say) cath prbobility P,- Thus, T(s-4) ts a random variable thraugh LES componente Azquscton on Error : Aine estimate 2f 0 ts based on sample values only, ome margin of ekax i unavatdahbe We ceannat fordilt how Laxge an exxar call be present in can estimate in any Specifie “Aituakion, for this coauth eguire a Rnowhdge of che trae value of the population (parameten, Tnuduad., the preaton of a. sampling proadune ie fudged by ining the puypuncy distribution generated for the estimate «if the procedane de sapped again and ‘again do the some population NOTE: From the Aixtribudion, tse stan get te mean of T ie ¥f; values, b= 10M. lassieal Tnfence Tt de astumed Jhat the sample Zs chosen from a population owing same diitrcbution of known ‘mathematzal form exit for cutain population posamdens a © a parpli fe vatrematioal form of the po - ered: The ara! SE Mhlein attain fe aistribuon jy MMAd be eserdbed ag mod jostle foe LOI Ar ie tte, pap measwerens OO aay Bega 1 song en F oe lake a Se te at (aap) : ee i run aaa ae sampled fc Mealy dea 2h te an te sttataing infounee abeut eration on "asp of Atcvey ines A Jn many Aitualfons, the ese in the Aya Hoot of the sample ain, TE. Non- Sampling Error 2 Bee prowang Yat esly proportional: to wat the stages of b Lammon te beth enumeiations ond sample sey AL. Tt ds Sthely to be more in ease of compute enumerate gee f compte enumeration wd The behautaux of non- samplin sin sample Aize i Ukely ‘te sampling ones. exnar iaith the increase coffee to shat ofAampling Errore h the valuation dn sampling omar ti Aubtlantit caith the initial Jnowase Jn sample Aize, it becomes marginal after a utain tage onsidirably greater effort Le nuded. “offer xtain stage do ducnase the samphing 5 oxet : Hence after that stage — § eae | in tost wan be achieud 2 by Lowering een Abiphtly ena 5 yew the precision reqptred- Aitualions it ds quite pessthte that the ron ertor sin Lomplate enumeration survey tb Aampling Errors frais can acon at wey Atage of Alanning Non sambbin sand exciton of eneus 27 Aucvey Lorvesponding to the three ae Srl bday, be slanigig 2 of ensue or sun, A Specification ockaxs (Manning) 8. Ascutainment oars (fide srk) ©. Tabulabion Errore i. Baba. speifiation being sn sad ort de ‘ili fa a te of tt sg a” ne to inpreete AP 1004 thon pg ie, Snonpi Gf eumentin ite 9» faulty meteds Ina ae thik mba +t wane of sntevies, se rations an dak of Sain NC Steir te sicattte lnvotved in 0 fe fictual data eatuaton recall ettax and eth yy. ; Poa Pe of exare in fans of Ww a adiquale sntbedion and Atbeeviion iy Tnaduypae oaing of che baie ate Errors in dota. procusing opeations such as vedfieation, Sobuilation ote wo Eee gore ig rtan and pring of being wi) charasheriz at “gd 0: parameter of Intec Pa (Sere) + TH IDM ls the sampling design T be dhe proposed. extinator for 6 Then, €= 7-6 o ervor dn estimating 0 hy T. If 2 sample Sy ois sduted, T takes a value T (Srey) = ty (cay) caith probability fy. Thus, e alte becomes a sandom variable ciith o distribution, as e takes values (tr -6) cnith probabittty p,dntess then is a einsus, no estimator tan have Zero ertor for wey sam| To ifine measur fo tontral che exxor in estimation A good eatimator shauld have it error appre eontraltd. Any sample that yids an ettimator ith its error ab propadately onda ont Glh be Accepted. Las good. sample LA Ey Aunts he ebualer +f Inking expecain en ae ae taking expectation cart Pa (SrPp) T=10M Then, “ EpO- > trp, ts Lt us difine, Bp (1) = Ep (t-0). > Mean error /at the ence ae etimaking 0 Tas i in stallad sinkiased echimabor of @ Sf E4(t) Gon 8 (T) +0. Note A) Bp(T)= 0 te a stirable ciitaion of a goat eatimator 8 An estimator T whith Fis unbiased ert: tome 4 ‘dusign PB may nat be bised 074+ some “iil Acenpling odletgit K = Effedive samph ate 8 + Aducted sam onside: - fotlcsing AaMing pee $f Sey Af $*(2,) Pt 2 A HS (2a) i dt Ep and Eq respectively dunote ees ap ee sampling isiyn Pond Petatin of raha Lomputaton of E42) Epa = Ft Kea S$, HO =valusef etinate FO) 400. bo) {rap % OG) '" Hg (ny) {23} 3/2 Oat %) a Y Oren) 23} a nthe 4 {L723} % %) FOr een) nT) + Siem) + COve + BO enon) 4 = 344 68 Be SA caae wey,| | ie T ds nat unbiased for ¥. Lompubaton of (0) E(t) = Xt) pO. a Statue ef etinabr €6). 9 HHO qua} HO) wm 0%) faa} %) Ys, ee *%) {uz} % (4%) Ys (neh). Eg(D= 2 t@) po. 2 AG) 1%) #0) a = WyeyTETY ie. Tus an unbiased. estimator of Y. The qpality of eatimation of any parameee dipends not only om hala of T but salto on the sampling A pair of design P sand estimator T te oattad sampli poop re yrs “ Define, Mp(T) : Mean Squaee Error (MSE) of T = Ep(T-0)° ond this value shows hows much deviated. the estimator vis from the desired. population poramee.. This de a measure of saeourany of T for estimating 9 yr Aas docsre putes Pe Bab amas a that the darian] TBE volun, fist add up to gt a malt SHS Of trang ee jana of T » yo fT ELT. hoop yes She MeDBIe of rece ais ge 1 Preion of 7 for estimating 0 Tus AP UMbiased eakinadey wots. oT MSEOLT. This a ga ‘ees Variance sain wide. precsiont and 6. Henee, (pin He Auffix denotes the sampling asin) gesalt MPCD* WOOT) + BE cy span: PCT)» p(T 09" * ERATE + p01) -0f" "EAT Bens Bengt TERT: EMC's BE cr) + 2. BK) Epdr- a} pe = Vel +B. proved 38, eituias of 2 Howl. Estimator 1 Th an smblated abinator fora bbatein fxn 9 Then, Bp(T)= 0 and Mp(T) = Up (r) G0) = Mandard devision 7 ison manad bo was" standard. etxor'of T. Now. Mp(T) = Vp(T) + Bp(t) = & {t)-of PO. Ak us thoose an asbitony no. h.nm 7 ee vpcrn + Bp ZH of pl = FI (to-9) plo) + FJ H-2F peo s[t@-01k teats > T {to-of'pe S:Ht@-012 > RZbO S140 -0)>k = RPL IT-o1 > Ry Vp (1) + Bp (1) oe Eo P fir- e {iT-01 yk} = Ie Pfit-ole} > P{itolek} % I~ er)» BrOD re S proattty of amnitng abeaae nore Note dhat, probability on eft Ald should be was high as pestle Y small ftud k for T to be a good ectimator This fast was demonstratid by Neyman I (1034) .2s the version of Dhchysor’ inequality ” in che context of Aunvey sampling The random dntecwl [t(s)-k, #© +k] Called Lonfidunce Tntervol, toves the unknown paramele 6 caith a Prebahility cats as high 08 [4 SOB fin k Laie Note: [40)-k, 10 +k] dneludes @ anit igh Probability ond. tower: variance and bias bo, a paint estimator T for 6 which ib either unblased or has Amal numerical bias wand .a variance that small and if possible the ast in magnitude may be acelaimed 08 0. good estimator. ainteast prousyy, teva dane ides a a oly obi Ral etimaton of g gt ah ood. estimabor is basal op scion ill ‘now for a ® gisen sampling sa compare £130 Samp, 20 PE bayend hit Araigta, say (p,.7,) Ee (BT) Mek he at of sc iigap. (Wo 10 choo dhe gt s ap eggecee Coe i al einatr (fora. gun effete 7 ote 1 for ecimaing 0. epalation a gan 1 ae Inaeggy “ote the MSE, high dhe the estimator T, i said do be more fiat thakn T, f MsE(T) < MSE(T,) 4 Gelatin ginny gulalive ofctinny of T, a5 tompand fo Ty i giaun by c= CUMS) se (ny 1/MsE(t.) MSE (1) nate: If Te more ffcint, then E> ¢ # fost Effin, Tf CCK) and C(%) speindy be che oot of Auaiey peations Leading te T, and 1, then ost offcienay Tas ceompassd. do Ty plan by M(t). C(h) . M(n). (1) = M de MSE.Puucition of an estimator T, for estimat ing 0 poptilation poamde 0 ie given by 1 mm The eakimator T, is said to be more precise than Te ff v(t) < V(t) # Relative precision ta Uw akive precision of Ty a5 tompand to Tp db Relatioe p f posed. 7) Tf Relative preciion > 1, then precision of T, > preision of 7, Trelusion Pxobabilit Tutt now we have diseussed obauk probability pO) of selecting a. sample aut of the Lit of samples’ in D. Auppose, U= {1,2,3} {sveduth, Serfers}, so-{uspp -a Note: A posticulas population unit may be thee Jn me tay hf frst population unit Gl, may be present ta numba. of samphs of 0 Gun dintoust may be to the probabilit chat 0 phe peadn: deat of oil Te ap ond tard ond me Py Pt et te sa “5 pe) and. Semel anit oP { bath Var Up ne its} “Zhe soa ion probability i Note! Inebusi i 14 ll bend on Aampling diy, in Reprnttion ossie ne |S: S2%P}ULS: 53 = bat Uf5:82 nether one py Tap 118590 tna There 7 peo) FLLEs9 I] + Plot akan py, # [{s9p ka mead] « pfs 5 Drath nor] [They madly exe] Pte Mert MeN) * (pT Tg & Tp * Ta tT *Tacge -1 Exam} ese U*41,2.3,4,5} sand sampling ghar ae a = 0.2, for ee a, 70% for S fas} = 0.2, for $= ua} = 0.3, for $= {1.4} = 0, othoatbe2064044 05. a5, +05. OF Et pete Shel Ebina]. $y Then from The = Pf Un (selcked, a5 a sample unit f ~~ == Po. Ex: T= X Pl) = Pf sdecting {1,3,5} ufiap] “29% °F 06 Ainilaly, Ty = 0.240.204 Th = 0.21403 +5 Ty = 0.2403 * 05, Ty = 0.2 +03 +055 (ucond ord ‘Aimilasly «from Tag = P {bath Un, Up tre Aereted as sample unite} = Z PG. P Ta = Z pO=0 Ts * z,ho = p{ selecting {u3.5}}- 08 Tn dhe same cay. the ather second ordue sinolusion probability can be cabeulated. Lt m0) be the opuctive sample Atte = no. of Aiibck arite | uns. Also, for this sampling sign n(s) ean take the values 2 and 3 with respective probability 0.5 .and 0.5. | Then, Ep[n()] = 2x05 + 3x05 = 2.5 za TeePy settee SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING. ine, af we eonducing a plloh unr ov atheiale, of ope iidat iuagen do boos dat the population dundix Shady it more or lass omagenaus, (qites more cr fuss same Valus) ort the character under study, Then, ce can Selick units from—vany-park from pat of the population , undetthady caith equal probability |S ahooce a. sample of susired Aize Simple Random Sampling oan be difined in fuse bread ways Se Lonsidix 0. population Us {,2,..,N} oF {U,-Usr- Unf Of Atte N which is homogeneans wrt: the study vorzable, Sey 9 £4, Y_ be the value of y for ccth population unit bie want to deow a sample of Aize n, 4) afore deausing a second unit the firt choon unit is (.08 tf} replawd bask nto the population LD Arausings au Independant 42) Any fostiulan population unit can opbaoe any number of times in the sample (en) 1) buch 0 Atheme is applicable chen the poputahio is more or ass homogeneous usr4- the 2 oat. | wundie study and the population sive bs suipecenty 8 if pi SS Because if itt smatt, there adil be mi itt ) of population untte En samptc cohah ip Lette pine pee is undesirable BEC OO —— its may be hosen from 5 sagt th a re per 24 fuk weU, p aprons 20 7% doa} sh¥sen Prpulation vi) The pumbee of possible 4ampls und, srewe fey aampbig BBY SHO Le cen vay tbe BH he vale ge lon =n FY for 2th chosen aanty Spolusion ft ordoe Snelusion probability : Thy = P {son} Lg Az be the cuant that apbears at the tip Then, The * PCALUAzU..UAp) ~ PMA. O45 J C84. Mangas theorem] DAR). 1-P(AP NAS TEPC) Cals a tien i 7 Gy nd aa tin 2° onda ddan probity Ty « Pfs 3.,p) Trap * Tet Tp + Tepe ~ P p+ Mate ~tatenafivdy Jf A and B ssuspectively anode the events that [534] and [538]. Then, Tag = P(AN8) = pictues} = Ie P(ATUBS) st {P(A + PT PCA} Senne ," {GY (868) 2)"] nto a Ot (Me Purpose is fo estimate F-L3y or, epuivabinty, population tafol , «$y, Auggested estimator for population mean ample mean (mean fer unit ecbimator) : T= £34, ae iain: Fie unbiased ectimator of J. For SRSWR, 4; tan dake value Y saith — probability 4 x Hena, ¥ o= 1C))n, s Cy) = Zomede ¥, EDK IZEGD) on Thus, sundix SRSUOR, tambls mean is unbiased. tatimater of population mean om ( gett Vox we sped Ds Yon (LF 4) oa mf Lvs Er lg} -12 EMG) Petoriqiyyeg es tasaing 1S ae arate . wndipencint noes, C4) = Efi - Ea eX Ory = Oy whew oF: pobutatin Varfonee Vee D Then. for BE vy, vege, Vary GD hE «ne. gt is wie Note: If sample Alte ts, standard oor fe bud afte. tain palit it doesn't peut: ECS) 4°» bamile mean sqpare HEG DT Pr Erna} ELE Cy gh) “ef Eat ag") +E egy) -neg Ms. {via *€*Ga}.