Ge 2 Sim Edited August 23 2020 2

Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education
Mabini Street, Tagum City

Telefax: (084) 655-9591
UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
Tagum College
Department of Arts & Sciences Education

Language Discipline
Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged
Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)
Course/Subject: GE 2- Purposive Communication with Interactive

Learning
Name of Teacher: ________________________________
THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

REPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE OF ITS INTENDED USE.
THIS IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE STUDENTS WHO ARE
OFFICIALLY ENROLLED IN THE COURSE/SUBJECT.
EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.
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SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL & SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING COURSE MANUAL For

Online Blended Delivery (OBD) and Distance Education Delivery (DED) During
the Quarantine/Lockdown Period
I. Rationale
The University of Mindanao is fully committed to cater to the different needs of

its students in terms of alternative modes of instructional delivery. In order to serve the
purpose of alternative modes of delivery, a Self-Directed Learning (SDL) program is
developed through Self-Instructional Manuals (SIM). In fact, the development of
SIM/SDL for the online and blended learning alternative modes is already in the
University’s pipeline for academic year 2020-2021. Prior to the development of these
manuals, the University has already instituted industry-leading academic innovations
and initiatives for outcome-based education such as the Student Portal; online student
consultation program; Student Advising Program (SAP); Outcomes Assessment
Threshold (OATH program); various interactive learning resources; and the
subscription use of the BlackBoard Open as the official learning management system
(LMS) for virtual/online classes to further enhance the quality of teaching and learning
experiences of students.
With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic which has resulted in massive social and
physical distancing, prohibition of mass gatherings, suspension of classes and
extended community quarantine/lockdown, there is a need to fast-track the
development of the SIM/SDL manuals to respond to the segmentized and unique
instructional needs of students.
The University is fully aware of the drawbacks and limitations of the online
blended teaching modes using self-instructional manuals particularly for laboratory
and practicum courses, competency appraisal courses, undergraduate research
courses, and a host of demonstration courses, not to mention the lack or poor internet
connections among the faculty and students. But with the quality assurance
procedures and academic innovations in place, the institution is confident that the
same quality of teaching and learning will be enjoyed by the students.
II. Objectives
1. The SIM/SDL Manual aims to provide the guidelines for instructional development
by the teachers and directed learning by the students; and
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2. The SIM/SDL Manual aims to provide avenues for innovative and flexible
alternative modes of delivery in response to the quarantine/lockdown
requirements.
III. Definition of Terms
(1) Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) refers to the teachers’ manual that consists of all
instructional contents and activities necessary for students’ learning. SIMs come
from the context of teachers; SIMs are conceptualized, designed, developed,
monitored and evaluation by the teachers.
(2) Self-Directed Learning (SDL) refers to the learning processes of the students. It is
self-directed because the students manage their own learning. It is directed
learning because the students follow the instructions provided in the SIMs. SDL
comes from the context of students and is intended for the students.
(3) Online Learning refers to the virtual class through the Blackboard (BB) Learning
Management System (LMS). Online learning requires computer hardware and
internet connection at home.
(4) Blended Learning refers to the combination of online learning and on-campus/on-
site learning (face to face). The SIMs shall provide the distribution of instructions
and activities done online and done on-campus/on-site.
(5) Distance Education refers to off-campus learning, which can be done with or
without online learning. It is a modular and seminar type of instructional delivery
that requires the use of traditional contact and social media platforms combined
with on-campus/onsite learning (face-to-face). The SIMs shall provide the
distribution of instructions and activities for distance education mode.
(6) Traditional contact refers to faculty and student interaction via cellphone/telephone
for communication and SMS.
(7) Social media platforms refer to email, Private Messenger, Facebook, Viber,
WhatsApp, Line, Zoom and other similar applications.
IV. Delivery Implementation Guidelines
There are 2 modes to implement the alternative delivery of instructions, with

their corresponding general guidelines: Online Blended Delivery (OBD) and Distance
Education Delivery (DED). Students can choose to enroll in OBD or DED, whichever
suits their needs and contexts as long as they meet the requirements of what they
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choose. OBD and DED courses shall continue to be based on the appropriate course
syllabi in terms of learning outcomes, content and coverage.
A. Online Blended Delivery (OBD)
(1) OBD courses and classes shall be offered during the quarantine/lockdown period.
For Summer Classes and Semestral Classes determined by the University, the
online component shall be held for the entire Summer and Semestral periods and
the on-campus/onsite component can be conducted anytime on the last week,
where the quarantine/lockdown period shall be slowly lifted and allows resumption
of classes. In the event that the quarantine/lockdown period is neither lifted nor
eased off, proper instructions shall be given for flexible arrangements. What is
important is for one 3-unit course/subject to meet the 54-hours class requirement.
(2) The on-campus/onsite component shall be conducted in 2 days – one whole day
for review and synthesis, and another one whole day for final examinations. The
review and examination schedules shall be determined and announced in the
proper time depending on the quarantine/lockdown conditions.
(3) The faculty who will teach/handle an OBD course is required to have and use their
computer hardware and internet connection at home. The faculty in charge of a
course shall design the SIM and deploy in the BlackBoard LMS after the review
and approval by the Program Head and the Dean.
(4) The students who wish to enroll in OBD course are required to have and use their
own computer hardware and internet connection at home. After receiving the
course SIM, the students shall follow the instructions and activities as provided and
shall proceed their paced learning through SDL.
(5) Both the faculty and students under the OBD mode need to use their umindanao
email account and BlackBoard LMS account to access the BlackBoard LMS
virtual/online classes.
(6) For safety and security, SIMs and all its lecture and reading materials, need to be
converted to PDF files before distribution to enrolled students.
(7) A separate Blackboard LMS manual shall be given to the faculty for the use of the
Blackboard LMS program. The faculty shall be in charge of giving instructions to
the students on how to use the Blackboard LMS virtual class.
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B. Distance Education Delivery (DED)
(1) DED courses shall be offered with caution by the University, taking into
consideration the quarantine/lockdown prohibitions as well as quality delivery. The
University may opt to limit the offering of DED courses for reasons of instructional
delivery and logistical constraints.
(2) Depending on the available DED courses, the students can choose the DED mode
if they do not have computer hardware and internet connection at home, and thus
they do not have access to the BlackBoard LMS.
(3) The students can claim their course manual or course SIM from the University
(home college) and follow instructions for paced learning for SDL. If prohibited by
the quarantine/lockdown orders, the University through the Admissions Office shall
send the course manual/SIM to the students by courier.
(4) For safety and security, SIMs and all its lecture and reading materials, need to be
converted to PDF files before distribution to enrolled students.
(5) Faculty and student interactions in DED mode can be supplemented by traditional
contact and social media platforms, depending on what is available for both
teachers and students.
(6) Deadlines and submission of requirements can be arranged with flexibility: by

email, by courier if reliable or by personal submission (on-campus/onsite) if
allowed. The faculty in-charge shall design specific instructional delivery
requirements appropriate for DED mode.
(7) Final examinations in DED mode shall be done on-campus/onsite. Schedules shall
be determined and announced depending on the quarantine/lockdown conditions.
V. Components of the SIM
The course manual or SIM which shall be designed by the faculty and used by the
students for their SDL shall contain the following components or parts:
Part 1. Quality Assurance Policies and Course Outline Policies

Part 2. Instruction Delivery
Under the Instruction Delivery are the following parts:

(a) Unit Learning Outcomes (Big Picture)
(b) Course Outcomes (Chunks)
(c) Course Facilitator (Faculty/Teacher/Course Coordinator)
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(d) Facilitator’s Voice (Coordinator’s Voice)

(e) Metalanguage
(f) Essential Knowledge (Concepts, theories, lessons, computations)
(g) Self-Help
(h) Let’s Check (Activities/Exercises)
(i) Let’s Analyze (Activities/Exercises)
(j) Nutshell
(k) Q&A List
(l) Keywords Index
Part 3. Course Schedules – daily and weekly programming of all lectures, activities
and requirements stipulated in Essential Knowledge, Let’s Check, and Let’s Analyze
portions.
The Online Code of Conduct, as provided herein as part of the guidelines, shall
be incorporated as part of the SIM/SDL manuals. This is to ensure that all
faculty/Course Facilitators and students are made aware of their agreement,
adherence and observance of professional conduct in OBD and DED courses.
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PART 1: QUALITY ASSURANCE POLICIES

This is the first part of the manual which explicitly reflects the quality assurance
procedures unique to this course. These include the attendance requirements (face to
face or virtual), schedule of examination, submission and return of assessment papers,
schedule and extension of deadlines, appeal on the grades, penalties, communication
and special learning needs of students. Also included in this section are the contact details
of the Dean, Program Head, Faculty or Course Facilitator, Guidance Facilitator, Librarian,
and Help Desks to promptly respond to your needs.
Course Outline: GE 2- Purposive Communication with

Interactive Learning
Course Coordinators: MADILYN C. ONDOY, PhD/HENRY C. LIGAN, PhD

Email: madilyn037@gmail.com/henrichlogan@yahoo.com
Student Consultation: By appointment
Mobile: 09393406029/09497861849
Effectivity Date: June 2020
Mode of Delivery: Blended Learning
Time Frame: 54 hours
Student Workload: Expected Self Directed Learning
Requisites: None
Credit: 3 units
Attendance Requirements: A minimum of 95% attendance is required at all scheduled
Virtual or face to face sessions
Course Outline Policy

Areas of Concern Details
Contact and Non- Contact Hours This 3-unit course self-instructional
manual is designed for distance education
mode of instructional delivery, i.e. online
sessions through the LMS and the 2-days
on- campus/onsite face-to-face review
and final examination. The expected
number of hours will be 6 hours per week
(1 Term) including review and examination
days. The face to face sessions shall
include the summative assessment tasks
(exams).
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Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be

on 3rd, 5th, 7th and 9th week of the
summer/term class. The assessment
paper shall be attached with a cover page
indicating the following:
i. Title of the assessment task,

ii. Name of the course coordinator,
iii. Date of submission, and
iv. Name of the student.
The document should be sent via Quipper

portal. You are also expected that you
already paid your tuition and other fees
before the submission of the assessment
task. For students who have difficulty in
submitting via Quipper or any prescribed
learning management system platform
portal due to connection interruption, they
may send the document via email or
private messenger; on on-site upon
schedule.
Turnitin Submission To ensure honesty and authenticity, all
(if necessary) assessment tasks are required to be
submitted through Turnitin with a
maximum similarity index of 30% allowed.
This means that if your paper goes beyond
30%, the students will either opt to redo
her/his paper or explain in writing
addressed to the Course Facilitator the
reasons for the similarity.
In addition, if the paper has reached more

than 30% similarity index, the student may
be called for a disciplinary action in
accordance with the University’s OPM on
Intellectual and Academic Honesty.
Please note that academic dishonesty

such as cheating and commissioning
other students or people to complete the
task for you have severe punishments
(reprimand, warning, expulsion).
Penalties for Late The score for an assessment item
Assignment/Assessment submitted after the designated time on the
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due date, without an approved extension

of time, will be reduced by 5% of the
possible maximum score for that
assessment item for each day or part day
that the assessment item is late.
However, if the late submission of

assessment paper has a valid reason, a
letter of explanation should be submitted
and approved by the course coordinator. If
necessary, you will also be required to
present/attach evidences.
Return of Assignments/ Assessments Assessment tasks will be returned to you
two (2) weeks after the submission. This
will be returned by email or via Quipper
portal.
For group assessment tasks, the course

coordinator will require some or few of the
students for online or virtual sessions to
ask clarificatory questions to validate the
originality of the assessment task
submitted and to ensure that all the group
members are involved.
Assignment Resubmission You should request in writing addressed to
the course coordinator your intention to
resubmit an assessment task. The
resubmission is premised on the student’s
failure to comply with the similarity index
and other reasonable grounds such as
academic literacy standards or other
reasonable circumstances e.g. illness,
accidents financial constraints.
Re-marking of Assessment Papers and You should request in writing addressed to
Appeal the program coordinator your intention to
appeal or contest the score given to an
assessment task. The letter should
explicitly explain the reasons/points to
contest the grade. The program
coordinator shall communicate with the
students on the approval and disapproval
of the request.
If disapproved by the course coordinator,

you can elevate your case to the program
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head or the dean with the original letter of

request. The final decision will come from
the dean of the college.
Grading System All culled from Quipper sessions and
traditional contact course
discussions/exercises – 40%
1st-7th Exam – 30%
All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions

(TBA):
Final exam – 40%
Submission of the final grades shall follow

the usual University system and
procedures.
Preferred Referencing Style Depends on the discipline; if uncertain or
inadequate, use the general practice of
the APA 6th Edition.
Student Communication All communication formats: chat,
submission of assessment tasks, requests
etc. shall be through the portal and other
university recognized platforms.
You can also meet the course coordinator
in person through the scheduled face to
face sessions to raise your issues and
concerns.
For students who have not created their
student email, please contact the course
coordinator or program head.
Contact Details of the Dean GINA FE G. ISRAEL, EdD
Dean of College
0909-994-2314/0915-832-5092
deansofficetagum@umindanao.edu.ph
Contact Details of the Program Head Prof. Lovely Mae R. Prieto
Email:
lovelymaeprieto@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 09771712622/09995520303
Students with Special Needs Students with special needs shall
communicate with the course coordinator
about the nature of his or her special
needs. Depending on the nature of the
need, the course coordinator with the
approval of the program coordinator may
provide alternative assessment tasks or
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extension of the deadline of submission of

assessment tasks. However, the
alternative assessment tasks should still
be in the service of achieving the desired
course learning outcomes.
Library Contact Details Claire Donayre (Chief Librarian)
Email: cvrdonayre@gmail.com/
lictagum@umindanao.edu.ph
Phone: 0927-395-1639
Well-being Welfare Support Ms. Rochen Yntig (GSTC-Head)
Held Desk Contact Details Email: chenny.yntig@gmail.com
Contact Number: 09771712622
Course Information see/download course syllabus in the Quipper Portal
PART 2. INSTRUCTION DELIVERY

In this part, you can see the overall overview of this subject through the Unit
Learning Outcomes. See the table below.
ULO: At the end of the unit, you are

Week Coverage Exam
expected to:
a. acquaint with university vision, mission,
values and hymn.
Orientation and b. explain the essence of communication
1-3 1st Exam
Chapter 1 in forming knowledge.
c. discuss the implications of globalization
to communication.
a. analyze the function of communication
in local and global communication in
cross/multi-cultural settings.
4-5 Chapter 2 and 3 2nd Exam
b. identify the elements of verbal and non-
verbal communication in cross/multi-
cultural settings.
a. analyze varieties and registers of
6-7 Chapters 4 and 5 spoken and written language. 3rd Exam
b. evaluate messages and images.
a. explain how sign language aids
communication.
8-11 Chapter 6 4th Exam
b. discuss how technological tools help in
communication.
a. perform the different types of speeches
12-14 Chapters 7-8 5th Exam
eloquently.
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b. deliver a speech using audio-visual

aids
a. determine the general categories of
office communication
15-16 Chapters 9-10 b. Write minutes of the meeting, business 6th Exam
letters, and other communication
materials accurately.
Half of Chapter 11 a. Critique a research paper based on
Definition of diction, unity, and paragraph
17-18 Research – Time development. 7th Exam
Saving Tips to Do
Research
Half of Chapter 11 a. Cite sources or references
Time-Saving tips to appropriately using the APA format
19-20 Do Research – 8th Exam
Research Proposal
Outline
CC’s Voice: Hello there! Welcome to this course, GE 2-Purposive Communication

with Interactive Learning. This subject will enable you to develop your
communicative competence and enhances your cultural and intercultural
awareness through multi-modal tasks that will provide you engaging opportunities
to enhance communications skills effectively and appropriately to a multi-cultural
audience in a local and global context. As such, you are also expected to develop
critical thinking in evaluating messages and images for responsible communicative
abilities. Don’t be afraid to share your insights in this subject. Reassuring you that
we will get along thru online learning. Stay connected, have fun and let’s celebrate
learnings together!
CO: This course is intended to develop an advance knowledge, skills, and insights
that you will gain from this course that could be used on your other academic
endeavors. In addition, this will help you in your chosen discipline, and to your future
career as you compose and produce relevant oral, written, audio-visual and or web-
based output for various purposes. Have a fruitful, meaningful and vivid learning
experience.
LET’S BEGIN!
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Big Picture
Week 1-3: UNIT LEARNING OUTCOME (ULO)

At the end of the unit, you are expected to:
a. acquaint with university vision, mission, values and hymn.

b. explain the essence of communication in forming knowledge.
c. discuss the implications of globalization to communication.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO a. Acquaint with university vision, mission, values
and hymn.
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of university vision, mission,
values and hymn are operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference as
to how the course work in your chosen field or career. You will encounter these terms as
we go through the university policies and procedures. Please refer to these definitions in
case you will encounter difficulty in understanding specific terms.
1. Policy. Refers to a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government,

party, business, institution or individual.
Essential Knowledge
To understand better about university vision, mission, values and hymn the
following terms/concepts are discussed and defined. This will give you ideas about
the important things that you really need to know as you get engage yourself in
this institution.
1. The University of Mindanao Vision, Mission and Values
Vision
By 2022, a globally recognized institution providing quality,

affordable and open education.
Mission
To provide a dynamic and supportive academic environment

through the highest standard of instruction, research and extension
in a non-sectarian institution committed to democratizing access to
education.
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Core Values
Excellence
We are committed to world-class customer service and quality as we excel for the mutual
success of our stakeholders. We ensure that our product and services are on par with
the global standards to ensure its responsiveness and impact on our stakeholders and
the community and country in general.
Honesty and Integrity
Our organization establishes utmost trust and ensures transparency in dealing with our
stakeholders. We practice accountability in all our undertakings especially those that
involve our stakeholders. Professionalism is at the core of our thrusts as an academic
institution.
Innovation
We always think outside the box to be of prime service to our stakeholders. We do this
by continuously introducing new programs as value added benefits to our clients.
Teamwork
We believe in the concept that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts." We value
the collective effort of every stakeholder through synergy, cooperation, collaboration,
and 'esprit de corps' as it is integral to the success of the institution.
2. The UM Logo
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The University of Mindanao and the year it was founded, 1946 are inscribed on top and
below, respectively inside an outer circle edged with waves. The inner circle has the Latin
words, "Vincit Omnia Veritas, "meaning Truth Conquers All. Over it is two (2) laurel leaf
branches symbolizing honor and achievement, framing a vinta on wavy sea, whose giant
sail has the initials of UM, with the horizon behind. This conveys the message "Sail On"
or "Move On." In the sky above the horizon are five (5) stars representing the heavenly
bodies that influence the destiny of the youth, Hope of the Fatherland.
3. The University Songs
University of Mindanao Hymn UM LOYALTY MARCH
Glory to UM, Light of the Southern With loyal hearts and purpose true
Skies And with a spirit ever new we sing
Guide to the thousands who’ve to thee
come to thy halls. In joyous harmony we lift our
Seeking the wisdom, the voices clear to thee
knowledge thou hast to offer Our Alma Mater dear.
To young and seasoned alike.
Ever with faith in thee, we’ll never
cease to see UM beloved to thee, we pledge our
That thy name shall always ring loyalty
with glory. We’ll strive to live up to thy name
Honor to UM, our Alma Mater dear Thy honor is our aim.
UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO Through honor is our aim.
Though we will wander far and
Tanglaw ka UM sa timog wide
Mindanao We’ll cherish thee with pride
Gabay ka sa aming mga kabataan Thy noble aims and spirit bright
Hanap namin ay talino’t Our guiding light.
karunungan
Sa iyo ay makakamtan
Pananalig sa iyo ay di magbabago
Mamahalin naming lagi pangalan
mo.
Dakilang UM ang Alma Mater ko
UNIBERSIDAD NG MINDANAO
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further
understand the lesson:
University of Mindanao Student Handbook, 2018
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Let’s Check!
Activity 1. Clear the cobwebs. There are 28 letters in the Filipino Alphabet. Each letter
has a corresponding numbers from 1 to 28. I want you to decode each word below by
identifying the letter that corresponds to the numbers in each item.
1. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

3 17 13 13 9 22 22 5 4
2. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

19 23 1 12 9 22 27
3. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
20 5 21 18 17 14 21 9 24 5 14 5 21 21
4. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
22 20 1 14 21 18 1 20 5 14 3 27
5. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____
18 20 17 6 21 21 9 17 14 1 12 21 13
Activity 2. Word Network. After you decode the words in the first activity. Create a
sentence utilizing those words that will reflect how important vision, mission and values
as a student in this institution. You may add articles, adjectives, etc. for as long as you
use all the words in the first activity.
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LET’S ANALYZE!
Activity 1. Explain the relevance of vision, mission and values of the university to your
life as a student. Your answer must be composed of 2 paragraphs. Refer to the rubric
below.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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Activity 2. Visualize your life 5 years from now. Draw the visualization of yourself inside
the box. Your illustration must show the characterization of the core values of UM.
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In a NUTSHELL! In this section you will provide the very gist of the unit that you have
learned.
___________________________________________________________
List down 5 words that you have liked most in our first ULO, afterwards explain how these
words affect your motivation to learn.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Questions & Answer List: In this part, you are encourage to write questions about the
___________________________________________________________
topic. You may communicate these questions to your instructor/professor through
Quipper or any prescribed social media platform. After you get the answers you may jot
___________________________________________________________
it down in the table below. This is to bridge the gap of learning between vague concepts
___________________________________________________________
and your prior knowledge.
___________________________________________________________
Do you have any question or clarification?
___________________________________________________________
Questions/Issues Answers
___________________________________________________________
1.
___________________________________________________________
2.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3.
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4.
5.
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KEYWORDS INDEX
word-class transparency responsiveness innovation
committed accountability excellence honesty
quality standards teamwork integrity
Big Picture in Focus: ULO b. Explain the essence of communication in forming

knowledge.
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of the essence of
communication operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how
the texts work in your chosen field or career. You will encounter these terms as we go
through the study of the essence of communication. Please refer to these definitions in
case you will encounter difficulty in understanding specific terms.
1. Communication. Considered as the act of conveying meanings by the use of mutually

recognized signs, symbols, and semiotic rules from one person or party to another.
Essential Knowledge
To understand better about essence of communication the following
terms/concepts are discussed and defined. This will give you ideas about the
important things that you really need to know as you get engage yourself in this
chapter.
Chapter One: The essence of communication
What if man is not endowed with communication skills?

