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Heat Transfer
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1. is the main method of thermal energy transfer area surface area

in solids are extremely good at conducting Non-metals electrons reflect

heat are poor at conducting heat whilst liquids Conduction absorbing

and gases are extremely poor Poor conductors are called insulators Metals rises,

colour area temperature

2. How does Conduction Occur? When a substance is heated, sinks expand delocalised

the atoms start to move around more As they surface absorb emit atom

do so they bump into each other, transferring energy from emitting Convection dense

to electromagnetic convection

3. Metals are especially good at conducting heat as the vacuum place atom current

can collide with the atoms, (vibrate)

helping to transfer the vibrations through the material

4. is the main way that heat travels through liquids and gases

5. When a liquid (or gas) is heated: The molecules push each other apart, making the liquid/gas

This makes the hot liquid/gas less than the surroundings The hot

liquid/gas and the cooler (surrounding) liquid/gas moves in to take its

Eventually the hot liquid/gas cools, contracts and back down again The resulting motion

is called a

6. Thermal radiation is part of the spectrum – infrared Thermal radiation is the only way in

which heat can travel through a

7. Black objects are very good at thermal radiation (think about black leather seats in

strong sunshine) but also very good at it (when it goes dark those seats cool down

quickly) Shiny objects thermal radiation and so very little. They also

very little, though, and so take longer to cool down

8. The amount of thermal radiation emitted by an object depends on a number of factors: The

of the object (hotter = more radiation) The of the object (black = more

radiation) The of the object (greater = more

for radiation to be emitted from)

9.