- nf veg) + XG) [oer] - 2.74} IMsSerre eoreo gece eevee eer eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeaeeE ra 7 Bin (Ok) nd hens, ECra) » 2 EEN = (nee P for ce ( 4 aa get qs, OD? BE Ya FC) nes z | ebb Gg. What i sunbinsed, etimator of prpudation total] dns. db $= Ya be Ste rain dat Jain cat the ebinabr TH NG RE Hi Now, ems MF ely) eM e NT Fe = § (pop teal) Bo, E(t) =S* indicates that T ds an wunhiased echimabor of 6. Now, V(r) = v(Ng) Note that J ann be canton as g = 13 x, y, i Yee Populafen sani’ ; Ta i Nevef Himes Ye Apfentsin the seated, sample of size n 2ae- Etat Tn case of SRSU0R, selon of 1 Sample uni stontidiad. as n Sndupendint eee Hach Lrial th suit ean be selec a. suse) watth probability Land dt oe call it foreach drial ‘maine conetant Note——————-_—‘i—OT—— TT SO ment_(SRSWoR) i ig Hitant So dion Pbk Tr imple Random Sampling itn BREE) vay Teas al anna, die snk aloes mt as (as iy 18 ord. a ©) Refore the see0 z i oe replad back to the populate > not ae rok dndipendant = rib Ay i) Beasaings is applicable when the population ds a F PoAy)« ier ee BD Auwh a fe = api wrt. the character under rr a ae Seaiiae ae od og ri "kplan bite ts modirabe Abudy doa, 3 Alternative Approach | - be chosen jfrom She population «sith e dent mcnag Te * FPO + [# samp eshee 3 present} - @) any Net For Pata & -appeats cat the th duos _ () ie Lb A; be She mJ Nous, Pf a appears at the firct Aras} = 1. ) | Pfc appease af the ond aus} PLA Ay} Net é, 4 ord dus probity 1 i saat, Top * P{ans} Pfc appeoe in he ath daass} © PLAS nAs n Mp May} ak = NAN? Need NIC) W ra tere 7B. BL, ate A nk 8 sepa cee \) Number of possible samples in seswor Drawing units from N unite = (), or Np, spending on vasions of Bamps ie Sgnasing ondix or stonsiducing ordur. | | | TH FTA IK @ =10)N, she cna that 83% ands >p or LL vi) Aompling dustgn HO ae meAuppese oun punpese te to established. J « £S Ye or eyaivalintty, population fatal , ¥ = z You Auggested. tsbimator: Sample mean J ~ bu coho ye ds the value of y for ith sdactah “sample unit lai: | is unbiased for etimading 7 tha fs an ake value Yt probly Here, E(y.) = z Ne te Y. EH) = a{E eq} = o£. (n¥) = ¥. Thus, 7 is an unbiased etimator of J. Approach _{ Nate that yz oan take valu Ya Here Qos 2 Ye #-Y eg B lego} gone 7 Gf © sabtegd, ebay of. 7. Note drat Fo pF ye = RZ MLO Tals fe jh $00 Ail Peds Te Jo EG) * £E Ye Elta} ses me thin zie ast.’ Voor D+ Gay4 My Ey) Vigor FH) * Visog | F Para} “wLE vy EE BE ij New VO EL - Egan Get} Zw, = Fy ashe of te Pepin vsioner Now, ported) = LG Dy, 3 Dye beg 7H) tan take vats (.-¥) (% <3) PLC = Yd ACY; = my} Bere Nowy ci seovlgirds) = 1G. - Dy, -p} 3 Zz CO -) (% -9). 4 ca qr 7 [{£o.-ny- = font} Niwa Zo] Hens. from Vow = Lf F vey) EE On(y.4)} is ee :“ne nin). tf 3 N-r ranch 2 (way. jopiunw. no. peeneereae + (4), Sw vas LEW virco rE Yep or (Ta(9.tp0)] = (Nn . =i : a 2)¢ PLE coy es seria ods EG Gye corer (5 4)4 ee cor 87) = EG)-ECeEU) SEB fe Re sampling frat oe Seely ake =] ALE tee) nen wr] 1) The quantity (N=@) or (I-f) us caltad finite population 2. Neon a LEM TE ak) - ge 54] tarsution factor (f.p.e). D If f de small, ve dn case nde Aignifican fein: cyl ae ollie aed Agnored. ii) Tn Shot ease We cont get @ much differsnes belisen low as tan be | Visor 224. Vase 4). Visor Sans Bett Vigo = Vin Sf 270 If MN, dher Viggg > 0, but Vigg > &ee Result E(8"*) = 4°: ample mean sypare A> foputation mean syvare Proof Ef(n-1) 4} v ef Ey! - ng*} ZE(ye) - nEGG") Elvcqo «eyap - fee} Elev pn] aed + 7 ene - Ng Not = NO Bo. (ne) ot | e{stpe at Hente, Visog (HI = (4-4) 4 | etimated population ctatal | Purpose: Eatimate population otal > NF = $y. hI: Ni unkind eainatr for ng Pret: E (Ng) = NEC) MELEE a | “NF ey » Maye ny NG ds unbiased ecimator of RB Ny. News VUNG) = NS VG) © NY Het gt, AER ge (atth 2 compl drawn ree wing” SRst9R (seston) Auppose Ot have a Hite popudation of Aize N (nnowon eee cre es wa. sustain shanadle 4 (ud posse the -aharacte 4.4 sist (NN) donot or exam, tn 8 Heung som « cea pai day AT of 1200 heures, Then the propertin of units or datas 7 aoe als pseessing pow Nene dnd, N-N, = N-N op 7 NCP) = Np (aay Empat To abate (enn Ne 3813s han Sa i ay conliiog Se S809 scheme seen touen Li ts thre, a0 lieder voable 4 on dhe ani, tae population Ge hy 4 and hene, an unbiased estimator of vax nah nd Pgs ot] we Cp) cad be 2S ot me PFET vats (p= £] n Aine in case of Sesion, ECs) = 8 tn unbiased. estimator of Varisoe (p) cat be Vom ison CH) sep 2 kbs OD RE [eas they1. stage we mast im Tr any suavey work , at Some shag fase t. Esinalig “nth Jud (gun) uae abana error _of estimate telat “ducide’ baud 0, the sample Aize afm leads to Warlage 1-f ALSO] fr Are a ¥ 4. Tn ase information db needed for anfain Aubdtations «For ax oud. ecimalor T, we nak smalt Yp (2 cout af she population each auh-aliaion may be dread 2 Bec) oe a epullon et ee b. Adminstrabie eonvinives, Aamplg fame may be ‘puutlabhe in the form of Aubfames” for diffeunt rep Zons oy aon. = (qo kya for sasia0n a sunny orgontzabions thay have aiffnt fet. of ta ( : ; Rd sspaant zones is ohh She cunt fae ffs and ods fad for a gisen population: ny May be inched [so we sinemase sample ize by n Ven (9) = 22, for srsnr 4, Aampling probleme may diffe. markedly tn pp don batts, psa Thus in 6R6 he only cay to kop the estimation exrar inahtube (eg. hosts, haypitls, pri ole ral ie Bo date te roof ast or vin a iffecnt Isaks fora te nao ae ible ive tease a Aifeant atproadh de adhe y a Sh apprepriale for She dose augments ae | Pashto 5 dang sry cont 5. Atraiffeation may produce a. gain dn pres ‘atimabor of the ‘abs ate oe ee Of Se chal popts© In on axa survey, the eshalr region may be ditty inte tsoatal sapiens, Mains, hilly repéons ee 7. The udail stores in a be diated wrt the Aypes of products sald or talal Value of sales tn a dyads suvey Sck-up ond Deseription of Atratified Random Samy onside a. population of Alze N which is nat wat oy homogeneous [ie: of i sulabily Sarge] Uf ee ase SRF» probability of ging a Aare sontitng of Aimtlox values (bad sample). caill be Same 0s that of getting a sample shal! contains a vesiely of vatuug (A good sample) [Tits means, PCgdtng gout amp) « gig bad sarptyy + SRS cai not olvsays provide 0. good ample tb a bet ive " Sang ene a mt in, modified. Description of the scheme The population Ue {1,20 0, NP be puape split yp nto a Auitahbe eee of ren-ovelatping parts ( Aubobutatons) aauer traf. At ize of the hth stratum be Ny, I im be Ny (> 1) ¥h ene, sa Hick Bn When she Atrata, have ben termined, wa i dean by a. specified. mato from each stratum, the daacsings being made sndlpendenty in diffount strate. [Aiffeant méhods ean be usd to “if sr sae spt fon Lt M,C, = MOL be She ates from the hth stratum, ate £ ample Atte Tf 2 Almple tandem tam the whale procdune fonds ey of he samphe deacon Ze. the tater from each ssratum, am arn NOTATIONS ds tn of abn Nas Ae] AW abate Rete, $y Ny a Was Mes asight of th atrte, Ns fohalaion size Bs Met f° GR Aampligfracon of fh tatu Ye * Value of 4 for eth anit of hth stratum, aN, hevage, PPI Ri for Bh dine, bs ty y= Leuaz. WEN ZI, reat ppt te Population vasienee Pos stratum he, She th gf prune spas of Herta % oe EE One 9)" + ovat poputatin Variance.Aincaly for sample ero ry > ite of de sample sh ip sede it 0 em hth abraion « hth Abratum, y " mae rity AaIOL : tan for hth Stratum, he a «Bt samp mon oe es My i Ais AP gues a) sample me Woe shalt discuss the faltocsing fetus of the stheory of atralified Random sampling 1) Propedies of dhe ettmates from a stratified Aampl, “ay The best shale, of Aampla Ate 1h te obfain maximum prectefn. 