Will humans be able to gain knowledge?
Will man be able to control and manipulate his environment?
Will the ‘homo sapiens’ be considered the superior race?
Perhaps the resounding answer is NO.
 Knowledge is thought to be synonymous with power: but knowledge can

only be conveyed through communication.
 Knowledge is difficult to communicate without contact. Man does not get
knowledge without contact. Man would be made worthless, without
knowledge.
 So contact seemed as important as the air we breathe, the food we
consume and the water we drink. Communication means the human race
continuing.
 Communication is the Intelligence 'sine qua non.' When one is interested in
understanding, he will communicate. If one wants to be successful, then he
needs to be a good communicator.
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The Elements of Communication

Communication is composed of five elements: 1) the sender, 2) the message, 3)
the channel, 4) the receiver and 5) feedback.
1. The Sender
The sender is the first aspect of communication, the root of communication
success is important in that he / she is the message source. A successful 'sender'
should be efficient in formulating his message, be it in verbal (speaking) or non-
verbal (written, signals, body movements) form. A good 'sender' should however
be able to know and understand the medium in which he / she could send the
message. A good 'sender' should be able to study like a medium through which
he/she could use the message to deliver. A strong 'sender' will recognize and know
the receiver of his message.
2. The Message
What are the characteristics of a good message? A good message must be readily
grasped; a positive message should be clear. It should be descriptive, that is, it
should be distinctive and definite. A definite or defining message is one free of any
doubt.
3. The Channel
What qualities does a strong channel have? A good channel is one which could
simply, reliably and effectively communicate the message. The channel should be
able to relay the message accurately/exactly-no less or more
4. The Receiver
What are the attributes of a good receiver? A good receiver is someone who is a
good listener, who could comprehend the message accurately and one who is free
from any emotional or psychological baggage that could affect the accuracy of the
message.
5. The feedback
Feedback is the response to the message given by the reviewer. What are the
qualities of a good feedback? A good feedback is given on time, as quickly as
possible after the message has been received. Feedback should not only be
timely, it should also be responsible, meaning, the person giving the feedback
should be accountable/answerable to give his/her response accurately and on
time.
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https://ecampusontario.pressbooks.pub/app/uploads/sites/205/2018/05/image1.png
The Ethics of Communication
Successful communication requires certain ethical rules for a communicator to

follow. Andrew button (https:/ /biz. fluent. com. /info, retrieved February 20, 2018)
suggests for basic rules to observe:
1. Honesty;
2. Openness to other views;
3. Commitment, and
4. Consensus building.
1. Honesty. This quality is very important for successful communication. Webster

described honesty as being true behavior, quality or state. Perhaps there may be
occasions where an individual might be compelled to lie, such as misleading an
adversary in a war that demands crucial details about where friendly forces are
located. Button takes the view that integrity is more than just not lying, it's
transparent and it gives whatever knowledge you have, even if it puts your own
short-term interests at stake.
When a foreign television newscaster commented on the shortage of government

services in a city ravaged by a typhoon, he put his safety at risk and was personally
ostracized for his report. Communication integrity is important, since it is tied to
trust. And in an environment of authenticity will confidence in communication
flourish.
2. Openness to Other Views. One key factor for good communication is your
ability to be open to viewpoints that vary or even go against your ideas. An
environment where people are not free to express their ideas is not an ethical
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environment, particularly if these may be unpopular. The free flow of information is

vital for organizational and country welfare and growth in this matter.
3. Commitment. Webster provides a fascinating concept of loyalty, i.e., being

bound emotionally / intellectually committed to a course of action or to someone
else. Commitment is a pledge or agreement to do something. It is often a condition
of being committed or engaged. In communication one is bound by a variety of
obligations or promises: to be honest or truthful, to be sincere in what you say or
write. False news, instead, is a major NO in communication.
4. Build Consensus. Consensus is a general agreement among the members of

a given group or community, each of which exercises some discretion in decision-
making.
The story of the buffaloes and the tiger, gives us a clear example of the benefit of
consensus. When the buffaloes were united against the tiger, which attack them
frequently, the tiger was no match to the strong team of buffaloes, thus did not
succeed in eating them.
But one day, the buffaloes fought against each other and became dis-united, thus
they were easily defeated by the tiger, and was eaten one after the other.
Ethical communication should lead to consensus. Communication should promote

unity. Hence it is the responsibility or must be the commitment of the sender of the
communication to ensure that his message would promote agreement
(consensus), harmony and unity.
Principles of Communication
To be effective, a communicator should be able to use some fundamental
assumptions or rules. This assumptions or rules are called principles. At least five
basic principles could be utilized to make communication successful, they are the
following:
1. Relevance. An important consideration in sending your message is the value of

relevance of your message to your receiver. Thus, foremost, a speaker of a writer
should ask him/herself the following questions: What is the value of my message
to my receiver? Will my message appeal to the interest of my receiver? Will my
message add value to my receiver or to the company of my receiver?
2. Be Positive. Formulate you message with an open and positive attitude. It is an
accepted rule in physics that an action requires an equal amount of reaction. It is
believed that if a speaker or a writer has a positive attitude then his message would
be received positively by the audience/reader.
3. Choose the Best Medium. An equally important principle in communication is

the medium, the means that a speaker or a writer use, as channel of
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communication. It is advisable that the speaker or the writer utilize effective

communication systems to drive through the message. Nowadays, it is said that
the attention span of people is shorter, thus the need to maximize their attention
as longer as you can to drive through the message.
Gone are the days when the longer you speech or your letter, the more impressive
they are. Because of the short attention span of people, the speaker or the writer
has to make use of tools, which could catch their attention. So a speaker or writer
must be able to maximize to use audio-visual presentations, charts and graphs.
4. Study your Audience. It is must that a speaker or writer knows the audience
or reader. Thus, the speaker or writer should study the socio-economic profile, the
interests, and the inspirations of his/her audience/reader; more importantly, what
appeals to them. If your audience/reader is politically inclined, then talk of
something related to current political issues.
5. Be Enthusiastic. Enthusiasm is a very important quality of a speaker or writer.

It is defined as divine inspiration or frenzy. Simply said enthusiasm is the intensity
of feeling, excitement interest or eagerness.
6. Maintain an Intense Focus. To be effective, a speaker or writer should be fired

with intense feeling or be passionate. Webster believes that the sender of the
communication should be given to a strong feeling, sometimes even romantic
and/or sexual.
Castigador, A. C. (2019). Speak and write for a purpose. ACC Book

Publishing. Cavite, Philippines
Let’s Check!
Activity 1.
1. Drawing from what you have learned from the elements of communication.
2. Then recall a very interesting conversation experience you had with a friend.
3. Recall how the conversation started; how it progressed and how it ended.
4. Then, prepare a flow chart or framework to illustrate the flow of communication
from you as the sender, to your friend as the receiver, and back to you as feedback.
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Activity 2. Identify the following. Write the answer on the blank provided.
____________1. This refers to the response of the message given by the reviewer.
____________2. This is the first aspect of communication, also considered as the root
of communication.
____________3. The ability to be open and acknowledge other viewpoints that vary or
even go against your ideas.
____________4. Defined as divine inspiration or frenzy to intensify the feelings and
emotions of the audience.
____________5. A pledge or agreement to do something.
LET’S ANALYZE!
Activity 1. Quote Analysis. Explain the message of the quote below about how
communication aids the knowledge between confusion and clarity in 2 paragraphs. Refer
to the rubrics on the next page.
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learned.
Democratic Points: You are going to jot down the things that you have learned in bullet
form. You may express it in sentence or in phrase.
 __________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________________

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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KEYWORDS INDEX
essence audience relevance ethics
communication commitment commitment channel
knowledge consensus viewpoint feedback
Big Picture in Focus: ULO c. Discuss the implications of globalization to

communication.
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of implications of
globalization to communication is operationally defined to establish a common frame of
reference as to how the texts work in your chosen field or career. You will encounter these
terms as we go through the study of different types of knowledge. Please refer to these
definitions in case you will encounter difficulty in understanding specific terms.
1. Globalization. Globalization is the term used to describe the growing interdependence

of the economies, societies, and populations of the world, brought on by cross-border
trade in products and services, technology, and investment, citizens, and knowledge
flows.
2. Implication. The inference that may be drawn from something, even if it is not explicitly
stated.
Essential Knowledge
To understand better about the implications of globalization to communication the
following terms will be used. This will give you ideas about the important things
that you really need to know as you get engage yourself in this chapter.
Implications of Globalization to Communication
Communication competence in one factor in the success of in individual,

including success in business. However, globalization has created a big impact in
dramatic ways on the way people communicate. Part of this global development is
the advent of the fourth industrial revolution, which brought about massive
developments in information technology, including artificial intelligence.
Nowadays, one needs not fly to other countries to conduct meetings. It is

now possible to do teleconferencing. Moreover, one can communicate via email,
Skype, Viber, Facebook, Instagram, and twitter, etc. and study via learning
managements systems. These developments also entail changes in the way we
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communicate, although the same ethical considerations and principles would hold
true.
1. Virtual interactions. Because of globalization, virtual communication has
become in vogue, thus has accelerated the flow of communication in exponential
terms. Around ten or so years ago, one has to make an overseas call to
communicate with a friend or relative in a foreign country. Nowadays, through the
use of the internet and modern gadgets, communicating to any part of the world
has become as easy as the click of a finger.
2. Information highway. The channel of communication has become doubly
efficient brought about by the availability or numerous service providers offering
internet, cable TV and mobile telephone facilities.
3. Business Transaction. The speed and efficiency communication entails new
approaches to transact business around the globe. Traveling to another country to
transact business could be foregone in lieu of internet facilities, a number of them
for free.
One can do teleconferencing with a business partner abroad, without spending

much for travel. Thus, promotions, marketing and selling products across the globe
has become easy and very quick because of virtual communication, moreover,
because of the availability of quick communication facilities, information flow has
been significantly facilitated and decision-making has become faster
4. Social Media Power. One effect of globalization is the prevalence of social

media networks, resulting in social awareness of people in a global sense. The
advent of advanced communication technology promoted the ‘Massification’ of
information, views, research studies, opinions, and prototypes. Where before
society is fragmented because of geographic separation, now a global society has
become a reality courtesy of social media.
Consequently, the political, economic and social impact of this communication

revolution could only be unimaginable because the world has virtually shrunk like
an apple due to the speed by which communication could be transmitted.
Examples of Globalization
Due to trade developments and financial exchanges, we often think of

globalization as an economic and financial phenomenon. Nonetheless, it includes
a much wider field than just flowing of goods, services or capital. Often referred to
as the globalization concept map, some examples of globalization are the following
according to the website of https://youmatter.world/en/definition/definitions-
globalization-definition-benefits-effects-examples/:
1. Economic Globalization. Refers to the development of trade systems within

transnational actors such as corporations or NGOs.
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2. Financial Globalization. This can be linked with the rise of a global financial
system with international financial exchanges and monetary exchanges. Stock
markets, for instance, are a great example of the financially connected global world
since when one stock market has a decline, it affects other markets negatively as
well as the economy as a whole.
3. Cultural Globalization. This refers to the interpenetration of cultures which, as
a consequence, means nations adopt principles, beliefs, and costumes of other
nations, losing their unique culture to a unique, globalized supra-culture;
4. Political Globalization. This refers to the development and growing influence
of international organizations such as the UN or WHO means governmental action
takes place at an international level. There are other bodies operating a global
level such as NGOs like Doctors without borders or Oxfam;
5. Sociological Globalization. Since the information moves almost in real-time,
together with the interconnection and interdependence of events and their
consequences, thus people move all the time too, mixing and integrating different
societies;
6. Technological Globalization. This is a phenomenon by which millions of
people are interconnected thanks to the power of the digital world via platforms
such as Facebook, Instagram, Skype or Youtube.
7. Geographic Globalization. This is the new organization and hierarchy of
different regions of the world that is constantly changing. Moreover, with
transportation and flying made so easy and affordable, apart from a few countries
with demanding visas, it is possible to travel the world without barely any
restrictions;
8. Ecological Globalization. This accounts for the idea of considering planet
Earth as a single global entity – a common good all societies should protect since
the weather affects everyone and we are all protected by the same atmosphere.
To this regard, it is often said that the poorest countries that have been polluting
the least will suffer the most from climate change.
Effects of Globalization
1. Ethnocentrism. The Webster third international dictionary defines
ethnocentrism as a habitual disposition to judge foreign peoples or groups by the
standards and practices of one’s own culture or ethic group. It is belief that one’s
own practice is the proper way of life. People from another country tend to judge
those coming from other countries, based on their standards, cultural practices,
values and beliefs thus, the tendency to look down upon the culture of other
peoples, resulting in inaccurate assumptions. Thus, those who have not been
exposed to other cultures, may have the tendency to impose his/her own beliefs,
find it challenging to relate with another people belonging to another culture and
result in a gap in the relationship.
Ethnocentrism could be a source of bias or prejudice that may hence affect

relationship and communication in an intercultural setting. To illustrate, negative
pre-judgment and dislike of food from other countries is an example of
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ethnocentrism. For instance, the indo-Chinese people love to eat raw vegetables,
which for Filipinos maybe a practice that would not be too welcome.
What are the possible effects of ethnocentrism to intercultural and global
communication?
a. Bias – is the inclination, predisposition or partially towards something. Bias

connotes a favourable impression towards a culture or belief. Communication
situation is something positive.
b. Prejudice – is the opposite of bias. Prejudice is defined as an adverse judgment
or opinion formed beforehand, without knowledge of the facts. The effect of
prejudice to communication is negative, in the sense that a person may have an
adverse pre-judgment of another person coming from another culture, thus could
hinder intercultural understanding and communication.
c. Discrimination – is the unfair treatment of a person or group as a consequence
of an adverse judgment or opinion of a culture.
d. Loyalty – ethnocentrism cam cement loyalty within the same social grouping or
people belonging to the same society. For instance the world football games had
strengthened loyalty among the competing countries, since the tendency is for
people to support their own team.
e. Miscommunication – communication is affected by either bias or prejudice,
positive or negative. Bias for another culture could create a positive impression,
thus facilitate better communication. On the other hand, pre-judgment of one
culture brought about by prejudice could lead to misunderstanding.
f. Division – unity could not be achieved among different cultures under a situation
where prejudice abounds. If people have adverse assumptions about foreign
peoples or groups, this could adversely affect communication and thus lead to
division, or even worse to conflict or at the extreme, war.
2. Cultural Relativism. The concept of cultural relativism implies that person’s

beliefs and practices should be perceived by others, in the context of his culture.
This also means not judging the culture of other people that are not the same as
yours. Similarly, we should appreciate the cultural practices of other societies in
the context of their culture. For instance the Filipino food ‘’balut’’. Thus,
understanding fully one’s beliefs and practices would require a study of his/her
culture. A related situation is the issue of whale catching. While many countries
and worldwide organizations forbid the catching of whales, other countries
engaged in the practice would not find this acceptable, since it has been a part of
their culture for generations to catch whales. Thus, the question is: who would set
the standards for right or wrong?
For cross-cultural communication to succeed, it is helpful for one to think about the
culture of other countries in such a way what we could appreciate their practices
in light of their beliefs.
3. Cultural Appreciation. Cultural appreciation happens when a person attempts

to appreciate and study about another culture, for one to widen his understanding
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and relate with others in a cross-cultural setting. Cultural appreciation could

facilitate cross-cultural understanding and communication.
4. Cultural Appropriation. Cultural appreciation is taking one component of a
practice belonging to another culture and using it for a purpose. For instance,
buying an ethnic clothing from the natives of the mountain province and using it to
make someone look fashionable, without knowing the appropriate occasion and
its meaning when this clothing is used may be offensive to the ethic group. So, the
call for us is: understanding the culture of others and sensitivity of their beliefs and
traditions.
Successful Communication in an International and Intercultural Setting
The advent of information and communication technology has made the globe
smaller, where it has become as easy as a flick of a finger to communicate and
interact with people around the world. Thus, political, social and economic
interactions among countries and peoples had been facilitated - - now called
globalization.
Consequently, relationship between peoples had been globalized. Globalization

hence, is the word of the day. Because of that, interaction and communication
among peoples had become frequent and inevitable.
The effect of globalization is internationalization and inter – culturalization. The

question now is: in light of these developments, how could one be an effective
communicator? The following tips may be worth considering:
1. Global awareness. One should be knowledgeable of developments and issues

obtaining in countries around the world. We are blessed by information technology
to have global television channels and media to search information from any part
of the world, thus one should take advantage of this.
2. Cultural sensitivity. To be an effective communicator, we have to know, accept
and respect the culture of our audience/reader.
3. Cultural intelligence (CQ) and competence. This quality relates to the
capability of a person to adjust to and cope with situations in which differences in
cultures and beliefs had been observed.
4. Respect for the cultures and beliefs of others. Our success in our relationship
with others hinges on our respect of our cultures and beliefs. In other words,
respect begets respect. People will respect you if they sense that you also respect
them. This applies to communication situations. Respect to your audience/reader
begets respect to you.
5. Openness and positive attitude toward others. The key to a successful
relationships is an open and positive attitude towards others. Start a conversation
by a positive comment and you will almost certainly get a positive response.
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Important Pointers in Communication
1. Be ethical. Different countries have distinct ethical rules to follow in

communication. Thus, it is highly recommended that you make a simple study of
your audience/reader, their culture and their way to communicate, and the basic
rules they follow.
2. Use standard English terms and sentences. It is advised that a speaker/writer
avoid the use of esoteric terms, which means words used by specific professions
or groups.
3. Use a reasonable pace/speed in speaking. Be sensitive and considerate of
your audience. A public speaker should avoid delivering a speech using
conversational speed. Calibrating your space according to the reactions for your
audience could help the speaker succeed. It is a advised that you use simple rather
than compound and complex sentences.
4. Keep it short and simple (KISS). So that you can easily remember this pointer,
let us adopt an acronym: ‘’KISS,’’ meaning be as simple and as brief as possible.
Researchers believe that the interest span of a normal audience has shortened.
Thus, the longer as your sentences and your speech/write up for that matter, the
less your chances of succeeding. Shorter words and sentences are easy to digest
and comprehend than longer words. For instance use “Everyone’’ instead of the
cliché “each and everyone’’ say “good morning’’ instead of a ‘’pleasant good
morning’’.
5. Be a good listener. One speaker said to his audience: ‘’I hate people who
speak, while I am interrupting.’’ this trait is common to a number of people. Filipinos
are said be not so good listeners, thus we need to develop our active listening
skills, meaning: imagine what a speaker is saying; make a picture of the ideas that
are being put across. Ask questions to make sure that you understood well what
the order person is trying to communicate. Do wait for your turn to speak, never
interrupt, for many cultures interrupting a speaker is rude.
6. Keep tabs for important details. It is advisable to write important details,
especially complicated figures or ideas to help your audience understand your
message.
7. Encourage interaction. Interaction is very important for feedback and
successful communication. Sharpen your questioning techniques by learning to
use open-ended questions.
Castigador, A. C. (2019). Speak and write for a purpose. ACC Book Publishing:
Cavite, Philippines
Globalization: Definition, Benefits, Effects, Examples – What is Globalization? Retrieved

July 20, 2020https://youmatter.world/en/definition/definitions-globalization-
definition-benefits-effects-examples/
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Let’s Check!
Activity 1. Statement Analysis. Analyze the statement of Herbie Hancock, discuss the
implication of globalization to communication including ideas and culture in two
paragraphs. Refer rubric on the next page.
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LET’S ANALYZE!
Activity 1. Choose a favorite Asian country. Make a simple research and prepare a grid
based on the following:
1. Country
2. Common features of people
3. Common beliefs
4. Common values
In the last column of the grid, compare the feature of your country of choice
with that of the Philippines. So your matrix would look like this.
Attributes Country of Choice Philippines
1. Common features of
people
2. Common beliefs
3. Common values
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Activity 2. Think of the favorite social media you use, then recall the ethics and principles
of communication. What ethics and principles do you think you should consider or not
consider? Explain why you should consider or not consider the ethics and principles in
utilizing these social media.
Types of Social
Ethics to Apply Principles to Apply
Media
1. e-mail
2. facebook
3. twitter
4. skype
5. instagram
6. viber
Activity 3. Write true is the statement is true and false it is false.