4a) Tn at ditasctors it tauld be token for anted that the strata have wabeady been tonstructed and y's Oe known Estimati fon Mean / Tatas | Pro ortion A auggited. ecimator of population mean undis stratified tandem sampling Tay “LENG, = E.Mpg, | Ait cach Abate EMH EM | Pe aah St ie an a ane Ep = ¥. Px Tf NYS or equivalantty» Wks ate known. + This Estimator fs ia i dor ankisd for ppalaton Mean We have, Fe F Wd, ho Te eimale Y St te auftient Go ectimate = J th, he rayy Aine. Ses is employed to Seba : ample ad brat, dag sata of a, “ME fom cach EG) = ye ¥Re helene, th oe ee en, E( 9.) ZMEG) = Fay, q fe “Y—o Note L An ae estimator of Y, che population tatal, és of by Yo * DNA ENE wy GZ a fa NUTONE OH NG oy 2. The Anmple mean ge L$ in gynsal, dowel equal j [Diffeanes is that Fy, combines the eat means (72) or Ge with eo tahouat dhe shat of weights Ane HERE (mye of strata, AHrepaate eights ty, for 3 de snapprepacate] Mt alo tok eguale Gy pri a, a De oy ¥he Mm mein Ny Redan f This implies thal Aamplin fon fr nis im iiling fraction is the same in all dhe Uise of athe estimator 3, demands Nye or equi be noun, which Sea eene ee ‘may not be known tn practice Tn auch a situation, double samp used (beyond che seope of syllabus) for Atratiftaionee ee > Wd d Estimators J Z Wad wand, 7 Cn eg is en in Vor ise (3, Voy a) * Bh SE, ap onewe omplege Sn ch tng toon (Fe SE, if SRSWoR is emplaypd in Mh tach atratum. Veron a) * Eb 1 beh hy 4d Proof Var (fey) = Vox (2 Wy Fy) ig) —coo im ee - et 7 Zz Vax (Gy) + eze Wy Orly 4) - Note t: Vata (Foe) = Varwe (W. Tent Me ag . vo. 4 ia Aamplis ax drawn dndspendintty from each strata, Wee and. Varisoe (Sex) = - Deg alte hej tak Ge poe tenn, | OS tor Fe) = Vong (W. Fe.) — Lo outs ue Vax (se) * z Wy: Vax (Z,) ——— Sn Ainee SRswR/sRSWOR is employed to belch units from . (if | th stratum, ha Verwe Gi) * Band, Note 2: We know that, e ’ EGS") = o*, for seswe Vaxsgoe Gn) = = at, for drei, | tahae B70 LF C.D) db the sample mean sqate 0nd 8° and o aes population mean and vanin | sje Pepualai Ayoam yariance The eskimate of the various as Thus from (is), es L ao bea Vese Fas) = EW B.S yy 2 Weng (a) > Fume Bg we Od 2 We ee gy a Tp cat ine Ea Em ha) dk» Fk (3) syAs siflaed. through wort: the 4 I values in dhe . LE (me FJ th 22 LOTT} im : : ZZ 1 Oe Tal One F) * 2a Ty) a LOM 3 “EZ One Ta + Fh -7yt ga [* 2 One -Fa)=0 ¥ hs abe (¥,- imming wrt] Thus, TSS = Wss+ BS we ¥)* ds wondtant while ta Ee" aod Wesnon (Q) = (RH) (EL). BS akon Ger) =F Wit (- cr . N= rg mi) 4§ —ey Some observations Tes > ws 1. Even affee conshrason of AGREE RO often he a cu, Pepalation dhe vasiane of she eattmate of the pokulalion Ft. Vaoe G) vols eatin Tag, Pate strata, Y In case of sbralifieh sand. of the etimotor of the involve Wes ie. the Atrolifcation sa onselaus effort tn producing an alternate anbiased. eakimator ith a. veatance “aimed cat do be tontrall. ising adrata, one choos a samp of ive n from dhe si oe Se oa “Aadeoan um of yous" (858) pom She" Tabst uum of Aquams (TS). 40 05 to have 2 Jeduadion is she susuiing vaiance of dhe Jeviied. eatimator tather than the eaiginal sRswoR barul mean fer unit exfimater 7 Thus the Atrabifation shawl be 50 implemented hab, 2) The Variate values should be 25 ike as posible among themsdies within each Atratum, shite B, the atrate Artes hasdd be a the as pal siulatire do each ather WSS fo be as tthe as Pendle die do 156 and “matty "ang sat aahiuing BSS at Lege sulabie to 1 as paca ped, Dheaby magritide of vein of the ppnpacte estimator for the pepulation mean.dst Nate that the prestion ef .an eatimator Jn Auperds on Ly the number of abrat. BD Wy And Sh (G') + hich dr tutn spends on Land the onstruston of abrata., > on che paints of atralifeation The Aampling Acheme employed to select samples from each trate: . hair of My ie allosaton of the atal aample Ais n Gian) ove difeunt trata. Abrabified sd -uup a) » Tf we obseve that, the Atrata have been soonstricey and. that the Sampling scheme has bun dudtded., this dakes ta of paints iit We nud fo tonuuntrate on pant (iy) ~ chats of my ALLOCATION OF TOTAL SAMPLE size OVER DIFFERENT ‘STRATA are Cl. De] ae Auppose no abhee information tt availabe What auld be youn Augy aston regarding the altcation? NOTE: Hew, we emplay proportional dlasation Thus, cohen only sample Ais. is provthed cand no other anformation ds available, then we use this method. ols [ge}-—> Yalaes one T “ Nese “AMY hetwogaus, yoo tobe Values ox bose ou amet siete elustered orauAy A seuntral value dong: ™ TNs Js = 100 |er00 |>t00 T ast educate Survey gusvey stott praleion from abreda ih yh vaxcakitiy N=300, n=39 }> Expensive Tn case the Atrata coe more or diss Aimilan ta-rt derogenity » smaliee sepresentation from strata. ca‘th higher seost Proportional Atlocatio Lt the number of strate Lis known. Ny values cane fenown. We denat have ang dfermation sagaedi Tea a ening usual notations, caxite Th Ny My eRNy [hi proprtonalty sentont] n= > Mh k> NM he ne sampling fraction AN. ake a, Tye Ry = BONA = AedvyUndue proportional allacation ise have, MMe mn ofe ee Mee no ff ln jon ds the Aame in This implies that sampling fraction sa ee ates fa ee anaes seal sel etiphing somble Tf rwmenaut estimates howe fo be made « a. elf eighing sample J dime sowing If sRswn ds emplayed to Athst nite from cach atratum, then. Ht ee ae Vodwe (Zep) > z Wh = duc proportional, waltacakion . we wauld have the variance i ae bela Varna Gar)poy * Fe rE Wn ot and the estimator of the variana call be, mE hn Ae Vora Cor) ps ? AE bog? fer Tf SRSWOR ds employed. £0 seluct “tenits from cach Stratum, tha, Merson Gat) * Ei (B= 2) 8% Uindix. proportional allocation, Verner Gad) pop = EMG (d= ag) (Row) EMS The extimator of the vartance vail be Voron (Ase) pop * (R-) Ea Sy” he Cw) Eee Proportional dMttacation * some J The allocation of sample ste over de fata spam ty obrtinl alti gt Et Anmpls’ Aize, fobe known én advance Tt dovsnot dake into .aocaunt the .tost dnvolved sundin She allcalon hich of couse. 3 an T= Re Mp Hence. £i = Let & La ChNy) hei Pi eoe RE Dy Ny aw eke we Z LnNy fe Thus, Tekno mys (S40) y, oy & nN Wehave 0 modified e: Law of = “S738 proportional ee leat Pe after onsidaing cost Aumming bath aides of (, ove h=ICi)L, we have, bye & [gfe fa eee Ele ae : +N. (S24) . ec 2 (Filed. $4 —a Assuming SRSWR from each strate. we have undix proportional allacation, Vatu Gaprep AZ by ge 1 /k 2 we Ase) prep = 6 Z Wao sx (Em) (2044) When srswor ds emplayed in each strata, Venue Clapp = (RK) Zt sf a, (Zoom) (E Optimum AUocation To allacale sample Aix. ny’s ove diffuint Atrata 40 was do have maximum gain. One cay could be to minimise the variance of the extimator cord: nye Tf SRSWOR de used $o seed suite from each stratum, ae hase, Vorsson (Zar) * E Wh (a ¥) Now global minimisation of the above vasiana wrt ny’s doosnat yidd 2 non-frluial sabubon Hse dt may be nated that while dealing ‘th the allocation problem ox peter seost aspett (practical xequirement for ny Aunvy 107 Thuafore, in ordan to get no Tcl itt minndatinfechniqpies ose ome standard eonditonal minimisalin 1 To minimise che vines of he estimator for & 7" Aample Aig n. = 2 To minimise Hhe ventana of the nal, seonctrint that cost of Aunvey ls ful SS WD, To minimise soost of Aunvey -undix the OOBTET ys the vartance ae cabanas foo At 4 We -tomuld take va. aimplified vasion of seost pune ' a estes F oym | LaseiT + L (known) number of strata hove ban onttructed Ny values axe known Lit ated a re 2 Vetyon (Fe 2 © MESS Wns) 4 SRSWOR ts employed. for adbsting unit from cach Verner Getdope * 2 Bm), Atrodum . ie 0 4 F . RUS, a a Total somple Alpe Zs giaun as 1 (hnow ee (b ca We want ngs which minimises omens fe Eos Veter ee) “E(B @ SEE UConn of na acne subjest fo the condition, 2 eluate a es —- t RSWWOR te em| for elucking unite from Emon Atratum. Veet 4 from cach We wonsidex the function, a fost of Autry is pad at soy A ‘ . : . r(E- he . We want optimum allacation by min‘ 7 EM (mate 8Eeng Ee " Se Haw te doant nye Which minindier Yok ang (Gop Ema ie Om) jows iffetantiaging pastalty rt my. for h=11). and . eo ak, aS, Peale ieee ne subjet So he anton e-25 F tym | = WS Ly sage tas | 7p == . ° | | We considar She Junction, ‘ 1) ory | Sut (ede) sh + Cea Etat 2) oe Em (aw) ss ‘5 weonstant- tohen As the Lagrange’ for he t(at and sw ply nt al opal bn$r_ vin } E Tp Tan fm. £'=Lo% F eaMh ia L Wn Sn Aubjit de tonditon, aa Ve Swe (L- 2 EME GR) | ide consid the Junction, grees F : : Eom {EI ty ot yy B: ——_—cauere an amr ae qhon 1 Je dhe Logeanges constant Now equating $00, te hase, Now jpom the constraint, se EMe- (ae) 8h wehaw, y's EWES > Hse iP he Ny ‘ Putting IX dn (vii), ae get, nye { Soest } Wh sh Vp Eons | ee From £= 05+ Zep ny,» che optimum vost cain b op 80 8 ay [EAE ys ve y} as. REMnSe See HEE nase) sffentoting faally ost My. for he ICDL andeee or : : ives the, Rnotaladge seimise cost of Survey for gluun vari 1. Lising optimum allneation agiséres Tg br B) Minimis t “Fun vanianer of the | \ a ay which information is either ravailabhe estimator, Bay Pyne iy! Lye] ™ Ny) Se Aifiealt to obtain imo joined. di fits which ore attended by ahetus of y's in 2. approsimalely. Approximation may be obtain: 44 using The sand the vartanee of i exlimates of (Sx) from. preuaus Aeiey or susi he cost of S04 ct of the estimator the aclual Airata voxinnes °F Suitable .opproximately fe : do ahem for dame variokle sulalecl Lo Atudy variable FE iopm, and E weiss | he ba i in ausvey its be seonsidead in a. phased. ' : Tene atl th ate stollucted. in the tet phase for both the cases the problem seduas to hoosin i for entag bebe. allen dn the nd phase and ‘nye do minimise She produc toting i oon (a mitted due So Mahalanobis) (Eermy(E aan) = ry 4 The optimum allasation 40 some trata. at foun by bs fh tre Hs seed method. mag be sprater than the total Now from Lauchy - Achioax; snequaltt ao x nae ante aim Bigs Ns) Jn them tae fom intone dae al pp th of } & In ay coy compute enumeration fe resorted. to aa in these 3 on optin or opti Ea * 1 . o optimum or neax optimum (Ea (24s) » (2208) : Alternatin, Approach of Tackling optimum location Problems Equality holds when Oh/p, = sConstont ¥h ir av ' Assume: L (known) number of strata have bean constructed Taking On = Jenny ard by = nS ye pa Np values ox known. L fre Th s 1 2 SRSUI0R it emplayed for Aelibing, unite from each stratum, (Zewm) (= aa) > (Ems) | clr Sete fy hae ae The predach ( enm0)(F 8° ) dots minimum i) Minimise the vanianse of the ectimabor for a. pian oles he 2 stott of auevay Say 2" (east function : 0! + 04+ ¥ 2pm) 4 a eT gh TB CenteOE ee SWRA 5 bs winpnbe tty ot gy : heh ha Ny Now, df the datal samp Aizen be known, pom . $ wis VE ¢ wig fee Rk” A hoa nek (Wns) pe 2 i ES) E (om) Soke E bnsn fen ian * Tags vit FEW SE Hana, y= { aL fase 2 V's EE uns) Vay Notes A. Inchad of nif ost of aucvey i given as 0° then 1. The Sehntyue 908 auggele by Atumt on a5, pom the ost “Junction and “iy, 2. If we want to get optimum hatas of my's so as to be Wh Sp a co a ee estimator for a given fatal eke RY Oye AA og damp sy (ie sander the seonstraint 5 ny <1), we ha Ven & Wh Sr Vary qt Nyman dulacation (vty shraugh dae Dae Shall 2 ke Aes : Tragh nen E rpulos 08 Nyman dlasation rman (1934). -An asd pro E tnsh Wen ae ane Ped ty Tetras mas pei If total sample tps zm 7”. (onttrant) was given, ys he ibe : fee tgaik th Oe esa a ONE id a cera ok 2 * EWnsn 8. If vatana, db gin, shen = V's