__________1. Cultural development is a process of taking one component of a practice
belonging to another culture and using it for a purpose.
__________2. Cultural relativism implies that person’s beliefs and practices should be
perceived by others, in the context of his culture.
__________3. Bias connotes unfavourable impression towards a culture or belief.
__________4. Ethnocentrism is a belief that one’s own practice is the proper way of life.
__________5. Prejudice is the unfair treatment of a person or group as a consequence
of an adverse judgment or opinion of a culture.
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learned.
Create an acrostic about the word globalization that will help you to remember this specific
lesson.
G-
L-
O-
B-
A-
L-
I-
Z-
A-
T-
I-
O-
N

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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KEYWORDS INDEX
cultural
globalization prejudice social media
relativism
ethnocentrism bias loyalty division

cultural
discrimination relevance intercultural
appreciation
Big Picture

a. analyze the function of communication in local and global communication in
cross/multi-cultural settings.
b. identify the elements of verbal and non-verbal communication in cross/multi-
cultural settings
Big Picture in Focus: ULO a. Analyze the function of communication in local

and global communication in cross/multi-cultural settings.
Essential Language
To understand better about the function of communication in local and global
communication in cross/multi-cultural settings the following terms will be used. This will
give you ideas about the important things that you really need to know as you get engage
yourself in this chapter.
Chapter Two: Local and Global Communication in Cross

multi-cultural Settings
Communication is culture-bound. Communication is a

reflection of the culture of a society or community. It is safe to
say that communication is developed because of culture.
Hence, communication and culture are two independents
concepts. This theory is validated by Edward Hall, when he
observed that communication is culture and culture is
communication. In fact our verbal and non-verbal communication
reflect our culture and vice-versa. Thus, a word that is spoken carries with
it the culture of that person and his/her society. Our manner of dressing, our bearing, and
our lifestyle, which form part of our communication systems reveal so much about our
culture.
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Communication in Cross/Multi-cultural Settings
Intercultural communication is interaction and communication among persons and

communities with varied cultural backgrounds. Communication is a process of interaction
among persons that is complex. This entails verbal and non-verbal relationships among
persons and even assumptions that are commonly agreed among them. Because of the
complexity of the communication process, miscommunication and problems may arise,
as a result. To facilitate communication among persons, understanding and acceptance
of the cultures of parties involved in the communication process in necessary.
Appreciation and understanding of the cultures of the parties involved in the
communication process, which influence their behaviours and thinking process
manifested through words, symbol and pictures are required for both parties, to fully
understand and interact with each other effectively.
The following Elements determine the outcomes of Cross/Multi-cultural

Communication:
1. Inability to understand one’s culture, values and beliefs – the lack of understanding
of the culture of the persons involved in the communication process affects the interaction
among them.
2. Lack of acceptance of the culture of a person/attitude – inability to accept the
culture of the person you are interacting with, adversely results in poor communication.
3. Prejudice/bias – some people tend to think superior of themselves over the cultures,
hence have the tendency to pre-judge others and hamper communication.
4. Lack of education/limited exposure – people who lack education do of have the
appropriate information about other cultures, thereby affecting interaction and
communication.
5. Language barrier – inability to speak a common language, obviously hampers
understanding and communication.
The Nature and Functions of Verbal and Non-verbal Communication in Cross/Multi-

cultural Settings
Verbal communication is a way of interacting using oral language. Verbal

communication may be the quickest and most efficient way to communicate. However,
caution should be taken and sensitivity should be applied in the used off words, which
may vary meaning from culture to culture. For Cebuano, “sabot’’ means understand, but
may be obscene to an Ilonggo. “Kabatete” in Ilocano is a vegetable but the sound of the
word is quite offensive for the Tagalogs.
The use of esoteric words, terms, which are used and understood only by a chosen
few or an enlightened inner circle could also affect communication, thus should be
avoided. For instance, words that are used in the engineering circle may not be
understandable to other audiences/people.
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Why do we need to engage in Verbal Communication?
Some people are just too introvert and self-centered to spend some of their time
for meaningful and precious conversations. However, much as some would be too shy to
avoid conversations, we are humans and social creatures that we need to interact - - with
our family members, with our neighbors, with our friends, with classmates and with others!
No man is an island nobody lives himself and for himself. We live with others, for a
purpose and for a reason. It is believed that any situation is a learning opportunity.
Conversation is a powerful tool to learn. You learn from intelligent people you interact
with, and believe me - - much like learning from reading a book. How to start and maintain
a conversation, however, requires some techniques.
Starting a conversation is a new challenge for a number of reasons. First, many of

us have some kind of fear the first time we meet people. We fear that people might judge
us; we fear that we might look ridiculous to some people; we fear that we might not be
received positively by others; we fear that unknown outcomes of our interaction, and a
host of other fears. As in any public speaking situation, this fear is natural; thus, we can
overcome this fear by considering some techniques.
Technique in Making Verbal Communication Productive and Meaningful
 Think of the advantages of conversing with someone, rather than your fear.
Converse with a purpose: to establish friendship, to explore a business
opportunity, to share brilliant insights, to learn and for many other reasons.
 Maintain a positive attitude. A positive attitude attracts positive reactions. Be
enthusiastic and proactive; start the conversation by saying something positive
about the event, the situation or the person you are talking to.
 Be respectful and polite. Respect other people’s opinion, even if they are contrary
to yours. Some people could be “abrasive” and offensive in their language; thus, it
would be to your advantage not to reveal your emotions and displeasure.
 Start the conversation by talking about a hot topic, a current and relevant issue or
a very interesting topic. You can start by making a neutral yet simulating comment
like: politics is starting to be hot, now that some politicians have started filing their
candidacy. Alternatively, you can start your conversation with useful clichés like: a
comment on the weather, the food or the drinks, but be sure not give offensive
comments.
 Allow somebody you are conversing with to talk about his interests, his career and
his accomplishments. After all, the list of things that are of interest to him/her, might
also be interesting to you. So that wold be a common interest that you could pick
up and make for a very good topic of your conversation.
 Raise interesting questions about the person you are talking with; but avoid asking
too personal, offensive and sensitive questions that may intrude into his/her
privacy. Asking about one’s company or career is an effective way of starting an
interesting conversation.
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 Know how to direct and redirect the conversation to a topic that is meaningful to
the person you are conversing with and to you.
 Be sensitive of the feelings and situation of the person you are talking with. A
conversation is a good start for a relationship. Do a very quick study of the profile
of the person you are talking to. If it is a scheduled meeting, it would be helpful to
gain some information about the person you will meet from a facebook, a twitter
account or from a Google search. Your simple study could guide you to the topic
you are going to start with.
 Be sincere. People will feel if you are not truthful and if you have hidden motives.
Know how to appreciate truly the person you are conversing with as well as his
affiliations and the things associated with him/her.
 Know how to listen. Once I heard someone said: “I hate people who are talking
while I’m interrupting.” This statement indicates the inability of many people to
listen and the tendency to be rude, to interrupt while someone is talking. Listening
is different from merely hearing the person you are conversing with. Listening is
keeping genuine interest in and understanding what he/he is talking about. Paying
sincere interest in a person will result in a friendly conversation and a good start of
a relationship.
 Know how to end the conversation politely. Being sensitive with the person you
are talking with could give you a cue to end the conversation. Thus, you can do a
gracious closure by saying the following:
 “It has been nice talking with you, but I’m afraid I have to go.”
 “I have taken much of your time. It was such an interesting conversation with you.
Thank you for your time.
 “It was great talking with you. Here’s my business card, in case you might need to
get in touch with me in the future.”
 “It’s getting late, I really have to go. It has been a pleasure talking with you.”
 “It was fun talking with you, but you have excuse me. Have a nice day!”
The Elements of Verbal Communication
1. Variation in Speed – the speed of the speaker affects communication. Filipinos are
exposed to American English, thus the difficulty in understanding British and Australian
speakers, especially because of their accent and speed.
2. Volume – Be sensitive of your voice in comparison with the number of people you are
talking to and your distance.
3. Intonation – variations in the rising and falling of the voice affects the communication
process. Speakers are influenced by the intonation of the language or dialect they speak,
thus the tendency to apply the same intonation when they communicate in a cross-cultural
setting and affect communication.
4. Gestures – your body language should support your verbal communication. Try to
learn commonly acceptable and positive body language to reinforce your verbal
communication.
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5. Emphasis – a speaker should be able to use pauses, the proper volume and the right
intensity if you want to point out important ideas.
6. Rhythm – the variation, i.e., strong and weak, duration and accent of sounds in your
speech or the beat in your speech could facilitate effective communication.
7. Pitch – the intensity of your voice suggests how important your ideas are. Thus, your
voice should be varied according to the importance of the ideas you are putting across.
8. Pausing and Phrasing – imagine a speaker who speaks continuously without any
break at all. This may be boring and tiresome to the listener, hence affect the
communication process. For you to be effective, you have to pause at certain points of
your conversation. This may be done by observing proper phrasing of the words, phrases
or clauses that you are use.
Non- Verbal Communication
On the other hand, non-verbal communication is an interaction using non-spoken

language. Non-verbal communication comprises of gestures, facial expressions, actions
or even unconscious behaviour that may either reinforce or hamper communication. For
communication to be effective, there should be consistency in the verbal and non-verbal
communication systems. For instance, you may say you are happy, but if your facial
expression shows that you are not, then it is possible that people may not believe you.
We heard of politicians embracing and carrying babies while campaigning, purportedly
demonstrating their genuine concern for the masses, yet manifest facial expression and
non-verbal behaviour that contradict their claim. This affects communication and their true
intentions.
Gestures are non-verbal cues that help facilitate or emphasize communication.

However, the meaning of gestures varies from country to country. Thus, knowing some
of these gestures and cultural sensitivity in using them is important, to ensure effective
and successful cross-cultural communication. For example a thumbs up gestures may be
commonly positive in many countries, especially in western countries, but considered
rude in Nigeria and very offensive in Japan. The illustration presented below (adopted
from https://ok-t.ru/studopediasu/baza2/451242809428.files/image078.jpg) could help in
making you sensitive in a cross/multi-cultural communication setting.
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Cavite, Philippines
Let’s Check!
Activity 1. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Non-verbal communication is:
A. Linguistic in nature C. Single channeled
B. Less ambiguous than verbal communication D. Continuous
2. Which of the following rules are appropriate for dealing with touch violations:
A. begin by assuming the first touch violation is accidental
B. provide gentle nonverbal signs of rejection for repeat offenders
C. describe your reaction and the behavior that produces the perception of violation to
the offender
D. both a and c
3. Nonverbal and verbal communication are interconnected in which of the following

ways?
A. nonverbal cues can repeat verbal messages
B. nonverbal cues can substitute for verbal messages
C. nonverbal cues can contradict verbal messages
D. all of the above
4. Based on research, which of the following valid conclusions can be drawn about cross-
cultural perceptions of facial expressions:
A. members of diverse cultures do not recognize the same emotions from photographs
of facial expressions
B. members of diverse cultures show significant differences in perceptions of the intensity
of emotion exhibited by a facial expression
C. display rules dictate that collectivist cultures such as Singapore or China suppress
exhibitions of anger or contempt toward rival group members
D. none of the above
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5. The following are valid conclusions, based on research, about gestures and cultures,
EXCEPT?
A. identical gestures always produce identical meaning in different cultures because
gestures are natural displays of feelings
B. illustrators usually come naturally to individuals from all cultures
C. there are no gestures that mean the same thing to members of different cultures
D. every culture uses the thumbs up sign to mean "good going" or "nice job"
Activity 2. Listed below are the elements of verbal communication. Explain how these
elements affect communication (cite sample situations).
Elements Explanation
1. Variation in Speed
2. Volume
3. Intonation
4. Gestures
5. Emphasis
6. Ryhtm
7. Pitch
8. Pausing and Phrasing
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LET’S ANALYZE!
Activity 1. Draw hand/body gestures usually use in your locality, explain the meaning of
this hand/body gestures when and how to use?
Illustration Meaning
learned.
I have realized that …

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
KEYWORDS INDEX
multicultural conversation positive acceptance
verbal direct interests language barrier
nonverbal redirect accomplishment cross-culture
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Big Picture in Focus: ULO b. Identify the elements of verbal and non-verbal
communication in cross/multi-cultural settings
Essential Language
To understand better about the elements of verbal and non-verbal communication in
cross/multi-cultural settings the following terms will be used. This will give you ideas about
the important things that you really need to know as you get engage yourself in this
chapter.
Chapter Three: The Elements of Verbal and Non-verbal Communication in Cross

Multi-cultural Settings
The Elements of Non-verbal Communication

1. Body language – your movement contributes to communication. Thus, oral
communication should be supported by body movement/gestures that would reinforce the
message. A smile captivates, hence deliver your message with a smile.
2. Distance – the nearer you are to the person you are interacting with, the clearer your
non- verbal cues.
3. Touch – artistic and decent use of touch could reinforce your message. However, a
word of caution, some cultures, especially conservative ones may e sensitive and may
not welcome touch.
4. Eye contact – the eyes are the window to the soul. Thus, the sincerity of your message
could be gleaned from your eyes.
5. Pausing – ta certain points, a pause may enable you to emphasize important points of
your message.
6. Bearing – the way you stand and your posture may reveal your composure. So, the
more confident your posture, the more convincing your message.
7. Pacing – the pace of a speaker could drive a message toward uncovering his
intentions. A jittery speaker could create a negative impression of lack of sincerity.
The Effects of Cultural and Global Issues in Communication
Progress in technology has made the world “shrink”. For instance, in the 16th
century, it took Ferdinand Magellan months to reach the Philippines by boat; whereas
today, you can reach any part of the world by plane in not more than 24 hours.
While 30 or so years ago, you can get in touch with a relative by phone after
minutes of waiting for your cue from a telephone operator, nowadays you can contact a
friend or business partner in practically no time at all. Information technology has made
communication and interaction among the peoples of the world quick and easy.
Economic progress and the corresponding availability of jobs in first world

countries encouraged people to move from less developed countries to find more
rewarding jobs in more developed countries. Similarly, transnational corporation employ
people from different countries and assign them in various parts of the globe.
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Moreover, man-made and natural disasters such as war, persecutions, typhoons,

tsunami, earthquake, and even extreme temperatures, necessitated the movement of
people to safer places.
The above global developments and issues forced people to interact and thus
communicate in a cross/multi-communicate with others with similar cultural background,
hence making the communication setting homogeneous, simpler and easier; today we
have to communicate with people coming from different cultures, beliefs and traditions.
This made communication heterogeneous and more complex, thus require more skills in
cross/multi-cultural communication.
Effects of Cultural and Global Issues in Cross/Multi-Cultural Communication
1. Better relationship – interaction among different peoples with different cultures

enables them to study, understand and appreciate each other’s culture. This leads to
more world harmony and peace.
2. Facilitates business and trade – better communication and interaction among the
peoples of the world promotes business and trading.
3. Creates more job opportunities – due to better relationships among peoples, and
business that are developed, more job opportunities are available.
4. Reduces division and enhance inclusion – harmony that results from understanding
and appreciating each other’s cultures reduces conflict and promotes inclusive
development among nations.
5. Personal development – the net result if the peace, understanding and harmony and
interaction with peoples of different cultures is the personal development of individuals
and society.
Tips for Successful Cross/Multi-cultural Communication
 Be sensitive to the pace of the person you are communicating with

 Avoid questions that may offend or may be too personal for a person
 Wait for the person you are talking with to finish before you respond
 Write down important points
 Show support, especially in cases when you feel he/she has difficulty in
understanding and articulating ideas
 At certain points, check for understanding, to ensure that the other person
comprehends your message
 Avoid the use of slang or esoteric words
 Maintain respect for the culture and sensitivities of the person you are talking with.
Self-Help: You can also refer to the sources below to help you further understand the
lesson:
Cavite, Philippines
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Let’s Check!
Activity 1. Fill in the matrix. List down the seven elements of non-verbal communication
and explain how it affects communication. You may cite situations/scenarios for your
answers.
Elements Explanation
LET’S ANALYZE!
Activity 1. Explain the importance of nonverbal communication in cross/multicultural
setting in two paragraphs. Refer to the rubric on the next page.
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2. Discuss the relevance of nonverbal communication in cultural and global issues in
communication in two paragraphs. Refer to the rubric below.
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Activity 2. Using Venn diagram differentiate verbal and non-verbal communication.
Verbal Nonverbal
learned.
Create a short poem with 3 line, 2 stanzas that will describe what you have learned in this
ULO.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
KEYWORDS INDEX
body language pausing bearing opportunities
distance gestures inclusion progress
eye contact culture development global
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Big Picture

a. analyze varieties and registers of spoken and written language.
b. evaluate messages and images.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO a. Analyze varieties and registers of spoken and
written language.
Essential Language
To understand better about the varieties and registers of spoken and written language
the following terms will be used. This will give you ideas about the important things that
you really need to know as you get engage yourself in this chapter.
Chapter Four: Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language
Language register is defined as the appropriateness of the level and style of speaking
and writing. It guides a speaker or writer in the use of vocabulary, structure and grammar.
At least three languages registers have been identified as the most common ones;
1. Formal – formal register is the style of writing or speaking for unfamiliar
audience/readers or for your superiors in an office.
2. Informal – the informal register, otherwise called casual or intimate is recommended
when writing/speaking to friends and familiar persons.
3. Neutral – this register is the more objective, impersonal and factual type of writing or
speaking.
Formal register is the type of speaking/writing appropriate for formal speeches, articles,
studies, technical reports, announcements, business letters and emails for business
purposes.
A number of rules govern the use of formal language register, as follows:

1. Use the third person – the undersigned, instead of “I”, the reporter, instead of he/she.
2. Avoid contractions – use would not, instead of won’t cannot instead of can’t.
However, note that apostrophes are used to show possession, as in Anna’s Law office.
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On the other hand an apostrophe can be used to indicate a plural symbol or numbers,
e.g. BMW’s 7’s, etc.
3. Spell out numbers below one hundred – sixteen, eight, ninety-five, etc.
4. Use formal words rather than slang and clichés – examples of slang are: “cool” for
very good or “dough” for money.
5. Acronyms may be used in formal speaking and writing, but you have to spell it out
first and put the acronym in parentheses, e.g. non-government organization (NGO),
thereafter you may use the acronym in the other parts of your paragraph.
6. Use complete sentences in your write up/speech avoid the use of phrases and
clauses, in lieu of a complete sentence.
7. The use of active rather than passive sentences is preferred. Use “A singer
entertained the guests” instead of “The guests were entertained by a singer.”
8. Simple sentences rather than compound and complex sentences, wold help make
your write up/speech shorter and easier to understand.
9. Use conjunctions, to indicate transitions or imply continuity or cause and effect
relationship in the ideas of your sentences. Conjunctions such as however, nevertheless,
similarly, and on the other hand could help relate or show contrast in the ideas in your
sentences. Informal language register is used for informal and friendly letters/speeches
for your acquaintances, friends and family members, thus written in an informal style. This
is the type of writing you adopt for short messaging system (text messages) friendly
letters, personal e-mails, diaries, journal and blogs. Informal writing is the opposite of
formal letters, hence, does not require formal and strict rules to follow. Here you may use
figures of speech, personal pronouns, symbols, acronyms, slangs and even incomplete
sentences, phrases and clauses.
Finally, the neutral language register is neither formal nor informal, thus applicable
for non-emotional and factual themes. This style of writing/speaking is usually seen in
articles, technical reports and magazine reviews.
Varieties of Language
The different kinds of English language used around the world led to the varieties
in the use of English. The reason for this is historical: England used English as its native
language for more than 1,000 years. However, eventually the use of English spread in
many parts of the globe like Canada, U.S.A and Australia because of migration,
employment and economic reasons. Since language dynamic and cultural-bound, the
differences in culture eventually resulted in changes in the original English language.
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There are at least three main varieties of English: British English, American
English, and Australian English. However, variety and even sub-varieties had been
noted in other countries where English is used. There are may be varieties in spelling.
For instance, color in American English is colour in British English.
On the other hand, varieties had been observed in grammar. For instance for
British speakers they would say: “Have you eaten all those fruits?” while for Americans,
they would say: “Did you eat all those fruits?” this is due to the fact that British English at
times use the present perfect tense verb, whereas, American English would prefer using
the past simple tense. More examples could be seen below of the varieties in American
and British English.
British English: Have you eaten all those Happybee fried chicken?
American English: Did you eat all Happybee fried chicken?
British English: Have you ever watched the TV series, Ang Probinsyano?
American English: Did you ever watch the TV series, Ang Probinsyano?
For tag questions, the following varieties were observed between British and American
English:
British English: I’ll upload this pictures in my Facebook, will I?

American English: I’ll upload these pictures in my Facebook, right?
Still, variety in English was noted in the use of prepositions. For instance the British would
say: The time is 15 minutes past five. For Americans, they would say: The time is 15
minutes after five.
For adverbs, the following varieties in informal speech between British and American
English had been noted:
In American English cases in the use of adverbs without the –ly ending.
American English: Tagaytay was real cold last February.
British English: Tagaytay was really cold last February.
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For vocabulary, varieties of English could be seen mainly between American English
(AmE) and British English (BrE), the two most prevalent varieties of English:
Meanings
In some instances variety between British and American English were seen, such as in
the use of the word cab for Americans while the British uses the word taxi, although both
refer to only one and the same thing.
However, noted were differences in meaning in the use of the word “quite” is used as an
intensifier:
He was upset a while ago and that was all right, but now he’s quite upset so we have to
leave!
In British English, however, “quite” is used to lessen the intensity of the term.
He was upset a while ago, so I was thinking of leaving; now, he’s still quite upset so I
think it’s alright to stay.
Listed below are more differences in variety in the meaning of words between British and
American English. In the listing, Australian English and New Zealand English are the
same as British English, except in very few cases.
Road/Traffic
American British Australian New Zealand
English English English English
automobile car
cab taxi
detour diversion
divided highway dual carriageway
expressway motorway
fender bumper, mudguard
flat puncture, flat tyre
elevator lift
eraser rubber
faculty staff (university)
sedan saloon car
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shoulder verge
sidewalk pavement
traffic circle roundabout
trailer caravan
windshield windscreen
wreck crash
Nouns
billfold wallet
coin-purse purse
diaper nappy
pants trousers
pantyhose tights
purse handbag
shorts underpants, pants
sneakers trainers
suspenders braces
undershirt vest
zipper zip
elevator lift
first floor ground floor
flashlight torch
garbage rubbish
janitor caretaker

kerosene paraffin kerosene
pitcher jug
potato chips crisps chips
rest room toilet
store shop
stove cooker
vacation holiday
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lesson:
Cavite, Philippines
Let’s Check!
Activity 1. Identify whether the following underlined word is British English or American
English by using the symbols BrE for British and AmE for American English. Write your
answer on the space provided.
_____ 1. The durian was really sweet.

_____ 2. Seeing the rice terraces was truly amazing.
_____ 3. The picnic to Boracay was a real experience.
_____ 4. Tibo bought a pair of beautiful trousers.
_____ 5. May I use your toilet?
_____ 6. The building is tall, so let’s use the lift.
_____ 7. Our office janitor is very conscientious in cleaning our workplace.
_____ 8. Please throw your rubbish in the proper waste can.
_____ 9. The plants were arranged beautifully in the groundfloor of the building.
_____ 10. To avoid accident, please double check that your cooker is properly turned off
before leaving your house.
Activity 2. Recall the three language registers, give a brief description about them,
including their use. Use the table on the next page.
Language Register Use/Function
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LET’S ANALYZE!
1. Language variation according to the users is called?

A. register B. dialect C. lingua franca D. pidgin
2. Which of the following is NOT a situational characteristic of language use?

A. Formality C. The relationship between conversation participants
B. Speaker's hometown D. The medium of communication
3. Which of the following statements is true about communication?

A. Humans are the only animals that communicate with each other.
B. Human language is 100% learned rather than biologically inherited.
C. Humans and all other large mammals use a symbolic communication system.
D. None of the above
4. When people speak different forms of a language in different social situations, the
phenomenon is referred to as:
A. diglossia B. bilingualism C. adaptation D. neither A or B
5. What is one reason why languages disappear?

A. Some languages are inherently better than others, so people shift to speaking superior
languages.
B. Some languages have higher prestige, so people shift to speaking languages that will
allow them to get better jobs.
C. Some languages are harder to learn than others, so people learn easier languages if
they have the opportunity.
D. Some languages permits status symbol and educational qualification, so people try to
adapt it for easy access.
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Activity 2. Using the Venn diagram, compare and contrast the three registers of
language.
Formal Informal
Neutral
learned.
Create a short dialogue about what you have learned using the bubble quote below.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
KEYWORDS INDEX
Informal
variety Australian English writing
language
register Neutral language American English business letter
Formal language British English speaking cliché
Big Picture in Focus: ULO b. Evaluate messages and images.
Essential Language
To understand better about evaluating messages and images the following terms will be
used. This will give you ideas about the important things that you really need to know as
you get engage yourself in this chapter.
Chapter Five: Evaluating Messages and Images
Critical evaluation, is one of the levels of comprehension advanced by Benjamin Bloom.

It requires a thorough analysis and critical look at information, messages and images that
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we get from or use for reading materials, lectures or presentations, for one to obtain or
use accurate information.
Evaluating Images
Since media messages are developed, they could be altered or disintegrated. Lately,
many fake news and altered media materials misled people into accepting and believing
them. Thus, media messages and images should be evaluated to ensure their validity,
reliability and appropriateness. Content and visual analysis could be applied to messages
and images, using a checklist, as follows: (from Evaluating Media Messages
http:/thoughfullearning.com/inquireHSbook/pg240Retrieved May 14, 019)
Sender
1. Who created the messages? Was it by a news organization, a public citizen, or an
advertiser?
Message
2. What does the message say (subject, main point, support)
3. Is the information fair and logical?
4. What points of view are shared in the messages? Which ones are left out?
5. What images or sounds catch my attention?
Media
6. What type of media is used to deliver the messages?
7. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the media format?
Receiver
8. Who is the target of the messages?
9. How might people different from me interpret this message?
Context
10. What is the purpose of this message?
11. Who controls the transmission of the messages?
Assessing Messages and Images of Varied Texts of Different Cultures
To assess radio, television and printed advertisements, a logical framework may be used
(adopted from https://beaspeaker.wordpress.com/2019/01/03/folio-4evaluating-
messages-and-or-images-of-different-types-of-texts-reflecting-different-cultures/,
retrieved July 26, 2020). A sample of assessment could be seen below.
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Television Commercial: Breeze
Guide Questions for

Key Concepts Assessment
Media Text Analysis
1. The message 1. What is the 1. The text conveys that
is message of Breeze is the best
“constructed the text? detergent powder to
” effectively remove stains from
clothes. They claim that
no matter how thick the
stains is, it is easily
remove through the use of
breeze, since it claims
that it has a power of ten
hands.
2. How 2 .According to the
effectively advertisement, it is
does it effective for removing
represent stains from mud, orange
reality? juice, mango juice,
strawberry cake and even
motor oil. However, it
can’t be said that it is truly
effective, since I haven’t
used it.
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3. How is the 3. The message was constructed

message based on the concept of the product,
constructed? on the ingredients used and how
effective they were.
2. The media 1. What lifestyle, 1. The advertisement was
embedded values and presented creatively by
values and points of view highlighting the value of
points of are represented kindness, respect and being
view. in the text? helpful.
2. Who or what is 2. The ad failed to state the level of
missing? comfort and kind of services the
product can offer for the customers.
3. The 1. What message 1. From this TV commercial I
messages do you perceive perceive that in advertising
are from the text? we can show the positives
unambiguou values of the Filipino and
s and clear. encourage viewers to buy the
product.
2. How might 2. The viewers might take
others seriously the statement that if the
understand it product is not effective after one
differently? wash, the company will give back
Why? their money.
4. The media 1. What is the The purpose of the
have purpose of advertisement is to encourage
commercial, the text? the audience to buy and use the
ideological or product.
political
interest.
2. Who is the 2. The target of this advertisement
target are customers, especially parents
audience of and individuals who wash their
the text? clothes.
3. Who might 3. Persons who have sensitive
be skin since the ads did not
disadvantag mention that it is not harmful for
e? those who have sensitive skin.
4. Who created 4. The advertisement was
the text? created by the company as
And why? television commercial.
5. Media 1. What 1. The company used a
messages techniques are concrete tag line that can
are used and why? catch the attention of the
construct readers. The positive
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ed using a character traits of the Filipino

creative were highlighted and
language showcase.
having its
own rules
2. How effective 2. The technique used were
are the effective because the tag line “lakas
techniques in ng sampung kamay” leave a mark to
supporting the the viewers.
messages or
themes of the
text?
3. What are other 3. Aside from TV commercials the
ways of product can also be advertised in
presenting the magazines, newspapers and radio
message? to reach more customers.
Evaluating Messages and Images vis-à-vis Deceptive Appeals
At this point, you may have already mastered the methods in evaluating messages and
images. However at times you may fall into the trap of being convinced of the accuracy
and validity of the messages and image due to the use of appeals, which are illogical or
improper. Thus, it would be good to know some of this not-so-appropriate variety, which
is called deceptive appeal. They are also called deceptive appeal is the technique of
conviction or persuasion, in which the writer/ author uses incorrect reasoning. So that you
can avoid falling into the pitfall of believing this incorrect writing, it would be good to study
them.
1. Sweeping Generalization. This error in reasoning is committed when a statement

puts all members of a group into a category. An infamous example of this fallacy
is the definition in one dictionary of the word “Filipina” which was defined as a maid.
2. Incorrect Sampling. When some people concluded that many Filipinos want an
amendment of the constitution based on the opinion of mayors and barangay
captains, there is an obvious flaw in this conclusion, since the sample was taken
only from one sector of society.
3. Argument ad hominem. This invalid reasoning happens when an argument
assails the character of a person instead of the beliefs he stands for. Asserting that
poor people should not be believed because they are needy is a classic example
of this incorrect reasoning.
4. Argumentum ad baculum. The term literally means argument using a stick. This
error in reasoning arises when one uses force instead of reason to win an
argument. This is common among Filipino parents who would threaten to spank a
child instead of explaining a wrongdoing.
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5. Begging the question. When a statement assumes that an argument has been
proven but it actually was not, the fallacy of begging the question is committed.
The opinion that we cannot question the decision of the judge who was given the
constitutional power to try and decide commits this erroneous reasoning.
6. Either or fallacy. This incorrect reasoning is also called false dilemma. When a
writer or speaker sees a complicated issue from the point of view of only two
choices but forgetting other possibilities, the either or fallacy arises.
7. False analogy. An analogy is a comparison of two things that are unlike, except
for one feature. A false analogy is committed when the resemblance between two
things that are compared is vague or unclear or when there is no resemblance at
all.
8. False cause. This false reasoning arises from an error in the cause and effect
relationship. For instance, in the 1992 U.S and Russia, Bill Clinton responded: “Mr.
Bush’s taking credit for ending the cold war between the U.S and Russia is like the
rooster’s taking credit for the dawn.”
9. Over-simplification. If a writer claims “corruption among the police can be
stopped by increasing their salary” don’t be misled by the claim, because
corruption is caused by many other factors, not only the low salary. Hence, it is an
over simplification to look at the problem of corruption, which is definitely complex,
from one angle, i.e., salary.
10. Non sequitur. This erroneous reasoning is committed when the conclusion does
not reasonably follow from the arguments. Writing for example that students study
their lessons, teachers teach, therefore computer programmers prepare software
or computer programs are arguments that are not related thus could not be valid
bases for concluding that computer programmers prepare software or computer
programs.
11. Post ergo propter hoc. This error in reasoning results when a conclusion is
drawn from a cause and effect relationship that is purely coincidental.
12. Fallacy of reduction. This faulty writing similar to the previous fallacy, post ergo
propter hoc, because it identifies one reason for a problem but does not consider
other possible causes. For example in the statement: “he become successful
because of good luck”, good luck certainly is one factor for success but there may
be other reasons not the least of them is prayer, hard work and others.
13. Slippery slope. As he phrase connotes, this defective writing arises when one
conclusion is deemed to have “slipped down the slope” thus, the situation has gone
out of control. The assertion that legalizing “jueteng” will lead to more vices may
certainly be true, but is a classic example of an argument that commits this error.
14. Two wrongs make a right. This manipulative technique in writing is often used to
justify a wrong doing just because a similar wrongdoing was committed. This false
reasoning is seen in statements like: “I will enrich myself through corruption since
my colleagues are also doing it anyway”.
15. Argumentum ad populum. This erroneous writing makes use of an appeal to
popular prejudices rather than an appeal to reason. Claiming for instance that Mr.
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Gleam is the best toothpaste because it has been endorsed by many dentists, is
an example of this fallacy.
16. Argumentum ad miserecordiam. This technique appeals to pity. It ignores the
point at issue, but instead appeals to our emotion to have pity on the unfortunate.
To justify one’s act of stealing from someone because the robber’s family is
miserable, commits this erroneous reasoning.
17. Ignoratio elenchi. The term means ignorance of the argument. E.P. Corbett
(Classical Rhetoric p. 79) calls this the “Red Herring” referring to the act of dragging
the herring across a track to mislead the hunting dogs from tracing or following
their prey. This faulty reasoning is characterized by diverting an issue to a side
issue, to win an argument. For instance, a government official who was alleged to
have enriched himself from illegal activities demanded, “let’s investigate the bank
accounts of all government officials”, to divert the attention of people away from
the real issue.
18. The complex question. This mode of erroneous reasoning arises when one asks
a complex question - - a loaded questions which essentialy is composed of two
issues. For example, a lawyer may ask: “why did you kill he man?” The question
assumes that the accused really killed the man. If the accused answers the
questions directly, then he falls into the trap and is considered guilty. Thus, since
there are actually two questions loaded into one complex question i.e.“ Did you kill
the man?” and “Why did you kill the him?” the first question should be answered
first before the second.
Evaluating Messages and Images in Light of Miscellaneous Deceptive

Appeals
The temptation to use other manipulative or erroneous appeals may be avoided

by studying them. Deanne Milan, enumerated some of the most commonly used
manipulative techniques employed by writers.
1. Use of authority. This manipulative technique, common in advertisements,

uses popular people like movie stars and celebrities in endorsing products. The
manipulation occurs when they speak in favor of a product as if they are
authorities in the field. As a writer, it wold be wise to avoid strategy, first
because these celebrities are not really knowledgeable about the subject, and
second they are beholden to the product because they are paid to endorse it.
2. Bias. Favouring one side over another is the essence of bias. A number of
writers commit this error when they write positive things in favour of a
person/group in relation to a controversial issue. Claiming that the decision to
offer our bases to the U.S is disadvantages, is a statement tainted with bias.
3. Lying with that facts. This term for manipulative technique which originated
from Phil Trounstine of the San Jose Mercury News, means releasing a series
of statements, each of which is arguably true, but taken as a whole constitutes
a lie.
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4. Misleading statistics. The use of statistics can mislead readers. Thus,

statistics should be presented with care because the urge to manipulate them
may be tempting to the writer. The claim that our growth rate is following an
upward trend is heart-warming news. However, what this statistics means in
real terms, in the context of the number of unemployed and underemployed,
number of squatters living in subhuman conditions, leaves much to be desired.
5. Linking. A MacDonald (The Macmillan college Workbook p. 326) notes that
this manipulative technique is committed when one links a popular person with
an issue, without presenting the clear connection between the person and the
issue. This faulty reasoning is common in advertisements showing a product
that even the celebrities would use.
lesson:
Cavite, Philippines
Let’s Check!
Activity 1. Study the following statements. Determine and discuss what kind of deceptive
appeal is used.
Statement Deceptive Appeal

1. He became rich because he opened his business on
the date of his lucky number.
2. I’m going to plant this tree. All my neighbors will also
plant trees if they see me doing this.
3. He is a politician; whatever he says is doubtful.
4. I use open up toothpaste; after all, it has been
endorsed by Aga Montano.
5. Sun bathing is good for the health. It can really
burnout all the fats in my body.
6. An aeta wears a G-string; therefore, all Filipinos wear
G-string.
7. An examination is just like mountain climbing. You
think it’s so impossible; but when you get to the top you
feel so good about it.
8. Government official said: “If I am accused of having
deposited a huge sum of money and I am investigated,
then all government officials should also be
investigated”.
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9. I am your teacher, therefore you have to follow me

whether you like it or not.
10. The Philippines will really progress because we
have nowhere to go but up. After all, we are already at
the bottom.
11. If it is Man’s chicken, it must be good!
12. Police officer: “since I am accused of executing the
suspects I have arrested, then I better execute the
criminals I arrest”.
13. He met an accident because it is Friday the 13th.
14. Either you are millionaire, or you belong to a very
rich family.
15. He finished his doctoral degree. He must be perfect
in almost anything.
16. How’s your second girlfriend?
17. Desperate observer: “corruption in the government
can be solved if all our government officials resign and
allow a change in the administration”.
18. You should not believe that man; he belongs to a
family of dubious character.
19. You should pity that farmer. Look at how hard he
works.
20. I told you the cause of the volcanic eruption is that
many people are becoming sinners.
Let’s Analyze!
Activity 1. Choose your favorite television advertisement. Using the framework in
assessing messages and tests, prepare your own assessment of the television
advertisement. Write your answer in the grid below.
Guide Questions for

Key Concepts Your Assessment
Media Text Analysis
1. The message is 1. What is the
“constructed”
message of the text?
effectively.
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2. How it effectively
does it represent
reality?
3. How is the message

constructed?
1. What lifestyle,
values and points of
view are represented
in the text?
2. The media
embedded values
and points of view.
2. Who or what is
missing?
1. What message do
you perceive from the
text?
3. The messages
are unambiguous
and clear. 2. How might others
understand it
differently? Why?
1. What is the purpose

4. The media have of the text?
commercial,
ideological or
political interest. 2. Who is the target
audience of the text?
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3. Who might be
disadvantage?
4. Who created the

text? And why?
1. What techniques
are used and why?
5. Media messages
are constructed
using a creative
language having its 2. How effective are
own rules the techniques in
supporting the
messages or themes
of the text?
Activity 2. Study the following editorial cartoons. Try to interpret its message. Write
your interpretation in 3 sentences only on the space provided.
1.
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______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3.
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______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
learned.
3-2-1 Activity. Write 3 things you have learned, 2 things you have a question about, and
1 thing you want the instructor to know – post-it!