yy! Dat Ao Nps RIGh sand hye ke nS fe z Eins, Ven Thoufore,ee . To estimate population mean Y. : Eee z Ny On-¥) Auppose, spsur i emplagel and [nd = nena] eatimator J+ Sy, is used as re ‘the mean po anit Ths? ae . ‘the Estimador. oo Figg + Z Wh On -¥)" : sampling eaith estimator To use braid tandem umpling eth The gain dt do abralifinion st be da ® Ends ‘ : . Mone Mat al Mens Ed 4 - F)"f E lag =i ist Zoe we To zompan che pofermancs of che cso estimators, we ned fo tompast eee + ve i ey-y. ewe a ee ee Vyn * Vox(g)= 2 asith. Vax (f,.) = Voy EM x EM Bez d money 7 ae a Note: For Lompaxahitity . z mye Now, with usual notations, Note: nt EE Oe i Te gs eutdant Shak gain due do stralifcabin an ean uch aipedint on the haus of nye eon the SEE [On Ip) n=} vhilacation of Aomsle over iffeunt trata oa ae 2. When the allacabiont devise much fom proportional = EZ {Ona Ia) t On Wt 20 IDG ar optimum, dhos may be 0 Jus attuabiors where the aves ee Ft tum of the RWS. "not only negative hut de greatex in magnitude than the Second. teem Dy oe 8 go shat thee would be loss tn oficieney due £0 Cnn Fal # E Nn 9) ‘arctan Se oe hat Sob vy Tech saad sagasding the allocation: Hower tn practice, it di found that the sampling variance Se ag initia to shall or in modaae “daca Sn alt the alactonNow in ease of Abratifed tandom sampling » Vprop Tats implies that Scabtedar Means are equal and equal co the ovaall bohulaton mean, If optimum .altacation is used. unde stratified random sampling. Hen, men Wht Eig Ty het A ce Eh often mE ba(t- aie BRE Wh -¥) and. taxiting Vopy 08 the Yasin of G ae scat mf 3 en L = Veit = BURY Sa gopk vhs pe, ore Von ~ Vopt En (1 Te) B&F ty h-7) ‘ shear 2) aE M(r rs ) % Yin Yor) ne ne Note Vong = Yon EMCI 2 aS) a salZ ing - ana) (ag) eee *(Ze) (E%)"} CL Zid, +1] “ELE th Gi 29, 6 (E ths) « aay] Thus, Vprop > Vope 2 Lombining +4 and #2, we gd, Van % Vprop > Yopt The dowest Vasianes is the most ofiecentSena Ne ence ecccee eee teceee ees taee: _ NOTE 1 wean pe ef Etna (Ea) Jo aay touchy Achuty, Inepaliy fred: Lt a= [tin Gand bolip. Ay Cauchy - Schisarty, Inequality, (Ze!) (6) > (xa8)" oi dunat Hi Eun} > 12004] > Ea {EB [- 2a, oI] ie . > Emme {En } 20. bs ae Pe : oe {Raa (ZH) joo pent 2 Vprep = Vopt Ober "Piney Hh te: R= tonstant +H, 3 fe 7 ) Z lpg, dt dhe waeighted mean of dhe Atratum vartoncs | he Aine 7 Wy = 1. hes Note hot, Jf = fonctant #h. then use of dnformatin ‘regaxding Atratum quelling becomes dendacter seduntant and hiner tre efiinay of the echimator till by same os that of proportional allacalion 4. For Neyman dlllecation, ny =n. Yeo Eng, G+ tonstant Hh, say ny = 7, pk Zr tional alfacation wand if +n, whith te nothing but prope ahen_sR5W90R ls emplayed Jo dravs un aah Afra, . Tr this se. Vou * VO Can) = Pd (=) sands Van * MOG) = (bd) dase? Lb us astume, Nq-l Ny A and Nola N Now, LM (8 = FE e-¥)" _t ne : EEL CheK) Gy 2 oy ft * EE One) + ENA Gh 3)" [Pe EE 20%) H-I) = 0] =F (Na af oF In Oy)? En i, ENG ¥) Then aith the assumption Ny-! © Ny ¥A and N-1aN, we have, Nests Z Nast ENaCin Ft om Easy Eon 9)" Then, Yan = WD = (4k) EMA + F405, -99'] and, Yor © VD + Fe wk (ho deatBo that. Yprep = (° sand Vept = a(E tn Sh) - L L) Eis [2s nye nitty and in Nn * Ntdh ] BE Wash [as mye Peo, Final [Nn # N-Wa], Then. Van Yorp = (HK Tas. Van > Vere ‘ . ) Ein (-F) 0 Ypmp Mare BE Uns = (Z tansp)'} > Thus, Vprep > Vee And here, Varn > Vprep % Vope Last2- Auppose that the assumption Ny-l x Ny ¥h wond N-1=N. om not valid: : Then (Wat « E (ny a + En 7) a 5 wand, : t Yan (BG) LE nd Ai + En Gye 1] re a. Vprop = Cok) E Wasa» we have Yan Yorr * (5°K) (Hs) [EO -9 a8 ny, -¥) 9 Sins J * ow) (Fa) [Enns Este Ens “Ease F ia, si] FA) GE)[ En On" £Grmy) 55] Thus, proportional allaeation cstlt yield gain Jn predsion only of ENnn-¥) > E (1) af Mathematiealby, his scan happen Auppese that Sy +k, 2 tonstant +h Note that, Jn-that case, sithin sum of squase (1388) dinated Ma Suds sa EE Oech) Rove) at + (ut) Thus, k» Ss) HS which ds mean square atthin (Msi) for one- esay ANOVA Aso, it may be noted that Jf S,'+ constant (2Msia) ¥A thin proportional, allocation “J optimum sin the sence of, Neyman dad from, ENA 7 Zu) 5 dee hee Van > Vpreps i: propertonal allocation tt yiekd sein Sa pron only 3p EN On 3s" > Ero tdp) Mies = meus. (4-1) ie Msi < ENn (iy -7)" = MS8 (Mean squat beta) (en.Tn ase of SREWOR, vor (#) = var(9) = (£-#) 4 Tn sase of ubraified random sampling » Hf SRSWOR employed fo selist units from cask stratum, then we have’ Vax (Je,) * iz Wh A) Te etimale gain due do Atratification. use nud to estimate [ Yn) - V(Jq,)] and naturatty we nud fo ectimate V(g) in stratified Stop because it Ze not possible 40 eshimate V(gq4) by simple random sample Noss. V(Ggy) ton be echimated by, Fad Eat LIS [ok6")- 81] Hse, (Not) s = (Nn) Sh +E M On" BBD ERG E (y-0 5 4 Ey G5) For oe V(q). we nud to ectinate Een: EM Ch vy. 1) Sx! and ju, E(Nq=1) Sy) tan be exbimated, unhias, no, En 5 snbinsely by 2 (0-0 st iz To estimate ENa Oy 77 J Main probiem, ff us onside, an etinaber & Nn (4, Now. E{ Loeb Sal b= EN ef = Emel reap Gait x soda £0). ¥-3. ~ EMalECr-ecn) + (7s Der eny] a 0 Me Ng Wan y-Ja) Emery Thus, E{ 2 Na (dy da) “se4 ENn V2 Cy Fa) f ehinalor + EGF her Now, Ep Wow (Gy.- Hot) ne A . EM [vax (Gj) + Va Go) + Reon hy: BW Gy) ] [das Long, fa > Eun] tty Vax (Gy) [Brassings are ndiperdant, $0 cov idizoppears] ON Vax (oy) # Em (1-20) Vox (Jp) + Fwy vanlga) + Va (Fer) ish N {vor (Gg) + z Wh (1-20) Yar (Fp) }castting estimate of Vax (Ja) and Vor (Fp) snapetinly 2s G (gq) and 7(g,)- oe howe unbiased ebimator 4 EN Van hy fed a8 14 Fda) + FM (200) FCGp) Now Jrom, ‘ ‘ £ {2M Fal" see of Nie tnd Ge) } L : % -7y¢ =F Ny (iy FI sins. eimabor of F Ny Gy Fang ae EC dad NAF Gad» 2 a tau) PQ} hee ad Lnkiaseh ectimator of V(g) catll be 2 FD (AGED [EOn- 05 Ema - NAG Gy) +264 (1-20) ¥ Gn) F] Note: 6 = OG) ~ bey saith VGa) = (si? sand V Ga) = uae (hy 92 Hse) Zhe ( as CLUSTER_SAMPLING Qlushe: sampling consists in forming suitable cluster of units Se daring all unite “in a sample of wolustus seeded. L2ecording to an appropriate sampling Acheme Note: (Se do complete enumeration of clusters. Labtition