1.
2.
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3.
4.
5.
KEYWORDS INDEX
sender receiver miscellaneous advertisement
message context evaluating assessment
deceptive
medium media analysis
appeals
Big Picture

a. explain how sign language aids communication.
b. discuss how technological tools help in communication.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO a. Explain how sign language aids in communication.
Essential Language
To understand better about evaluating messages and images the following terms will be
used. This will give you ideas about the important things that you really need to know as
you get engage yourself in this chapter.
CHAPTER SIX: Communications Aids with Strategies in the Use of Technology and
Tools
Sign Language
Communication between cultures is facilitated by the availability of a common language.

However, in instances when there is no common language between persons involved in
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spoken communication, the use of sign language through body language comes handy.
In instances when verbal communication is not possible, in the absence of a common
language, sign language can be the most practical solution. Sign language is probably
older than spoken language. This may comprise of hand signal, shrugs, and facial
expressions or coded manual signals reinforced through the use of words spelled out in
a manual alphabet.
In the case of the Chinese and Japanese, whose languages use the same characters,
although they pronounce them very differently, they communicate through sign language.
This was done by tracing mutually understood characters in one’s palm. The use of sign
language to communicate was noted North America, Australia and Africa. In the 19 th
century, the Plains Indians whose languages were dissimilar is interesting, where they
were able to communicate with each other, by using the many shared elements in their
culture and adopting common symbols. For instances, a circle drawn against the sky was
used to indicate the moon. A person on horseback is illustrated by two fingers astride the
other index finger. Moreover, two fingers spread from the mouth represented a lie. These
are among the familiar sign language that enabled large groups of Indians to
communicate with each other.
https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/321607.image0.jpg
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https://www.dummies.com/wp-content/uploads/321605.image0.jpg
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/3f/68/f0/3f68f0d33959149c47393a50778cd72f.gif
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lesson:
Cavite, Philippines
Let’s Check!
Activity 1.
A. Do a research on the sign language use both in the country and globally.
B. Draw/illustrate the sign language in the space below this and indicate the meaning of
the sign language opposite the drawing/illustration.
Sign Language in the Philippines Meaning
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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International/Global Sign Language:
Sign Language in the Philippines Meaning
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Let’s Analyze!
Activity 1. Explain your answer in two paragraphs. Refer to the rubric below.
1. How does sign language help in communication?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. Write at least 3 advantages and disadvantages of using sign language, use the table
below.
Advantages Disadvantages
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learned. Continue the phrase below.
In this topic, I have learned that_____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
KEYWORDS INDEX
sign language symbols characters signal
common
facial expression culture coded manual
language
body language reinforce spoken communication elements
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Big Picture in Focus: ULO b. Discuss how technological tools help in

communication.
Essential Language
To understand better about technological tools following terms will be used. This will give
you ideas about the important things that you really need to know as you get engage
Communication Strategies Using Tools of Technology
Audio-Visual Aids
Theories in communication suggest that in any communication situations, the more

senses you are able to activate, the more you will be able to put across your message to
your to your audience; and the more effective you will be. Thus, you can connect
effectively with the person you are communicating with through the sense of hearing,
seeing, touching, smelling, and taste etc. That communication theory is validated by
theories in holistic language learning, which recommend the use of supporting
communication systems, such as visual aids to make the teaching of language effective.
Similarly, the use of supporting communication systems must be maximized to make you
effective in any communication situation. Visual aids could arouse the senses, tickles the
imagination and stimulate your audience; thus, could be a handy tool for you.
Visual aids could be in the form of illustrations, pictures, graphs, and film clips. The
most popular and easy to use would be a power point presentation. However, you have
to make your visual aids stimulating colourful and appealing. You cannot just pick any
visual aid. You should be guided by some principles in preparing your power point
presentation, for you to be successful.
Here are some tips, which could help prepare an effective power point presentation:
Tips in Preparing a Power Point Presentation
1. Consider the time and the venue of your presentation. The time and lighting would
tell you the kind of visuals aids you will use. For instance, it may not be possible for you
to use an LCD/LED projector f you are in an open auditorium; thus, you may have to use
an alternative material such as a chart or visual aid.
2. Study your audience, the number, their profile, the age grouping, their norms,
and their culture. It would be to your advantage if you can incorporate in your visual aids
a little of their language/dialect.
3. Identify the likes and dislikes of your listeners. You can fit your materials easily to
what you anticipated would be appreciated by your listeners. On the other hand, you have
to take care not offend your audience.
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4. Be guided by your purpose. Plan your visual aids and power point presentation to
suit your purpose, the audience, the location and the time of your presentation. Before
putting your ideas in your slides, draft your plan on paper to see how your material will
look like and to ensure proper sequencing of your ideas. It would be helpful to sketch your
presentation in frames or a scratch paper. Then, as soon as you have firmed up your
plan, you can start working on your power point presentation. Note that younger
audiences may prefer colourful and cartoon-like materials; while adult listeners would
prefer more serious audio visuals.
5. Choose pictures, video clips, graphs and charts that are relevant, stimulating
and could attract the interest of your audience. It is highly recommended that you
integrate pictures, graphics, tables, charts and graphs in your text to help explain your
point to your audience.
6. Ensure that the size and font of your text would be enough to be seen by
everyone. The font size for a listener of 20 will be smaller than if you have 100 in your
audience. So check the size of the text of your audio-visual aids versus the number of
your audience. Consider the following:
6.1 a font size of one inch could be clearly seen within five feet;
6.2 a font size of two inches could be clearly seen within ten feet; and
6.3 a font size of three inches could be clearly seen within thirty feet;
Be sure to check your visual aids before your speech to ensure that they are readable,
considering the number of your audience.
7. Design your visual aid/power point presentation so that it comes handy to your
audience and help them to understand your important points to five to seven lines.
Some communication experts believe in the 555- principle, i.e., five lines per frame, five
words per line and five frames of text. More than these recommended lines would make
your presentation look heavy and affect adversely the interest of your listeners. Avoid
presenting your ideas in sentences or worse in paragraphs - - that would appear like a
book; thus, may make your presentation look heavy and boring. Summarize your
important ideas so that you can present them in phrases in bullet points and in one
compact material per slide.
8. Rehearse the use of your visual aids to ensure that you master them and assure
ease in using them. Never assume that your materials, once prepared are 100% fool
proof, zero glitch and perfect. Moreover, you have to practice coordinating your
presentation could add to mastery and increase your self-confidence. You do not only
rehearse for mastery, but also to further improve your audio-visual materials. As you
rehearse, imagine the impact of your audio-visual materials to your listeners so that you
can fit or reconfigure your presentation.
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9. Before your presentation, check your equipment, where you will position them
and how you are going to operate them. By doing this, you could make your
presentation smooth for yourself and convenient for your audience.
What Are Benefits of PowerPoint?

Kyle W. Bell, 2020 (adopted from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-powerpoint-
55958.html#:~:text=Making%20your%20presentation%20more%20interesting,and%20interactiv
e%20with%20the%20audience retrieved July 26, 2020)
1. Visual Impact. Making your presentation more interesting through the use of
multimedia can help to improve the audience's focus. PowerPoint allows you to use
images, audio and video to have a greater visual impact. These visual and audio cues
may also help a presenter be more improvisational and interactive with the audience.
However, try not to overly rely on these sources as your message might get lost in the
clutter.
2. Collaboration. PowerPoint allows you to work with other people in a collaborative

manner. This is especially useful in office settings where teamwork is key. Multiple
people can collaborate on and contribute to a presentation. By going to the "Review"
tab at the top of the program and clicking the "New Comment" button, you can leave
notes and reposition them on the screen for other team members to view. Comments
can be an especially beneficial tool for clarification.
3. Content Sharing. Share your PowerPoint presentation with the world. Did someone
miss your presentation? Have them view it online at a time that is convenient for them.
You can upload your presentation to websites such as YouTube with everything
featured in your work including all of the slides, commentary and transitions. All you
have to do is go to "File," "Save and Send" and "Create a Video." The file will be saved
in WMV format, which is capable of playback on Windows Media Player and can be
uploaded to most video sites.
4. Flexibility. PowerPoint can be used in a number of different effective ways to

communicate with your audience. Slides are completely customizable to fit your needs.
Depending on your approach, you may want to have a presentation that is text-heavy,
image-heavy or some combination of both. Text-heavy presentations are generally good
if you are giving a lecture to a group within your company and want them to take notes.
Image-heavy presentations can help to make your presentation more conversational in
style since there only visual cues. Combining the two approaches gives listeners the
benefits of both visual aids and notes.
Other Technological Tools:
1. Web-based Application
A program accessed over a network connection using HTTP is called a web-based
application. This also known as web apps. This application often run inside a web
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browser. On the other hand, web-based application may also be client- based, in which
a small part of the program is downloaded to a user’s desktop, but processing is done
over the internet on an external server.
2. Blogging
Blogging is one of the most common type of communication through the use technology
that has emerged. Even in the Philippines, this type of communication hast attracted
many audience and has begun to preoccupy the life of the Filipinos, moreover, it has
become a significant tool of communication both in the economic and political fronts.
Blogging is now used in both for social media, for marketing, and even for political
purposes. In fact, a number of companies have hired an official blogger.
A quick summary of how to set up a blog is presented below:

1. Purchase your blog hosting – this is where you install WordPress and host your future
blog’s files, articles and images.
2. Install Word Press from your new panel – install WordPress with just a few clicks from
inside your host’s control panel.
3. Choose a free theme for your blog – Pick a theme that suits the color, branding and
goals for your blog and install it from your new WordPress blog’s dashboard.
4. Publish your first post – Now start writing amazing blog posts that help people, attract
traffic, get email subscribers, and more.
3. Multi-modal Text
In this digital age, one effective communicating meaning is through the use of rich
complex techniques - - multi-modal texts, with the use of varied technique such as paper,
live, digital or electronic media, movies, storybooks, brochures, newspapers, comics,
novels and posters. For instance, digital animation involves a design process that requires
the use of a combinations of modes, such as language, image, spatial design, sound,
movement and even gestures. Another example of multi modal text is a live dramatic
performance, where music, dialogues, gestures and space are featured. Furthermore a
web page has components, such as oral and written language, still and moving images,
sound effects and music. These are all important considerations in communication, in
learning and even for presentation purposes. Thus knowledge on multi-modal text is
necessary.
When a text uses two or more semiotic systems, it is considered multi-modal. The
Cambridge English Dictionary defines semiotics as the study of signs and symbols, what
they mean, and how they are used. At least five semiotic systems have been tapped for
producing multi-modal materials:
1. Audio – this constitutes the pitch, rhythm, and volume of music and sound effects.
2. Space – this covers features like the position of the lay out, direction, distance and
organization of the images in relation to space.
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3. Visual – this features the color, viewpoint and vectors in still and moving objects.
4. Gesture – this component involves the speed, body movement and language facial
expressions.
5. Linguistic –this covers the choice of words and grammatical structure.
The use of the aforementioned semiotic systems is governed by rules and limitations.
While written texts are effective communication tools, they have their own limitations.
Written text are prone to many interpretations and may lead to confusion. On the other
hand, visual texts are excellent purveyors of space, size and color. Moreover, there are
no strict rules required to interpret visual texts.
The beauty of multi-modal text lie in the fact that one can use one, more or all pf those
modes, which can be complementary, hence enabling easier understanding of a lesson.
Indeed the possibilities in the use of multi-modal texts are fantastic, as seen in the
following advantages of the use of multi-modal media:
Benefits of using multi-modal texts
1. Multimodal text utilizes many senses, i.e., sight, hearing, touch, smell, even taste, thus
a very powerful tool in communication.
2. Enables one to communicate meaning in the mode that he/she is comfortable and
confident using.
3. Utilizes communication and semiotic systems to make messages stimulating and clear.
4. Provide maximum stimulus to receivers, using various media.
5. Facilitates understanding and communication.
6. Since the attention span of people nowadays is shorter. The use of multi-modal text
shortens the communication process, yet accelerates understanding of the text.
lesson:
Cavite, Philippines
Bell, K. (2020). What Are Benefits of PowerPoint? Retrieved from

https://smallbusiness.chron.com/benefits-powerpoint-
55958.html#:~:text=Making%20your%20presentation%20more%20interesti
ng,and%20interactive%20with%20the%20audience
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Let’s Check!
Activity 1. Make a PowerPoint presentation about tourist spots in your locality. The
PowerPoint presentation shall be composed of 10 slides. Consider the tips in preparing
the PowerPoint. Submit your presentation to you instructor/facilitator’s account or in
Quipper. Refer to the rubric below.
Qualitative
Rating Verbal Description
Equivalent
The visual aid is so clear, colourful and
5 Excellent
stimulating.
The visual aid is satisfactory clear,
4 Very Good
colourful and stimulating.
The visual aid is fairly clear, colourful
3 Good
and stimulating.
The visual aid is fairly clear, colourful
2 Fair
and stimulating.
The visual aid needs improvement in
1 Poor
clarity color and quality to stimulate.
1. To start PowerPoint, click the Start button on the Windows taskbar, point to Programs,
and then select ____.
A. Accessories C. Microsoft Office Tools
B. Microsoft PowerPoint D. Start PowerPoint
2. When you want to change the design of one slide, but not all you must?
A. Go to Layouts on the home tab and select single.
B. On the design tab, double left click the design you want.
C. On the design tab, right click on the design you want and choose "selected slides".
D. After selecting the design, click on the undo symbol.
3. What do you call the visual effects you get going from one slide to another?
A. animations B. slideshows C. transitions D. motion paths
4. The tab where you can choose the style for your slides is?
A. Home B. Design C. Transition D. Animation
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5. What is the main purpose of PowerPoint?

A. make presentations C. create pictures
B. create spreadsheets D. make videos
Let’s Analyze!
Activity 1. Produce any of the following (choose one):

a. One-minute comedy skit using the semiotic systems
b. Write a poem about how to succeed in your studies.
c. Write a song about your crush
d. Illustrate by drawing your favorite scenery
Activity 2. Make a 1 page brochure in a tri-fold format about the things you have done
during quarantine period. Be guided with the following specifications: margin half-inch all
sides, A4 size, landscape layout, font size and style (depends on your chosen design).
Submit your output in Quipper in pdf format.
learned.
Accomplish this Learning Bank

Deposit/s Dividend/s
(What I learned) (How I use what I learned in my life)

1.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
KEYWORDS INDEX
blogging presentation gesture
web-based application technological tools linguistic
multi-modal text visual audio
Big Picture

a. perform the different types of speeches eloquently.
b. deliver a speech using audio-visual aids.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO a. Perform the different types of speeches eloquently.
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of types of speeches is
operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the texts work
in your chosen field or career. You will encounter these terms as we go through the study
of different types of knowledge. Please refer to these definitions in case you will encounter
difficulty in understanding specific terms.
Chapter Seven: Types of Speeches and Public Speaking

1. Read Speech refers to a speech prepared beforehand and just to be read by the
speaker during his/her speech
2. Memorized Speech refers to a speech that is being well-versed by the speaker as
he/she does not bring a copy while delivering the speech
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3. Impromptu Speech refers to an abrupt speech, unexpected by a speaker

4. Extemporaneous Speech refers to a prepared type of speech since the speaker is
given an allotted time to organize his/her speech
5. Speech structure refers to the organization of the speech having the introduction,
body, and conclusion
6. Theatrics refers to a dramatic effect a speaker uses to elucidate his/her point about a
particular topic
7. KISS refers to an abbreviation which means “keep it short and simple.”
Essential Language
To understand better about types of speeches following terms will be used. This will give
you ideas about the important things that you really need to know as you get engage
1. Read Speech – the practice of reading a speech is quite common nowadays,
especially so since people are becoming so busy. This type of delivery is done by
reading from the written speech. The disadvantage of this type of speech is it
prevents an informal and conversational delivery of the speech. Moreover, eye
contact with the audience may be sacrificed.
2. Memorized Speech – this entails memorizing your speech. At present, due to the
very busy schedule of people, only few speakers opt to memorize their speech,
but instead go for other means of delivery
3. Impromptu Speech – this type allows a speaker little or no time to prepare the
speech
4. Extemporaneous- this speech is delivered with some prepared structure, such as
notes or an outline. The notes enable the speaker to organize the speech.
Pointers in Delivering a Speech
To deliver an excellent speech, successful speakers should view a speaking

engagement like doing a stage performance. You need to look at yourself as the star of
the show, thus, you have to prepare and rehearse your speech until it becomes natural
and spontaneous, and so that you alone would be seen as the sole authority in the room.
Ten Keys to Writing a Speech
In writing your speech, remember two important goals: leave a good impression
and stress to your audience at least two or three important points. It is said that the rest
of the speech is just entertainment. But the challenge is: how can you put across those
two or three critical points? At this point, you need to adopt some strategies:
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1. Make a memorable speech. The experience of successful speeches tells us that

an audience may only remember a single line. For example, Abraham Lincoln
started his Gettysburg address with this line: Four score ad seven years ago, our
forefathers brought forth on this content a new nation conceived in liberty and
dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal.” Lincoln’s line
encapsulated the main point of his speech. We must fight for freedom and equality.
So you can learn from the example drawn from Lincoln condense your theme into
a 15-20 word line and build your speech around that line.
There are other figures of speech that could leave an impression that is worth
remembering. For example, a president alluded to his vision by stressing “this
country would be great again” in his speeches. The message expressed a strong
identity and a promise. Naturally, the audience would be struck by the message.
Simile, metaphor, irony, analogy, metonymy, hyperbole and other figures of

speech could work. You just need to build up on them...and use them in the most
ideal spot in your speech (preferably near the end).
A powerful speech is very much like a stimulating conversation. You can learn very
important lessons from the style that advice was delivered and can apply them in your
speech.
2. Observe a structure in your speech. Recall a terrible speech where you lost
interest. Try to analyze what caused you to lose your interest. Is it probable that
the speaker wandered off his plan?
There are two things an audience expect from a speaker: a clear direction and a
destination. Your listeners want to know where your speech is heading and the
rationale for that direction. This, it would be wise to present a short outline of your
speech right at the start. While writing and revising your speech, ensure that your
speech follows a structure. Here are some helpful tips: make your speech simple.
Watch out and delete anything that is off tangent, conflicting or ambiguous. Finally,
if an item in your speech does not help you put across your main message, delete
it.
3. Exploit the opening of your speech. The opening part is crucial. If you could win
the attention of your audience right at the beginning, then “half of the battle was
won, the rest of the speech could just follow its natural course.
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Begin your speech by a striking statement or statistics. There are various

ways of opening your speech: you can start with a humorous story related to your
speech; or open with a relevant quotation. Or you can even start with a question.
Encourage your audience to participate by raising their hands to respond to a
question. Engage your listeners early, but keep the “appetizers” of your opening
short, since your audience might lose interest if your introduction is too long. Enjoy
the “honeymoon” part and the momentum of your beginning moments with your
audience.
Dr. Feliciana A. Reyes, author and great educator, shared a powerful
anecdote about creation as follows: One day God wanted to create man in His
image and likeness. So He got a piece of clay, molded it, placed it in an oven and
set the oven at high temperature. After ten minutes, God took out His first creation
but it turned to be overcooked – a black man! So God thought of molding a second
one and this time set the temperature at low heat. After ten minutes, God took out
the second batch of His creation but it turned out to be half cooked creature – a
white man. So, not being so happy at the outcomes of the first and second batches,
God molded a third batch, but htis time set the temperature of the oven at medium
heat. After ten minutes, God took out hte third batch from the oven and He was
very happy with the outcome, because it was just what He intended, not
overcooked, the black man, not half-baked, the white man, but just in between - -
lo and behold, it was a brown man! This story could indeed be a very inspiring
opening for a speech on Filipino nationalism.
On the other hand, imagine this: what if a speaker declares in the opening of his
speech: “Five years from today in 2020, the Philippines will be the richest country
in the world!”
While this may be a great fantasy, I am sure 99% of the audience will be caught
by that striking statement and focus on why and how this will happen.
4. Begin with the right tone. Adopting the right tone requires you to answer some
basic questions such as: Who are your listeners? What is their reason for
attending? What do they want to hear?
In writing your speech, make sure that you meet the expectations of your listeners,
regardless of the nature of your speech: to educate, to inform, motivate, entertain, or
even challenge.
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Review your main points, if they suit the theme or the occasion. Ask yourself this
question: will my speech inspire and develop the best in my audience? Consider the
following small tips: If the setting is professional, make your speech upbeat and
inspiring. Maya Angelou, poet, once noted “I’ve learned that people will forget what
you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made
them feel.” Your listeners may forget everything you said, but you can consider your
speech successful if they leave the hall with a smile and a greater sense of hope and
purpose.
5. Be convinced with your message. A speaker is like a marketing expert. You