of data. for nearhy units it easier, faster, sthspe: and more convential than obsereing unite ‘pvatloud over 2. Yepion. Note that, PE eciew Rapa ar 8 Pe Yt ma at Lorresponding to evey sampling Scheme, there i a sampling dasign tite = verea pose for any sampling seston, there are k posed Sa caer cami hoe Theorekieally, we can think of a population whcch tonsists of sunils thal ote grouped nto b clusters sas the samples of a sampling slaty Then sclusting any sample «ith a Probability os sproified by the usin “ equivabint to Sabatino ssluster and observing alt the unite of che teloted. cluster. Description of the scheme Auppose, there ax NM units These unite ove diuutdech into N olusters each haseir M uatts (not always necsearg) 2iio Here the pepadation Sipe NM a ltuided into umber of groupe, calud lustre There Aivisfons may be natural » °7 be aloe fe ladministrabive aonvenienes, or may be ae * if for cachtduing better estimate of de pasar al dhe clusters hare epual Rumber of maybe done for Te tenet newsary units ; de sek one chuster ot random out of wolusters tin Ses. Nafurelly, probably of eeecHng ANY luster exin bk nN Notadvons + Ne Numb of elasters Me bigs of tach luster. ap Vale of for fh att of ath laren, PeKOM. ele) 8 Ha aE ty ppt mann oft ter no we x : Ye dy EE wep +E He Foveralt prpudatron mean im 2, aed Ean ty population varianes of oth cluster oe BE eg: usithin cluster variance * a EEG -¥)': betesun cluster vartanee BEE Op M1 or latin en a eee nnn SSUSSBESSEEMERS MESA TOTES 8 ~~ Y Result “Gg, an snbiosud ekimalor for th foulaon mean reef (ines one slaty is alc ob random aud of obutee “using SRE and Gay ss She MEAN for the selached cclastr aie sia aoa Ye = 10)N ope wena, E(Yu)* 2 Xk = ¥ Rell’ Var a) = of fess: Vee ed © {CGu-F)"} (tne Zan date an, : vale oops 9 as Nate 4 Aine, > a5 + of ond Var (Gy) = 0%, effatinay of cluster ts Likely to tnetease with eae i caithin olucter vanianee 7 2. Ht a rot possthle fo eshimate vor (7.,) if only one ehuster ts selected. Recause. oj! Se ee dhe pohubotion vaxianer Jf she population doneids of the valuss HF Fy ance seluting one buster means oe have only one sample obverralions sith ehh variance cannot be estimated. 2. We have, | !(tap 7)" E04 0-7} xs eorrdation aoepfecent, ET mine EF lug DT EE Oo Deer no de dant from > a EU ot 129 5 If Red. we ham ae A. Ie Go his means unite within cach ter ze completely onsieal bo. observing only one unit fom a cluster Lait gin Aujieint aformation about she luster Thus, cluster sampling 2 not appropriate vin his Altuahin swe han afro = Van Cg.) Thun, slaster sampling it the mott benafiiol. ee | Auppose, we doluk n number of abusers using seus, Ghgiion saad cil) dhe vant, of exh sched Toten J | xt observed at, swale of 4 f0r Bth unit of th scted luster, i B= (CoM, tI) 7 sand | be the luster mean for th sited buster, i “we 2b sus difine, Ha tha Te may be noted that, Eg.) = Be, ECG) = Ee eEG)- , This may be ducribed 2s honing n unite by seswe/isom cout of Nai Here, suite one diffosnt olusters hawing values ¥.. ¥,, Ya Ae Auch She populaen vrcaner Sout be 4 Z(H Fi = Gf. The Aample values could be then Suede iy hang sample man £ Bg Hence, susing sasulle of SRS. Wwe have, Varge Ga) = @/n Vox ison Cer) = oh sh Oem a | | | | | | | | | | | | | (Nel) waitin Sf = LE (He)? and fo my Hf oe dpe Sp" =F (Ge HeEEE eS annus Soot nest] $0) (ais ett be then, E(4;') = a's for SRR a ee Effictiney of Plaster Aampling 08 eompaud de ize sampling using SRSWOR For 0. valid comparison we nud. do ust egal number of bamplr units for both dhe Schemes sm alusters cash of Alize Mone If. for -sluste. ampli ‘then the reumbue of duced, by SRSHOR from N austere sample units observed. aaill be nM. be for stmple random anmpling eu fo! select Tt anite from he entire population of NM Ate Agnoring he diuisions of, unite into. clusters | aaa, he opitenty of elucter Aampling 06 S0mpard. “de adireek sampling using SRSUIOR ss iten by | Etpitinay Ev = HD. 5 (McA) ff en, a Spidey vas (a) (WM) ee, 4 \ Cnt po? Pew | ww Lief geal (sine, a= Aref) Ld n oie 2 heen Ae nM Siar + vee we The exprasions for efceney of lucer samp & deat anginal outa bo, one may be Lnterested to in ay ha estimate the pisterey. (umn) t= FE Cy - W) ar %+%-9) ow Z Legs EmGd = NQ4-1)83, + MWe) sf cohere, Sd = 2 ¥ st a AZ Sh the Mean bysonelazthi Fs i iysare Uthin Casters (sw) Ws E97 a the Men Ase Adsven et ana ters. uM (mse) At us difine, Sy? Stet My + Mean 6 fa asker rt © Caithin clusters Si. the sample mean cyaan Now, E(Si) + sy Tk may be noted shat tf at ith sdicion ccth abut paces (arp: fee a8 SREWOR has buen employed Selling oluster, the {* till tale the vac aHence, uo E(sit) = 2 Se be shat. . As ok e(sis) k EEG) * nee dn unbiased etimator of Saul Be= gr. 1 Jugeeydn Mends | —@ wes || stem Aampling The technique of Aychemabis Aamphing for Atlecking 0 Aample of units audof a population of N units consists Jin. seluching evay kth unit aborting waith the unit earresponding $0 0 number. rthorwn at random LBs Ry cahere be de taken sas the: Integer neaxest to N/ny the ‘eaipracal of sampling fraction The random noir wohosen from 1,2y..R 28 known .as random tart, cand the constant k tt termed as Aampling, interval A samplisdcted. by this procudure Lt vealhd sa. ‘aystemabie barnple Tf there de a natural Labdhing and. (in some sense) qresfing inthe population, under study » then appliedion of Aystemabic sampling it operationally more tonvendent than SRe ond. at the same Hine ensures equal probability fer Inclusion for each popadation unit tn the sample As an example, we may tonstder .2. planned. township, where we san find Aystematic hause/ flat number Hote dhe houses maybe considered 08 the population “units having abla 02 Shetr number: In such a adtuaton fo draws a sample of hauses aut of a population of N has, we tan catty find band mplay ystems sampling. Tt may be san thal che value of 7 aatermines he whale aample- In other words, dls procdiere .amaunts “in eluting sith equal probobilty one of the h possihle groupe of unite (amples) nto which the prpulation oan he dtutdd in 2. systematit: manner.