have to encourage your audience to buy your points. If your listeners do not buy
your message, they will not listen to your speech too. Your non-verbal cues and
style of delivery will leave the biggest impression among your audience.
Fortunately, there are techniques you can use to connect with your audience.
Crack a joke about your goose bumps; your listeners can relate to being nervous
about public speaking, since most speakers experience the same feeling. Share
a story about yourself, but make sure it is relevant or leads to your points. Relate
some interesting stories about your family, to reflect that you are trustworthy.
Remember to write your speech much like having an interesting conversation with
a close friend. Remember, you are not a preacher. Just be yourself. On stage, be
sure to be at your best.
6. Emphasize important points. In writing your speech, repeat your important points
to leave a lasting impression. Stress key words, phrases, and themes. Be on the
lookout for opportunities to tie up and reinforce earlier important points. And repeat
important points just like a refrain in your favourite song.
Remember your parents who would lecture you on partying, fighting, peer pressure,
and quitting? Many times we seemed not to pay attention to them.
Eventually, we encountered those realities. And we realize the things that our parents
simply repeated over-and-over until they stuck. The same principle can apply in
putting across your message – repeat your important points.
A number of listeners may feel irritated when you repeat some points in your speech.
However, how they feel during your speech should be the least of your worries. The
important consideration is: what will they remember a few months after your speech?
7. Connect the important points of your speech by using conjunctions. In

certain instances, your listeners would not be able to identify what is important in
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your speech. That’s where you need to use transitional phrases to indicate your
intent. For instance, you can use a rhetorical question like “What is the point?” then
allow a short pause. Silence gets the attention of your audience – and this
technique creates the anticipation among them. Similarly, a statement like “so
here’s the x factor” could capture an audience’s interest. It gives them a cue that
an important point is about to be presented. Thus, even if they were not attentive
before, they could now catch up and be with you again.
8. Integrate some theatrics. In his lectures, Stephen Covey would fill a glass bowl
nearly full of sand. Thereafter, he would encourage a participant to place rocks into
the bowl. In the exercise, rocks represented essentials like family, job, and
worship, while the bowl signified the volunteer’s time and energy. This technique
is very effective; the volunteer couldn’t fit every rock in the bowl. The sand - which
represented daily tasks like bringing children to school, shopping, or reading – took
up too much space. Something had to be sacrificed. And usually, it was something
essential.
Covey then encourages his volunteer to try another approach by starting to place
a rock in the bowl first, adding some sand, and then alternating rocks and sand
until the bowl was full. Like magic, there was suddenly enough space for all the
items, as the sand gradually filled any gaps between the rocks. His point is:
maintain balance. Never lose sight of the essentials as you perform your daily
tasks (and vice versa).
Covey could have opted to drive his point verbally and moved on to his lecture.
Instead, he explained it using household items so that his audience would not
forget his main message.
For a smaller audience, you may use visuals (or a video screen) but be sure to
keep the materials, storyline, and lessons simple. Upon completion of your
illustration, use your visuals to emphasize your message to your audience.
9. Observe the “KISS” rule. Keep it short and simple. It is said that the worst crime
of public speaking is trying to overdo your speech. Researchers observed that
nowadays the audience’s attention is shorter. Your listeners have other
commitments to attend to; thus, don’t let a very long lecture hold them hostage.
The more you prolong your speech then, the more likely they are going to lose
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interest. So summarize your points and conclude your speaking engagement.

Remember: they are the men of the hour, not you.
10. Conclude your speech with a bang. There are various ways of impressing upon
your audience your important message. You can explore the use of interesting
video clips that abound in the internet. Relevant quotations could also be used to
summarize your important message. To recap your biggest point, you can narrate
a success story. On the other hand, you can tie loose ends of your speech together
by presenting a diagram, a road map or a conceptual paradigm. Or if you are
delivering a speech to convince, you can encourage your audience to action. No
holds bar, your concluding statement is what your listeners will, in the final
analysis, discuss when they leave the hall ( retrieved 03-20-18 from http://www.
forbes.com/sites/ /lizryan/2015/10/10/can-i-take-a-new-job-but-keep-looking/)
lesson:
Cavite, Philippines
LET’S CHECK
Recall a speech that left you a very memorable piece of advice. What was it? Write this
experience in the space that follows:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________.
Study what the advice contains. Write your answer in the space that follows:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Identify the reasons why the advice stuck to you.

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________.
LET’S ANALYZE
A. Let us assume that you were invited to deliver a speech about nationalism. Try to
prepare a plan for your speech by filling the blanks as follows:
I. (Introduction: an anecdote about the creation of a Filipino)

A. Definition of nationalism...
B. Three important traits of a nationalist...
II. (Body of your speech: three main points you want your audience to hear)
A. Trait # 1...
B. Trait # 2...
C. Trait #3...
III. (Conclusion of your speech: the most important point/s you want your audience to
remember about your speech)
A. Trait # 1...
B. Trait # 2...
C. Trait #3...
B. Think of a time when you heard a speaker says electrifying news, which amazed you.
Write that in the space that follows:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________.
Reflect form that experience how has that news affected you.
Now, imagine that you are going to present a class report about a particular topic. Think
how you are going to start your report with an impressive opening. Using techniques in
opening a speech, such as a quotation, an anecdote, a question, or a striking statement,
write down in the space that follows the topic of your report and your opening statement.
Topic:
______________________________________________________________________
__________
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My opening statement:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
In a NUTSHELL! In this section you can read the summary of this topic.
The four types of speech are the following: read speech, memorized speech,
impromptu speech, and extemporaneous speech. There are ten keys to writing a
speech. These are the following: a)make a memorable speech.; b) observe a
structure in your speech.; c) exploit the opening of your speech.; d) begin with
the right tone.; e)be convinced with your message.; f) emphasize important
points.; g)connect the important points of your speech by using conjunction.; h)
integrate some theatrics.; h) observe the KISS rule.; and i)conclude your speech
with bang.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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KEYWORDS INDEX
impromptu
speech types read speech memorized speech speech
extemporaneous body
speech structure introduction
speech
Conclusion KISS theatrics conjunction
Big Picture in Focus: ULO b. Deliver a speech using audio-visual aids.
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of delivering a speech
operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the texts work
in your chosen field or career. You will encounter these terms as we go through the study
of different metaphors of learning. Please refer to these definitions in case you will
encounter difficulty in understanding educational concepts.
Chapter Eight: Public Speaking

 Preparatory Stage refers to the first step of delivering a successful speech
wherein a speaker must know in advance the content of the speech and also the
strategies he/she is going to employ when delivering the speech.
 Visual aids refer to any form used by the speaker in presenting or explaining
his/her ideas like illustrations, pictures, charts, graphs, and film clips.
 Introduction refers to the opening statement of the speech which can be in a form
of a question, striking statement, or anything else to get the attention of the
audience.
 Body refers to the substantial part of your speech where you tackle the most
important details, points, and supporting statements.
 Conclusion refers to the last part of speech that summarizes the message of the
speech and challenges the listeners to take action.
Essential Knowledge
To understand better about delivering a speech the following terms will be used. This
will give you ideas about the important things that you really need to know as you get
engage yourself in this chapter.
1. Preparatory Stage
A substantial part of your self-confidence as a speaker will come from the kind of
preparation that you put in. Dr. C.E. Matthews opined that 75% of your victory depends
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on preparation. So if you have the choice, don’t ever venture into accepting a
speaking engagement, if you are not prepared. Here are some pointers that could help
you be well prepared for your speech.
 Learn from successful speakers. Study how impressive speaker deliver
those great speeches and study their key messages, their speaking style, the
techniques they use in getting the attention of their audience, and the
forcefulness by which they present their ideas.
 Determine your goals. Ask yourself the following questions, First, the rationale
of your presentation. Be truthful with yourself. If your answer is “to get a good
grade from my professor” or “because your superior instructed you to do so,”
you need to be aware of that fact before your speech, so that you can plan it
soon enough, according to your rationale.
Secondly, what does your audience want?
What your audience needs is always important to consider, since your

presentation enables you to have direct, face-to-face contact with your
audience.
While a speaker may have a captive audience, the audience can sneak out at
the back of the room if they are terribly bored, but remember that the audience
wants you to succeed. To compensate the attention of a captive audience, you
must make your speech informative, interesting, and even a little surprising –
especially if you are sharing a particular message that you want your audience
to take home with them.
 Prepare your speech in advance. Avoid being overconfident and never think
that you could just appear in a speaking engagement and present your speech,
even without preparing! Preparation includes rehearsing your speech and your
visual aids the day before, getting a good sleep, and avoiding alcohol to the
point of having a hangover.
 Organize your materials. Introduction and background sections are boring.

Don’t waste everyone’s time by giving them an entire laboratory report, or by
dropping the names of all the authors you’ve consulted. A speaker who spends
15 minutes describing experimental procedures or presenting them
theoretically – but only devotes five minutes presenting and analysing the
results of the original work already missed the point.
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 Organize your speech into manageable units. But make sure that your
audience would leave the hall remembering at least three important points from
your talk.
 Practice your speech until you become confident. A speaker’s confidence

contributes to the effectiveness of the delivery. Rehearse the presentation of
your materials, such as power point presentations, diagrams or charts. Even
when great speakers rehearse their speech long before their speaking
engagement. Remember this: practice makes perfect; but remember this more:
correct practice makes perfect. So there is no substitute to practice to achieve
mastery of your speech.
 Study the venue of your presentation. Look out for switches of the lights,
how to adjust the projector screen, and how to focus your LCD/LED projector,
etc.
 Anticipate possible adverse situations. Your computer file may crash, or

may lose your notes. These may possibly happen. Thus it would be advisable
to prepare a simple backup, such as overhead projector or basic handouts.
Exercise
Using your outline in the preparatory stage of your speech and the pointers in writing and
delivering a speech, write your brief speech at the bottom.
Title:
I. (Introduction)
A.
B.
II. (Body of your speech: three main points you want your audience to hear)
A.
B.
C.
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III. (Conclusion of your speech: the most important point/s you want your audience
to remember about your speech)
A.
B.
C.
Preparing your Audio-visual Aids

The topic on visual aids is really a part of the preparation of your speech. However,
the importance of this topic requires a separate treatment; thus, this section is devoted to
the subject matter.
Theories in communication suggest that in any communication situations, the more

senses you are able to activate, the more you will be able to put across your message to
your audience; and the more effective you will be in your speech. Thus, it is advisable to
prepare your speech in such a way that it can connect with the sense of hearing, seeing,
touching, smelling, and taste, etc. That communication theory is validated by theories in
holistic language learning, which recommend the use of supporting communication
systems, such as visual aids to make the teaching of language effective. Similarly, the
use of supporting communication systems must be maximized to make your speech
effective. Visual aids could arouse the senses, tickle the imagination and stimulate your
audience; thus, could be a handy tool for you to deliver effectively your speech.
Visual aids could be in the form of illustrations, pictures, charts, graphs, and film
clips. The most popular and easy to use would be a power point presentation. However,
you have to make your visual aids stimulating, colourful, and appealing. You cannot just
pick any visual aid. You should be guided by some principles in preparing your power
point presentation, for you to be successful.
Your Speech
So this is it, the appointed time of your speech has come! At this point, you may
have a mixed feeling of excitement and fear. Don’t be overcome by your fear. The fear of
the unknown is a natural feeling of almost every speaker. The emotion may be negative
if you allow it to overcome you. But, fear may be positive if you channel it to trigger you
to be better prepared for your speech. Emerson believes that fear always springs from
ignorance. If you have researched thoroughly and prepared well for your speech, then
Emerson is correct – there should be no room for fear.
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Some physical, psychological or even mental exercise could help you overcome
your fear. A few minutes before the appointed time of your speech, you could very
discreetly go to a private place, maybe a restroom and do some stretching for a few
minutes. Stretch your legs, arms, and do some neck rotation exercises. Then, you can
exercise your jaws by reciting very discreetly or silently but with physical movement of
your jaws: a, e, i, o, u for at least ten times. Thereafter, take a deep breath, inhale and
hold your breath for about five seconds then exhale. Do this for about ten times.
On the other hand, you can do some mental exercise. Imagine yourself in an open
field, and then pretend to shout out your fear by saying mentally and with intensity, hah!
hah! hah! Repeat this for about ten times.
Prep up yourself psychologically by reassuring yourself that you came prepared to

share something and that you were invited to speak, so you have the trust of the
organizers and of your audience. Maintain a smiling and friendly stance with people
around you so that you can feel that you are one of them, you are one with them and you
are one for them. Immediately, before you will be introduced, do some quick mental
review of the outline of your speech and the important points you are going to share.
Congratulations! You will succeed.
Moreover, consider the following suggestions and insights to help you gain self-
confidence.
1. On the appointed time of your speech, make sure you arrive early to settle
yourself. Try to visit the venue of your speech beforehand, do a final but quick
rehearsal of your speech and test the equipment you will use. Becoming familiar
with the room and the set up will help you stabilize your emotions.
2. Use a powerful opening statement. Tell a joke or share a striking statement,
something that will startle your audience, or ask a question and get the
participation of the audience by a show of hands or by encouraging them to vote
on an issue. Effective speakers use words that appeal to the audience, fit the
occasion, and appropriate to the topic.
3. One of the most common errors observed among speakers, is their tendency to
rush through their presentation. A speaker should deliver his speech with
reasonable pacing, making sure not to rush. You may record your speech and
listen to your pacing; if you are speaking faster than the anchor person on the
news that means you’re going too fast.
4. Excellent speakers use small notes as a guide for their speech but taking care
not to be too dependent on their notes to the point of reading them. Notes help
the speaker keep on track and therefore they should be bullet points with not
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more than 3-4 words per point –remember your notes should be your guide but
should not be used like a script. Glance at your notes but look at your audience
as you speak.
5. When you stand up to speak, approach the rostrum with enthusiasm and
wait for a few seconds, for that “deafening” silence to descend on the room.
When you know you have your audience’s attention, then you can start your
presentation.
6. Your sincerity is very important. Your audience could hear and feel it if you
are sincere and will truly appreciate you for it; but could be turned off by an
insincere gesture or expressions.
7. Start with your strongest points. At times, speakers do too much ad-lib during
the introduction, and rush through the most original, most thoughtful points that
they had saved for the end.
In isolated instances – you might have a hostile audience; if that is the case, you
could start by citing/stressing points where you agree with your audience, and
then carefully working your way your most towards your most decisive, most
daring points. Generally though, you should come straight out ad present your
strongest point at the outset of your speech.
8. Get to the point. An effective delivery is direct in that it requires the speaker to
connect personally with listeners by building rapport.
A speech is not an essay test; in which you get a high score for discussing as
many details as you would like. Most people in your audience probably won’t
care much about your tuition fees, or what school you enrolled in, or the power
of the hard disk that runs your computer.
If anybody is dying to know about such details, let them raise their hand and ask
you. If the question is really important to your talk, you’ll probably be able to
answer it right away. If you can’t answer the question, promise to check your
notes and follow up via e-mail, and then go right back to your presentation.
 Most of your audience will probably have been annoyed by the

interruption .And they will be delighted that you didn’t take the
questioner’s “trap”.
 The questioner will probably be pleased to have “derailed” you form your
main purpose.
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9. Appeal to your audience’s emotions and feelings by tapping into their

feelings, using words that touch them, e.g. love, happiness, ad exciting
experience, etc.
10. Maintain eye contact with your audience. Humans respond to eye contact.
Your audience expects to be able to see a speaker when he/she is excited, while
presenting an important point, when seeking for approval and when winding up
a part of the speech.
11. Keep your audience involved. Charts, graphs, relevant quotations, and
anecdotes are time-proven techniques of ensuring the interest of your audience.
A simple method of maintaining audience interest could be as simple as giving
a road map of your speech. Alternatively, at some points of your speech, you
can ask your audience a question and request them to raise their hands or give
a brief answer to your question.
12. Deliver your speech as natural as possible, much like conversing with oyur
audience. Eye contact is essential to sustain your rapport with your audience.
Try to feel your audience and be sensitive to their culture, beliefs and practices.
13. Vary the tone of your voice to stress important points and to show your
enthusiasm. Control your voice: your volume, pitch, pace, pauses, variety,
diction, and pronunciation. Emphasize important points by increasing your
volume and intensity to make an important point distinct from other parts of your
speech.
14. Use gestures and non-verbal cues not only to help clarify the meaning of your
points, but also to emphasize what you feel is the most significant part of your
speech. Your nonverbal cues, gestures, and facial expressions should be as
natural and as spontaneous as possible.
15. Remember that your audience wants your conclusions. So many speakers
tend too much time in presenting the background, which eats up their time; thus,
forcing them to rush through their conclusions. Take your time to present
thoroughly your main points but program the delivery of your speech according
to the schedule to manage your time.
lesson:
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LET’S CHECK
Since you have prepared your speech in the previous exercise, it is now time for you to
deliver that terrific speech. For you to test if you have developed your skills in public
speaking, you have to do the following:
1. Practice your speech so that you can master it.

2. Using your personal recorder, deliver your speech and record it.
3. Finally, listen to your recorded speech and using the following scoring scheme,
evaluate your performance:
In a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 as the highest, score your performance:
Rating Qualitative Equivalent Verbal Description

5 Excellent The speech was very clear, and
demonstrated outstanding
confidence and mastery.
4 Very Good The speech was very

satisfactorily clear, and
demonstrated very high level of
confidence and mastery.
3 Good The speech was satisfactorily
clear, and demonstrated high
level of confidence and mastery
2 Fair The speech was satisfactorily
1 Needs Improvement The speech was satisfactorily
4. This time, deliver your speech via Zoom or Google Meet with your course coordinator
listening. You will be rated according to the rating scale above. Your course coordinator
will comment your speech.
Overall rating:
Course coordinator’s comments:
1. Opening:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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2. Body of the Speech

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Ending of the Speech:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
LET’S ANALYZE
Based from the latest SONA of President Rodrigo Duterte, identify in his speech the
following:
1) Opening statement:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
2) Body (main points reiterated in the speech)

 __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
 __________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
(Add more bullets if necessary.)
3) Conclusion
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
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In preparing for your speech, these are some of the pointers: a) learn from successful
speakers; b) determine your goals; c) prepare your speech in advance; d) organize your
materials; e) organize your speech into manageable units; f) practice your speech until you
become confident; g) study the venue of your presentation; and h) anticipate possible
adverse situations.
In order to gain self-confidence in delivering a speech, these some of the suggestions and
insights: a) arrive early to settle yourself; b) use a powerful opening statement; c)deliver the
speech with reasonable pacing; d) use small notes as a guide; e)approach the rostrum with
enthusiasm; f) be sincere; g) start with your strongest points; h) get to the point; i) appeal to
your audience’s emotions; j) keep your audience involved; k) maintain eye contact with the
audience; l) deliver your speech as natural as possible; m) vary the tone of your voice; n)
use gestures and nonverbal cues; and o) conclude your speech.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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KEYWORDS INDEX
preparatory stage audio-visual aids introduction body
conclusion self-confidence gestures pacing
Big Picture

a. determine the general categories of office communication.