‘the sample Js selcted vaith Some probability and ona. the he remaining Gy Tt us easier fo rant 9 pe frat unit in pre: assigned. has bun selected. lane daderministic be noted. shat, here He first unit ‘units dn the Aa” ing ts Called ds why Aystemadie Aamnpling # ‘Mixd sampling precios. The appaunt advantages of tite mero was follows over SRS. is a sarmple..and often aster exuaute eathout: mistake 7 i sag, is Utkely to be more steriatio. sampling. + rm Tn off it Atri feet ven traba, whh enahte of te et peunite, “and hb sunils and 50.07. ie to tae might therefore” expeah the Ayslemabi sample be ar preis ae thé Ee epndig ‘Atralified. Random ample saith one unit dusted, ‘from each Atratum do ifferener ts thab, calth .o- Ayaberalle £0: sami iabi: positon Srv cthe strata, eerie. attin the, abv ‘rindom samples the foetien, lin the atrata Js didermmined ‘Beparably by 'randamézakion aithin each strafum. ‘ PS Sa ae al Bowls Weak [population aize Je a mult tdsind sarge aig] Dusit of it y be the study variable and we denot E e sdenote. the epulation value value a8 Y (Ure cng) * Yye (o0y) HielOny «lr : Random Start Ansnple sborrpoatti ple eimpetton 1 We Ure Yrsane oe re enor a Var Uren + Uasan s+ Unen-ok . | Up Urine Uroans oom | . | Ua Ya Vanes + Ung / i | La Ye be tre th rit of ohosen systematic sample There Hoy = F ys + Aample mean Tk maybe noted tral. Yo, : valle of y for at wate ie teaden week dep ALE oye Ee bE = Mean forthe rth ‘posible. Aystematic sample Result: J ,,, tt unbiased for extimatir speak 7 the Popedation man 9+ be EE Me oat Profs Z ;, Pretk Joy so ae vali Fe Fpemedy wp te igh Ei ksh BE +7 —oEEE EE ed Now Jf Rds the cammeladien intraclass sorrdlation i (oshere the classes axe actually alifferent possihl.sampls) Result 2 VCs) a Dol Voy) © Eas “7 i : EG I = EF (ta NOn-¥) ! kn(n- de -g@——o Then from (i), Te may be noted that, BEECH Vida. {Bo CDRS) Ei £[t+o-02} —w EEO HD Again using (ii). 3e have, = EL Owed Ee y korea 05 Vqey)= Fos eH Ot e a -ge vg yore Poe Sis (nnrpsd 5) and sin, F (Gy-V) 2 Ge 5 y > 5 Lomboison bduwen SRSWOR/sRSWR and AyAtern: Z (mw “°° | in a From dis, we can conclude shot Joys rn era beter result when gz caill have u : jes eohen catthin sample variability 6 high Vise (Q) = 7/0. Voor Gd = N=B. | | | Ale, . ‘ nS Vegag) © ETE ‘ Vy) = 2 {2o-ne] | | : Eu Lowa} Now. Vg lQ) < VCgey) «when > ° | . Lista - Thus, when & ot negative (where the olasees at the | ea EL LOW DG EE OG HOw VY Aifferct ponte Agjetsmakic lasses), shen ove etd | We ri we aes, Pree Aystematie Zampling over SRI. | i \|er Vigor (9) < ¥Gsys)- = (Nen) 2 @ Zft9o-04} (w-4) wR) < (nh. Len) <(n-96 pal 2h > aay hes we wal prj Ajatinat? sampling to, SRSWOR, whe AG e Ee hen fe < (N-4) rot posible do exhinate the ee ol ‘mator of the population mean vaaizhee of the sun error § (or taal ¥) sanbiasedly on the Ayshonat, ampli We have, pO e)-€09 | = E(9) -y! | Thus on unbiased. eshimator of ¥ .can be eshimated. unbiosedly if it is possible i sabia Y* aunbinsedly Now, 8 (Soy eS LA us consider the sabiitic (2.43). the em of Ayam of Aample observations i! there, ds dhe value of Y for Jth anit of the choten eae of 4 fe Hef the whose £(Z4) : ELEM pb eg Lag, walle WA) Thus, AE yt bs an shiased’ eshimater ofS ¥g Pid Gt de not posithe to exbimate J Yur unbiaselly from a Alngh Aystimalic samy. “7 fines dome of (12) ale of ait, auch 8 any saw resale unite have’ Frebobility sero of geting Sroluded. tn sony sample when hk» 2. ive. we cannot get an estimator whose expeled. vain, coautd yn Yo: Yyes Thus. caith 0 Aingle ‘ = ai Alagle Abatemest sy tematic sample Y" and hence V(¥) cannot be eshimaded, nblasedly, Howeves Gt te poitthhe to build op a hinsed bud sural eckimator of ste vardanse on che basis of 2 Alnghe aystemabis Aampli treating 2 as san éesidon aarp Ab us dire, Boe =A Re “Hoys) where 4, be the: ith unit of dhe heoson Ayatemabic ample: Net i token a5 on asf ebro of Vay) 4 ag ; MEM (1g) = L(t) & el of (Nene) = {N(n-t) eN-D} oan (Ned) ee af Gong o yy SEE eeeteats sampler lob as o Instead of taking one vate samples, We can think of cach pocsibte Ay astemasie sample as “choose m numbers te cme an means a Alnglé population wunit osith the value of mht population cash siping fm Ab Fa % H1YR- Tn shah 006, Fy ae the sample Qe ge Am mean when m units sare randomly hosen from h unite, sng mn vindor thats ode stati. dh fac make samplis, using ™ 7 fs Population varisnes is of m3) Brey oh (angi ie, Aystemal Hones using dhe raculle of SReiap, we an sari, ‘ample are Araian dndaperdanty 2 ¥ie tM Tye th DHE Serine eet + Gig) = (HEH) EEG T? I Eva) [Assuming SRSUIR] . Etre G0} -mfvigigd Weta} aT] m{ ZG] coma rFr Ratio Method o| n tn prasti know dye of tuo characters sts sas Important igs and homedimes more important thon that of plato totals and. means, In a sacle - economic Aurry, one may be unterested in Auch yatjos as per household. or per aptle. expenditure. Th estimating auch rative, the commonly used procedure has ben to take the ratios of pe unbiased. estimators of dhe numerator and denominator of dhe population ratio 0S an estimator. Tf the actual Value of the denominator ds known, one may fol that jt ds Auffisient to eshimate only the numerator, And the population ratio may be estimated. by diwiding the estimator of the numerator by the known value of the denominator. nis estimator may be not neassarily be very ofiient as aompared to the ratio of the estimators of the numerator cand the sanominator of the population ratio. Tn fact, st the estimators of the numerator and the denominator ware approximately proportional, i-e', if there dowa Uinsox sagression betisan them and the regression Line passes through. the origin, then the ratio of “the estimators would. be mor Atabl. than the ratio.of the estimator of ‘the numerator to the actual value of the denominator Even if we are dnterested in the Population total, say ‘y', of only one wharacter sayy, tt is often pettus to use the values of Another Lorredlated (anxili ) variables Aay x, When tay axe available on very unit of. che finite pepubation (or, the Population total ‘x’ of % ds known): én emplaying A Auitable estimator