b. write minutes of the meeting, business letters, and other communication materials
accurately.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO a. Determine the general categories of office

communication.
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of general categories of
office communication is operationally defined to establish a common frame of reference
as to how the course work in your chosen field or career.
Chapter Nine: Communication for Work Purposes
1. Office communication refers to the different types of communication that occur in
the workplace
2. Verbal communication refers to an oral communication which can either be formal
or informal
3. Formal communication refers to the form of communication that is set and there’s a
clear agenda such as conducting meetings, conferences, seminars, and trainings, etc.
4. Informal or grapevine refers to a type of communication that does not follow the
conventional rules and happens at any time in the office like small talk, chats,
conversations, etc.
5. Visual communication refers to a type of office communication that makes use of
power point presentation, figures, graphics, and other means so that the listeners or
audience may keep track of the meeting.
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6. Written communication refers to a form of communication that is written such as

letters, memoranda, emails, minutes, etc.
7. Employee engagement refers to the involvement or productivity of the employees in
the improvement of the company or institution.
8. Innovation refers to the new ideas and creative display of knowledge shown by the
employees which the company needs most
9. Medium refers to the means or ways to communicate such as using emails or other
social platforms in order to communicate.
Essential Knowledge
To understand better about general categories of office communication the following
terms are operationally defined. This will give you ideas about the important things that
you really need to know as you get engage yourself in this chapter.
Effective communication is an important tool in achieving productivity and
maintaining rapport at all levels of a company. Organizations, which invest money and
time to establish clear lines of communication across all levels in the company could build
trust among its workforce, which could result in enhancing productivity, work outcomes,
and morale among them. Similarly, if the workforce could communicate effectively among
themselves, and with their managers and customers, this could be a valuable asset to a
company. Moreover, competence in communication is a quality, which could give a
person a powerful edge in looking for jobs.
On the other hand, poor communication in the workplace could result in a
workforce with poor motivation, as well as doubt their own confidence in their capabilities
and in the company too.
An organization is composed of workforce that comes from different backgrounds,
cultures, nationalities, traditions, and beliefs. To enable employees to understand each
other, a common communication system should be put in place. Effective communication
in the workplace promotes a harmonious work in the atmosphere, which facilitates the
growth of individuals and organizations. Hence, various forms of communication should
be adopted to promote effective communication in the workplace. A workplace set up,
such as health care, education, business and trade, law, media and technology usually
observe a common communication system.
General Categories of Office Communication
Verbal Communication
The most common form of communication in the workplace is verbal communication. This
form of communication can be categorized into two classifications, as follows:
Formal
Conferences, meetings, seminars, address, training, etc. are the common formal
verbal communication in the workplace. Interaction and exchange of ideas can happen in
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different ways. Meetings or conferences may be done in a small group communication

set up, like team meetings, board meetings, departmental meetings or could be done in
an institutional level. In this set up, a facilitator usually starts and manages the
proceedings. Participants usually attend the meetings with their own agenda and
opinions. On the other hand, formal communication can take place face to face or
exchange of ideas could be done through the use of technology like video conferencing.
Informal or Grapevine
One of the more aspects of communication in the office is the grapevine. This type
of communication does not follow the conventional rules of communication in the office.
Added to that, it is deployed in all possible directions downward (management to
employee), upward (employee to management), across (within peers), and diagonal
(within departments), etc. Usually, this type of communication has become the source of
all rumors and gossips in the workplace. Thus, this type of communication should be
controlled effectively, or it may adversely affect the work culture of an organization and
hamper its development.
Visual Communication
Visual communication is a form of communication, which depends on interaction
and visual skills of employees. For an organization to be effective, different strategies of
visual communication should be adopted. Visual communication in the workplace
comprises of presentations, display charts, figures and graphics posted on the bulletin
board. Moreover, important information could also be disseminated through the
presentation of an audio-visual material on the topic.
Written Communication
In an office setup, written communication is the more popular type of
communication being used. This, however, is considered to be the most primitive form of
communication in an office setting. Eventually, handwritten communication has been
replaced by typewritten memoranda. Formal written communication comprises of
electronic or office memoranda, emails, training materials and documents. On the other
hand, text messages, instant messaging, etc. are some of the informal written
communication in the office.
Other Strategies of Communication in the Workplace
Team building –a strong team is one whose team members communicate and
collaborate together. For purposes of improving morale and the satisfaction of the
workforce, the following may be done:
1. Increase employee engagement – the satisfaction of the workforce can be
promoted, by ensuring that their voice are being listened to, both in terms of
ideas or their concerns. Thus, lines of communication should be established to
afford all employees, regardless of their position and rank, the means to interact
and communicate with their peers and senior leaders.
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2. Innovation – an atmosphere, in which the workforce is enabled to express their

ideas openly in a non-threatening manner, encourages them to open up their
ideas. This leads to creativity and innovation.
3. Growth – development projects hinge much on strong communication among the
workforce and all stakeholders.
4. Strong management – senior leaders should be effective communicators, for
them to manage their teams. The main functions of a leader, such as delegation
of tasks, conflict management, motivation and relationship building (all key
responsibilities of any manager) are all much easier performed, if he/she is an
effective communicator. Effective communication is not only the competence o
speak to your workforce, but also to empower them to interact and communicate
among themselves. Promoting effective communication channels s a crucial factor
in the success of an organization.
Improving Communication on the Workplace
Communication in the office could be enhanced by adopting the following strategies:
1. Define goals and expectations – senior leaders should involve the employees
in formulating clear and achievable objectives, by defining clearly the requirement
for any project, and ensuring that all the staffs are knowledgeable of the goals of
the project, the unit and the instruction.
2. Clearly deliver your message – A manager should ensure that his/her message
is clear and accessible to the intended recipients. Thus, it is important that a senior
leader speak clearly and politely – to put his/her message across clearly avoiding
confusion or offense.
3. Choose your medium carefully – Once the message is completed, it should be
delivered using the best possible medium and format. It is true that face-to-face
communication may be the best way to build trust among employees; however, it
is not always applicable. Thus, decision whether information delivered in a printed
copy would work better than an email or a general memo should be done.
4. Keep everyone involved – Participation in major decisions develops the feeling
of ownership among the workforce. Hence, it should be encouraged. The sense
of ownership among the workforce would make them accountable for the decision
and thereby promote active support and involvement in realizing any project in the
office.
5. Listen and show empathy – It is believed that no company or individual could
succeed, if it does not listen to its workforce and encourage dialogue among them.
Listening demonstrates respect and enables employers to learn about important
issues to address. (retrieved from
https://www.michaelpage.co.uk/advice/management-advice/development-and-
retention/importance-good-communication-workplace, May 7, 2019)
lesson:
Cavite, Philippines
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LET’S CHECK
In the space provided, identify what categories of office communication the
following belongs:
1. documents ______________________________
2. trainings ______________________________
3. powerpoint presentation ______________________________
4. text message ______________________________
5. bulletin announcements ______________________________
6. meeting ______________________________
7. gossips ______________________________
8. memorandum ______________________________
9. conference ______________________________
10. audio-visual presentation ______________________________
LET’S ANALYZE
Answer the following:
1. Harry challenges his team to reach the quota of their sales. What do you think
should he do to ensure his team achieve the target?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
2. Why are objectives needed to be set first before starting a project? Give at least
two examples of objectives that can be considered as specific, measurable,
attainable, reliable, and time-bound (SMART)?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
3. As a manager, how will you settle conflicts in the workplace? Give a scenario of
this particular conflict and how you manage it.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
4. Why is communication important?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
5. What are the qualities of a good PowerPoint presentation? How does it help in the
communication process?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________.
The general categories of office communication are the following: verbal
communication (either formal or informal), visual communication, and written
communication. Other strategy of communication in the workplace is team building
which increases employee engagement, innovation, growth, and strong
management. To improve communication in the workplace, the following strategies
can be adopted: a) define goals and expectations; b) clearly deliver your message;
c) choose your medium carefully; d) keep everyone involved; and e) listen and show
empathy.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
KEYWORDS INDEX
office verbal formal communication Informal or
communication communication grapevine
visual Written employee engagement innovation

communication communication
growth strong goals medium
management
Big Picture in Focus: ULO b. Write minutes of the meeting, business letters,
and other communication materials accurately.
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of writing minutes of the
meeting, business letters, and other communication materials accurately is operationally
defined to establish a common frame of reference as to how the course work in your
chosen field or career.
Chapter Ten: Communication Materials in the Workplace

1. Minutes refers to a record of what happened during the meeting.
2. Memoranda refer to a communication material usually used by companies to
communicate important events, reminders, and updates.
3. Letter of request refers to a formal letter to express something to the intended
recipient which can be a proposal, salary raise, release of funds, and the like.
4. Business letters refer to a formal letter expressed in a professional manner from a
company or individual to another, or from a company to its customers, personnel and
stakeholders.
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5. Presentation of a product refers to the skilful presentation of a person or a company

representative such as a salesman or manager/director to the client by promoting their
product shown through their proposal or report.
6. SMART refers to an abbreviation for specific, measurable, attainable, reliable, and time
bound.
Essential Knowledge
To understand better about writing minutes of the meeting, business letters, and other
communication materials accurately the following terms are operationally defined. This
In various settings, i.e., health care, education, business and trade, law, media, science
and technology, communication in the workplace could be facilitated through the use of
tools. Some of these useful tools are as follows:
1. Minutes of meetings – a record of what transpired in the meeting could keep the
workforce updated on the recent and most important activities in the office. The
minutes of the meeting features the decisions adopted and actions identified.
Minutes are vital source of information for those who were unable to attend and
helpful tools to remind employees of their responsibilities and the time frame for
doing them. The following format of minutes of meeting may be used as reference:
PHILIPPINE QUALITY SERVICES (PQS)
Minutes of the Meeting
Board Room
Present Absent
Discussion Points
From Issues/Concerns Responsibility Target Status Remarks
Date
Call to order of 1:30 - - C -
pm
Opening Prayer - - I -
1. Review of the A
minutes of the
previous
meeting.
2. Business arising
from the minutes
of the previous
meeting
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3. New business
4. Other matters
Legend: C – Completed
I – Information
A- ACTION
2. Memoranda – in an office set up, important policies, activities, and reminders

are communicated through memoranda. Traditionally, memoranda are contained in brief
and formal letters, written in a business-like and serious manner. However, recently,
emails have become a common way of issuing memos. Below is a sample of a
memorandum: see sample on the next page.
ACC Group of Companies

ACC Towers, 711 Ayala Ave., Makati City
December 8, 2019
From: Mr. Johny Chua
Head, Human Resource Department
ACC Group of Companies
Subject: Training for 5S System
To: All employees
All employees are enjoined to attend this training program especially that our
company is preparing to implement the 5S program soon after the training. Snacks
will be provided free of charge sponsored by ACC Group of Companies.
We expect 100% attendance of all employees to this important seminar workshop.
Please be guided accordingly.
3. Letter of request- if employees would like to ask something from the management,
such as a proposal for approval of a project or a raise in salary, they make use of a letter
of request.
4. Business letters – professional communication sent from a company or individuals to
another, or from a company to its customers, personnel and stakeholders are called
business letters. Lately, emails have become a more popular tool for correspondence,
although business letters are still preferred for many important and serious types of
communication. Effective business letters conform to accepted rules of grammar and
format. Moreover, a business letter should state your contact information and that of your
recipient, salutation, the body of the letter, closing, and the signature of the writer. An
important tip to follow is: your recipients read a substantial number of letters, thus would
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prefer well written letters that are clear and grammatically correct. The following is a
sample business letter (note the format and the parts)
PC Furniture Company
297 NRZ St., Makati City
December 10, 2019
Dr. Leah C. Alonzo

President
LCA University
Valencia City, Bukidnon
Dear Dr. Alonso,

I am writing to inform you in connection with your payment of classroom chairs which we
delivered to your school on December 1, 2019.
We delivered 2,000 armchairs with a unit price of Php500 per armchair or a total price of
Php 1,000,000 payable in cash upon delivery. However, please note that we received
only Php 900,000.00 as payment on December 1, 2019 (please see attached official
receipt).
We wish to inform you that the payment is shot by Php100, 000.oo per the agreed price
of the armchairs. Thus, please send to us the additional amount to settle the unpaid
balance.
We would appreciate it much if you can send us the payment in the amount f Php
100,000.00 on or before December 15, 2019.
Thank you for ordering your chairs from us and in anticipation of the prompt payment of
your balance.
Respectfully yours,
Ms. Patricia Cerbatos

Manager
PC Furniture Company
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5. Presentation of a Product – One very important communication task is the

presentation of a product. If you are in sales or even in other career paths, you will one
day be required to present a product, a proposal or a brief report. Your success as
communicator could be facilitated by considering important factors, before your
presentation. Justin Croxton in Marketing Presentations, suggests presentation tips that
could be used by marketing teams (https://biz.fluent.cpm/info , retrieved 02-20-18
a. Your goal. The most important factor is the goal of your presentation. Being
clear about your goal could lead you eventually to the success of your
presentation. To set your goals for your presentation, Croxton suggests
considering the following: a0 the objectives of your product; b) the problems
you are addressing or the issues you are trying to resolve. It would be good
to write your presentation goals at the beginning part of your notes. You
can use the SMART model in writing your goals, i.e., make your goal
specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound.
b. Study your audience. The next important thing to consider is the type of
audience you will be talking to. Study the culture, the likes and dislikes of
your audience. There is sayings that “if you are in Rome, do what the
Romans do” In other words, say things which are acceptable and pleasant
to your audience. Present ideas which could appeal interest to your
audience.
c. Identify your presentation strategies. After setting your goal for your product
presentation and knowing your audience, it is now time for you to plan your
presentation. It would be good to keep a written presentation plan reflecting
your objectives, the content of your presentation and the strategies or
techniques that you will use to convince your audience. It is said that the
beginning part of your presentation is the most crucial part. The initial
challenge is how you could attract the attention of your audience. So it is
advisable to begin with a striking statement, an anecdote, a challenging
question or a relevant story. In one of my commencement speeches for
college graduates, I began my speech with two questions: who among you
want to have a car? And who among you like to have a house? I noticed
that all of the graduating class raised their hands to answer either of the
questions. From there, it was easy to proceed with the contents of my
speech. Then, some humor could be injected at certain points of the
presentation. The use of audio-visual presentation is a very helpful strategy
to enable your audience to better appreciate your product or ideas, even
as it would make the delivery of your presentation easier for you.
d. Be clear about the selling points of your products/ideas. If you are
presenting the latest brand of a car, be able to cite the best features of your
car that appeals most to your audience. For a Filipino audience generally,
for example, the bestselling point may be the low cost and fuel efficiency of
a car. So, focus your goal on convincing your audience about the price of
the car, the comparison with other brands and the number of kilometres it
can run per liter of gas. You need some simple research to gather these
pieces of information. Thus, it would be a good tip to know your competitor.
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e. Promote your brand and strategic positioning. After identifying the best
features (the value proposition) of your product, you have to use those
value propositions to your advantage. Croxton calls this positioning. It is
how your audience will think of your product in comparison to a competing
product. Maximize this opportunity by pointing out the striking differences
and advantages of your product versus a competing product.
f. The road of closure to the deal. The concluding part of your presentation
should lead your audience to a positive decision – to buy your product or
accept your proposition. As the saying goes ?carpe diem”, seize the day ,
never leave your audience hanging, lead them to an affirmative answer –
get them a clear yes! before leaving.
lesson:
Cavite, Philippines
LET’S CHECK
A. Recall the details of the latest meeting that you attended. Using the given format,
prepare a short minutes of the meeting.
B. Assume that you are the manager of the bank. Issue a memorandum to inform your
employees of forthcoming team-building activities to inform them of the details and the
arrangement for the activity. Use short bond paper.
Consider the following details:
Date of Team-building Activity: May 8-10, 2019
Venue: Las Casas de Via Playa, Morong, Batean.
Objectives: to promote camaraderie, cooperation, support and strong
teamwork among the workforce.
Time of departure: 5:00 a.m., May 8, 2019
Inter-office Memorandum
Name of Office:
Inter-office memorandum number:
Date of Memorandum:
Subject:
Memorandum issued by:
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Position:
Contents of the memorandum:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
Printed name, position, and signature of the person using the memorandum
C. Imagine that you ordered the latest model of cell phone, made a payment of fifty
percent of the price through a bank and was promised by the seller that the product will
be delivered to you, brand new. Unfortunately, the cell phone that was delivered to you
was a used unit. Prepare a letter of complaint to request a replacement or a refund of
your payment.
LET’S ANALYZE
Choose one task from the following and write your script representing your marketing
strategy to convince your audience. Be ready to have an actual selling demonstration via
Zoom or Google Meet.
1. Assume that you are a salesman selling condominium units. Using the pointers
discussed above, think of a one-minute sales presentation to convince potential
customers to buy your product.
2. Assume that you are conducting an assembly to organize a group of mothers into
a mother’s club to implement community development projects. Using the pointers
discussed above, think of a one-minute presentation to convince them to organize
into a neighbourhood club.
3. Assume that you are conducting a mass media campaign against a substance
abuse. Using the pointers discussed above, think of a one-minute presentation to
convince your potential audience about the hazards of substance abuse.
4. Assume that you are a chef presenting a tip in cooking your favourite recipe on
television. Using the pointers discussed above, think of a one-minute presentation
to educate your potential audience on how to cook your best recipe.
5. Assume that you are an engineer presenting a road project that would require the
clearing of some houses to give way to the construction of an important highway.
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Using the pointers discussed above, think of a one-minute presentation to

convince your audience to approve the demolition of their houses.
6. Assume that you are a politician convincing a small group of audience to vote for
you. Using the pointers discussed above, think of a one-minute presentation to
convince your audience to support your candidacy.
The communication materials in the workplace are considered the following:

minutes of the meeting, memoranda, letter of request, business letters, and
presentation of a product. Minutes is a record of what transpired in the meeting.
Memoranda are used in communicating important policies, activities and
reminders. Letter of request is used when an employee would like to ask
something from the management. Business letters are written when professional
communication is sent from company to different stakeholders or vice-versa.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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KEYWORDS INDEX
communication memoranda
workplace minutes
materials
presentation of a SMART
letter of request business letters
product
presentation correspondence
goal recipient
strategies
Big Picture

a. Critique a research paper based on diction, unity, and paragraph development.

b. Cite sources or references appropriately using the APA format.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO a. Critique a research paper based on diction, unity,
and paragraph development.
Metalanguage
In this section, the most essential terms relevant to the study of critiquing a research
paper based on diction, unity, and paragraph development is operationally defined to
establish a common frame of reference as to how the course work in your chosen field or
career.
CHAPTER ELEVEN: Writing a Research Paper
1. Research refers to a systematic analyses and interpretation of data.
2. Research paper refers to the scholarly output of the research being conducted.
3. Primary research refers to gathering of data through observations, surveys,
experiments, and interviews.
4. Secondary research refers to gathering of data by reading magazine articles, books,
and other reading materials.
5. Field research refers to a kind of primary research.
6. Report refers to a written and oral account about a particular topic or subject that
was assigned to a person.
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7. Synthesis or survey refers to the process of combining separate elements of

thought into a whole.
8. Argument papers refer to a type of research paper that requires defending a stance
as regards to an issue and convincing others the validity of one’s opinion.
9. Reaction papers refer to a summary of a chapter/topic then followed by the writer’s
opinion/position about the topic.
Essential Knowledge
To understand better about writing minutes of the meeting, business letters, and other
communication materials accurately the following terms are operationally defined. This
For several years, Bill Gates has consistently been one of the richest persons in
the whole world. Singapore, with a per capita income of $50, 523 in 2009 has the highest
per capita income in Asia. The U.S. still remains to be the most powerful country in the
whole world with one of the highest per capita income of $46, 381. These facts are among
the most striking realities of our times. What is amazing about these facts is the
impressive progress some people or countries have attained. Bill Gates was reputed to
have come from humble beginnings. He left college in 1975 and founded Microsoft later
to become one of the richest corporations in the world. In the 1990’s, Gates company
dominated the software market. Recently, Microsoft is considered one of the biggest and
most profitable in US.
Japan is hardly half a century past its history when it lost the Second World War.
The country was virtually devastated but was able to pick up from the rubbles of war.
America, judging from its per capita income, certainly has been one of the most
progressive countries, if not the most progressive in the whole world, but it has surely
gone a long way before it earned its stature.
Come to think of it, what is the secret behind the success of some people and
some countries?
A close look at the factors that led to their success shows an interesting common
denominator- they made the right decision at the right time with the right information. And
the right and intelligent decision does not come at the flick of a finger. This decision is a
result of data gathering, of scientific investigation, of systematic analyses and
interpretation of data – which we actually call research.
While other factors may have substantial contributed to the success stories above,
it can be said that one of the important factors that led to their success is scientific problem
solving and investigation research.
The windows, acclaimed to have accounted for substantial fortune of Gates is a
result of research. Japan subject started with industrial products, years, which have
beenthe subject of ridicule for several years. For instance, several years back, when you
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buy a product like nuts and bolts, the cheapest yet the least the durable is one that is
made in Japan. At present, one of the best products in the market is made in Japan.
The U.S. definitely was not born in abundance. Her history marks her survival from
one of the worst economic depressions. Thailand used to be a developing country but it
was able to establish its strong agriculture and industries through research. China
certainly labored through scientific investigations to be able to provide for its billions of
population. The success stories can be endless; nonetheless, research would always be
one of the significant factors that account for all those success stories.
New ideas are not developed out of the blue. While creativity feeds technology,
information supports creativity. That information, which supports creativity and which
consequently leads to technology, is really born out of research.
Indeed, it is hardly conceivable for a person or a country to achieve progress
without research. Research seemed to have become the "sine qua non" of progress.
Definition of Research
The Webster's Universal Dictionary and Thesaurus (1993) defines research as
analysis, examination, exploration inquiry, investigation, scrutiny or study. The crucial
terms in this definition are investigation or scrutiny. The word investigation implies that
research is an activity that one does to gather data, to discover something and to solve a
problem. On the other hand, scrutiny means a careful and thoughtful look and
examination of a situation or a problem. Without investigation or scrutiny, no solution to
the problem can be arrived at. The definition therefore suggests a positive value of
research - that research is an essential component of problem solving.
Since we are always confronted with problems, day in and day out, and since we
need to investigate and scrutinize the problem to solve them, thus research is an essential
requirement for life - for a good life for that matter!
N.L. Gage, on the other hand, defines research as an activity aimed at increasing
our power to understand, predict and control events of a given kind. Several values of
research can be gleaned from this definition.
1. Research enables us to understand an event by relating it logically to others.
2. It allows us to predict events by relating them empirically to their antecedents in
time.
3. Research ensures our control over events by manipulating variables or situations.
The Values of Research
When we do something, we give importance to it only when we realize the value

of what we do. What really is the value or importance of research?
The following values show the importance of research:
1. Research is a scientific approach to solve problems. Research allows a step by

step process of solving problems. The procedures used in research give us a
systematic way of identifying solutions to problems.
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2. Research offers accurate answers to crucial questions or problems. Because

the approach used in research is systematic, the answers that are provided by
research are almost always correct.
3. Research allows us to explore the unexplored aspects of life. It allows us to be
more in control of the situation instead of the situation controlling us. Thus, research
encourages people to think and act beyond the ordinary things; consequently we are
able to discover more opportunities, e.g. computers, audio-video systems, exploration
of outer space, etc.
4. Research is a means to verify/validate theories. Theories are speculations or
hypotheses and therefore not definite answers to problems/ questions. But research
affords the means to prove or to disprove the theories.
5. Research offers opportunities to formulate new theories/principles. In the
process of verifying theories, research is able to produce new theories and generally
accepted truths about a problem or issue.
Two General Types of Research Studies

Any research or study for that matter begins with a problem or a question. While some
problems may lead to a definite solution, a number of them may not. Other research
problems may rather have indirect answers. For instance, a study of the process of water
purification can lead to a definite answer. On the other hand, if the research problem is
about "can AIDS be acquired from indirect sources such as drinking glasses?" This
problem may require indirect answers and thus lead to many possible answers. So the
student can give answers coming both from evidences taken from primary and secondary
researches.
Primary Research
Primary research can be done by way of gathering data through recording and analyzing
the behavior of certain subjects. Hanson (1996) associates primary research or field
research with what scientists do — observations, surveys, experiments and interviews.
Secondary Research
Secondary research, on the other hand, is conducted by reading magazine articles and
books. It is the type of research that you do when you gather data from books which you
can use in answering questions or problems. This is secondary research because it is
based on author's researches. Information technology has made secondary research
very easy and quick with the availability of the Internet. Moreover, some organizations
and offices have their own libraries which can be good sources of secondary research.
Field Research
Field research is a kind of primary research, which may include surveys, observations,
interviews and experiments. Old newspapers, letters, and magazines may be good
sources of primary research. The researcher writing a primary research can begin his
task from secondary research. This is so because the researcher first establishes what
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has already been discovered about the topic. Eventually, the study graduates to primary
research by interpreting observations, surveys and interviews done by the researcher.
Different Types of Research Papers
At times, you would be required to read a book, prepare a summary and a presentation
on a particular topic. This report can be considered a research paper. There are many
types of research papers, which are important to students and future professionals like
you.
There are at least three types of research papers according to Hanson (1996): the report,
synthesis or survey and argument papers.
1. The report
A report is a written and oral account about a particular topic or subject that was
assigned to you. It is considered one type of research because it requires data gathering
from books, Internet, interviews and other sources putting the data together, analyzing
them and drawing conclusions from the data that you have gathered. This is finally
presented to the class or in a conference.
2. The synthesis or survey

Synthesis as defined by Webster, is the process of combining separate elements
of thought into a whole. To synthesize, you put together and relate the important concepts
with each other. Bloom went a little bit farther from this definition. He believes that
synthesis is not only relating the concepts with each other, but also creating something
new out of the concepts you have studied. For instance, if you are studying fruits in your
science subject, you would not merely memorize the scientific names and the types of
fruits and relate them with each other but you go beyond the lesson by developing a new
variety or better kind of fruit.
3. Argument papers
Argument papers can also be considered a research paper because it requires
defending a stance as regards an issue and convincing others that your
position/opinion is valid. When you defend an opinion or a stance about a particular
issue, certainly you have to gather data, interpret them and draw your conclusions.
Thus the steps you follow is really research.
4. Reaction papers
Reaction papers are similar to argument papers but they are more of a summary of a
chapter/ topic then followed by the writer's opinion/ position about the topic. The writer's
opinion is developed based on interpretation of data then on a formulated conclusion.
The Process of Writing a Research Paper
While other countries have benefited so much from and fact became progressive because
of research, it is quite unfortunate that so many Filipino students abhor or dislike research
- maybe because we think research is a difficult task or maybe because we are not familiar
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with how to do research. However, if you follow the steps below, you will find that research
is not, after all, an impossible task to do. Here are the stages that you can follow to help
make research easy for you.
1. Study your reader, your topic and your purpose. The type of reader and your
purpose will give you ideas on the style of your write up and direction in the
procedures you are going to follow in your research.
2. Get a topic that is interesting to you and your target reader. Choose a relevant
topic that is related to your area of interest and specialization, A relevant topic is
one that helps solve a problem or develop the community.
3. Limit your topic - - a broad topic may be difficult and too lengthy to manage.
Furthermore, a broad topic may not allow you to focus your research and thus lead
to a superficial study on the topic. For instance, you may be interested to study
about computer games. The topic computer games may be too broad since there
are so many computer games. So you can focus your efforts to a more specific
topic like "effects of commando games".
4. Gather information from magazines, journals, encyclopedias, books, the Internet
and other sources. Maintain notes on the important information you have gathered
from your sources. You may either summarize or quote the relevant information
you got. Remember to write the publication data such as the
name of the author, the title of the book, the title the article, the name of the
magazine or journals, the place and date of publication and the number of page.
You will need these pieces of information to acknowledge your sources of data. A
stack of index cards can be a handy tool for this task. You may transfer these notes
to a computer as soon as you can.
5. Write the outline of your research. Your outline is like a blueprint or the plan for a
house. It is also like the skeleton of your paper. Your outline will be very helpful
when you are in the actual writing stage because it will give you easy directions to
follow.
6. Eventually, put the "flesh" on this skeleton by explaining, illustrating, giving
examples, enumerating details and other ways of developing the paragraph.
7. Review your research paper and edit/revise the errors. There is no substitute for a
perfect and flawless research paper. Remember, your paper is a reflection of the
kind of person you are. So give time to review, edit and revise it if needed.
Time-Saving Tips to Do Research
In your excitement or anxiety about your research, it is possible to lose your focus and
thus do so much reading that may not really be needed in relation to your topic. Thus,
you may have read so much and gathered so much data before you realize that they do
not really serve your purpose.
Aside from the tips in writing a research paper, some pointers from R. Hanson (Writing
Successfully) below will help you use your time wisely and efficiently:
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1. Before borrowing a book from the library, read its preface and introduction and
review the table of contents and index. Three important information can be derived
from them:
a) if the book has information related to research;

b) if it is related, what chapters of the book you read, instead of reading the entire
book(though you should never miss the opening and closing chapters for an
overall view); and
c) what specific biases an author has toward the subjects.
2. An abstract at the beginning of the essay, in the table of contents, or at the end of
the issue, is featured in a number of scholarly journal articles. The abstract is a
summary of the article in one paragraph; review it to assess if the whole article is
relevant for your research. If you decide to copy the article, don't forget to note all
the important information about the article and the journal i.e. title of the article,
name of author, page number, name of journal, volume number, and year it was
published. These pieces of information are needed when you cite sources in your
research paper.
3. After locating the first books and articles that are relevant to your subject, review
their bibliographies, they can be helpful to find other books and articles that you
may need in your research.
4. You don't really need to read the entire book to get the information that you need.
Just read the part that is relevant to your topic.
5. Check that the articles and books you use from outside sources are:
a) authoritative — meaning that the writer has gained reputation in the field and
that other authorities have not disputed his or her ideas; and
b) relevant - that the writer's views are significantly related to your research.
6. Review the card catalogues and periodical indexes to locate relevant books and
articles. The card catalogue can quickly lead you to the books that you need for
your research. For instance, if your research is about computers, you can easily
get your materials by opening the title section of the catalogue, then you can locate
your topic from the alphabetically arranged titles. If you know the author of the book
you are looking for, you can locate that from the author section of the card
catalogue. A number of libraries have installed an on-line public access catalogue
(OPAC) where you can very quickly locate the topic or the book you need through
the computer.
7. Review important books and articles, always jotting down important information,
summarizing, quoting and paraphrasing. List the complete bibliographical
information about the articles and books in your notes.
8. While reading, you can already focus or limit your subject. A quick focus and
narrowing down of your subject allows you to move fast from general to specific
articles and books on your specific topic. After or while you are studying your topic,
learning its main ideas and major concerns, free write a list of possible specific
subtopics. Don't treat broad subjects haphazardly; since you will be writing a short
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paper, only a focused or a properly limited topic can be treated in depth,

considering the limited time you allot for the research.
9. Determine if you need to interview a person who can provide you relevant
information. At times, first-hand information about a topic may be helpful i.e., from
another researcher or professor, or a person who works at a job related to your
topic.
10. Review your notes and index cards and write a draft of the essay using the proper
documentation form.
A. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following best describes research?
A. Research is a process of identifying and recording problems related to your
specialization.
B. Research is a scientific investigation of a problem through gathering data.
C. Research involves manipulation of data to support conclusion.
D. Research is a discipline that tackles referencing and unrelated literature.
2. Magazine articles and books are considered as _____________ source of data.
A. primary
B. secondary
C. archived
D. experimental
3. It is a kind of primary research, which may include surveys, observations,
interviews, and experiments.
A. Laboratory report
B. Field research
C. Discourse analysis
D. Descriptive survey
4. What type of paper requires defending a stance with regard to an issue and
convincing others that your position/opinion is valid?
A. Reaction paper
B. Argument paper
C. Synthesis
D. report
5. Which of the following is a consideration in writing a research paper?
A. Choose a timely topic outside of your line of specialization.
B. Identify your objectives at the end of the project.
C. Study your reader, your topic, and your purpose.
D. Gather only data from primary sources.
B. TRUE OR FALSE. Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false before the
number.
6. Research aims to solve a problem.
7. Argument paper is similar to reaction paper because it requires opinion or stance
of a person.
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8. Primary research involves gathering data from books, magazines, and other
related articles.
9. A researcher must limit his/her topic to achieve focus of the study.
10. Revision/editing is necessary in writing a research paper.
Big Picture

b. Cite sources or references appropriately using the APA format.
Big Picture in Focus: ULO b. Cite sources or references appropriately using

the APA format.
Essential Knowledge
To understand better about citing sources or references appropriately using the APA
format the following terms are operationally defined. This will give you ideas about the
important things that you really need to know as you get engage yourself in this chapter.
Suggestions to Make Writing Easy
While there were tips on how to do your research the easy way, Rubin et. al.
(Communication Research: Strategies and Sources) offers the following suggestions that
can further help you make your tasks easier.
1. Use a formal style and language. Research papers are generally written in the third
person, not in the first person. For example, instead of writing "I observed that..."
you can write: "The researcher observed that..." Some scholarly journals tend to
be quite liberal in or allow the use of the first person. Slang and other informal
language is not encouraged when writing a research report.
2. Avoid jargons. Jargons are words that are peculiar or known only to a profession
or occupation e.g., for computer professionals the term CPU may be easily
understandable, however, the term may not be quickly understood by people who
are not in the profession. Thus, use words which can be understood easily by your
readers.
3. Avoid language that may be prejudiced toward a group, culture or sex. There is
language that judge and which may hurt other people. An example of this is saying
that a particular race is bad.
4. Be as concise as possible. Avoid being wordy. Use expressions that are direct to
the point.
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5. Say what you mean and mean what you say. It is not safe to assume that your
readers know the topic just because you are familiar with it. It is good to start by
thinking that your readers know little about your subject.
6. Shift from one part of your research paper to the next in as natural a manner as
possible. Transition sentences or conjunctions such as however, nonetheless, but,
on the other hand, are few examples of frequently used conjunctions that may be
helpful in moving from one section to the next section. If the previous section of
your research is long, it may be helpful to provide a brief summary of the last
section as an introduction to the next section.
7. Be extra careful with your grammar and spelling. Review you work for possible
errors and revise it.
How to Quote Sources, Summarize and Paraphrase
The research you will do needs to be based on many that is a common sources like other
author's ideas practice and in fact encouraged. However, in your research paper, if you
use information that you borrowed – information that is not yours originally — you need
to give credit to the source; otherwise, you will be liable for plagiarism or simply put, the
crime of copying other author's work without giving the proper acknowledgment. So what
will you do you to include quotations and other author's ideas into your paper? Here are
some suggestions that can guide you.
Citing Quotations
Using quotations is more effective under the following conditions:

1. If you use the testimony of an authority as proof for your statement and the original
words are more powerful and accurate than you can paraphrase them
2. If the meaning of the original may be lost if you express it in your own words.
3. If your ideas contradict your source and you want to be accurate in expressing
what you are opposed to.
How to Cite Quotations
Many methods can be adopted in citing quotations:
1. By using a colon: N. Murray Butler notes: ...is a management guru".

2. With the use of a comma: Ninoy Aquino stresses, "The Filipinos are worth dying
for".
3. By using the word "that". Goethe believes that it is not doing the thing we like, but
liking the thing we have to do that makes life happy.
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4. The quotation can be presented into two parts: "He that can have patience" says
Benjamin Franklin, "can have what he will."
Summarizing and Paraphrasing
A summary is a brief account of the main points of a message. On the other hand,
paraphrasing is expressing passage in your own words.
Many writers use summary and paraphrase instead Of quoting the authors directly.
Researchers who summarize and paraphrase other writer's ideas need to acknowledge
the author of the passage. To acknowledge the source of a passage, the author's name
can be cited in the paragraph then the page numbers in Parentheses can be placed at
the end of the summary or paraphrase. Another way is to end the quoted or summarized
passage writing the author's last name with the page number in parentheses.
Documentation Style
Several methods of documentation have been adopted to write scholarly research

studies. The following techniques are the most commonly used types:
1. MLA — Modern Language Association style.

2. APA — American Psychological Association style.
Modern Language Association (MLA) Style.
At the end of the research paper, is a page entitled Works Cited. Contained on a separate
page, this section enumerates, in alphabetical order, all books and articles that were cited
in the research paper either through direct quotation, paraphrase or summary. Here are
the pointers in citing your sources:
1. Books
The proper arrangement for citing books should be
a) author (s),
b) title of the book,
c) edition number (if the book is not the first edition)
d) publication place,
e) name of publisher, and
f) publication date.
1.1. Books by One Author:
The basic order for citing books by one author should be:
a) name of author: last name first, then the first name, followed by a period.
b) title of the book, underscored and followed by a period.
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c) place of publication followed by a colon.

d) name of publisher followed by a comma.
e) year of publication followed by a period.
Castigador, Adlai. Wholistic Reading. Manila: J.P. Ace Press, 2001.
1.2. Books Written by Two Authors:
The basic order for citing books by two authors should be:
a) name of the first author: last name first then the initial of the first name followed by
a period.
b) name of the second author: the initial of the first name, then the last name followed
by a period.
c) title of the book, underscored and followed by a period
d) the number of edition, followed by period.
e) place of publication followed by a colon.
f) name of publisher followed by a comma.
g) year of publication followed by a period.
Example: BUCU L. C. and Castigador,A.C. Self-Instructional Modules in Communication

Skills I. Manila: Blue Angel Printing Press, 2001.
1.3. Books Written by Three Authors:
In citing books that have three authors, the following steps may be observed:
a) write the name of the first author, a comma and finally et al.
b) title of the book, underscored and followed by period.
c) the number of edition, followed by a period.
d) place of publication followed by a colon.
e) name of publisher followed by a comma.
f) year of publication followed by a period.
Example: Vicente, C, et al. Technical Writing. Man TechnoloU Supply Inc., 1999.
2. Encyclopedias
For encyclopedias, observe the following:
a) write the name of the topic first in quotations followed by a period.

b) then the name of the encyclopedia, underscored followed by a period.
c) year of publication, followed by a period.
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Example:
"The Pentagon." Collier's Encyclopedia. 1988 ed.
"Industry." Encyclopedia Americana. 2000 ed.
3. Articles from Magazines
For articles that you cite, the following order may be observed:
a) name of author (last name first then the first name, followed by a period).
b) title of the article, (written with quotation marks followed by a period).
c) name of magazine, underscored
d) number of volume.
e) month and year of publication (in parentheses) with a colon thereafter; and
f) page number of the article followed by a period.
Example:
Concepcion, Juan "Unexpected Success Stories." The Extraordinary Journal. 108,

(October 2001): 88.
4. Documenting an Article from a Daily Newspaper
The following pointers illustrate the order for documentation of an article from a daily
news paper.
a) name of author (last name, then the first name followed by a period).
b) title of the news item, (written with quotation marks and a period thereafter).
c) name of the newspaper (underscored, followed by a comma)
d) date of publication (date, month and year) with a colon thereafter; and
e) page number of the article followed by a period.
Example:
Sy, Alex "The Philippines: A Topnotch Economy." The Philippine Daily Investigator, 8
September 2001•. A8.
5. Documenting Interviews
You can follow the pointers below to document interviews:
a) name of respondent/ interviewee.

b) indicate that it is a personal interview
c) date of interview (date, month and year) with a period thereafter.
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Example:
Salonga, Lani, Personal Interview. 8 August 2000.
APA (American Psychological Association) Styles
There are three important differences between the APA and MLA styles when
citing quotations, summaries or paraphrases:
1. The APA style puts the date of publication in the sentence.
Santos, Eustaquio (2000) believes:
2. In the APA technique, "p" is used to refer the page numbers:

Norman Vincent Peale (1988) observes that a sure cure for lack of confidence is
the thought that God is actually with you and helping you. (p. 8).
3. Only the initial letter in the first word of the title uses a capital letter except for
proper nouns and the word after a colon.
The following documentation for books have been observed using the APA style:
1. Books by One Author
The basic order for citing books should be:
a) author (s): last name first then the initial of the first name.
b) date of publication in parentheses followed by a period.
c) title (only the initial letter of the first word is in capital, underscored and followed by
a period).
d) number of edition (if the book is not the first edition, in parentheses, followed by a
period).
e) place of publication followed by a colon:
f) name of publisher followed by a period thereafter.
Example:
Castigador, A. (2001). Wholistic reading. Manila: J.P. Ace Printing Press.
2. Books by Two Authors
The basic arrangement for citing books with two authors should be:
a) authors: last name first then the initial of the first name.
b) year of publication in parentheses followed by a period
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c) title (only the initial letter of the first word is in capital, underscored).
d) number of edition (if the book is not the first edition, in parentheses, followed by a
period).
f) name of publisher followed by a period thereafter.
Example:
Bucu, L. and Castigador, A.C. (2001). Self-instructional modules for communication arts
I. Manila: Blue Angel Printing Press.
3: Encyclopedias
For encyclopedias, observe the following:

a) write the name of the topic first, followed by a period.
b) year of publication, in parentheses, followed by a period.
c) then the name of the encyclopedia, underscored.
d) volume number, page numbers using the symbol pp., in parentheses, followed by
a period.
f) name of publisher followed by a period.
Example:
The Pentagon. (1988). Collier's Encyclopedia (vol. 8, pp. 80-88). New York: Collier's
Encyclopedia.
4. Articles from Magazines
For a journal that starts with page 1 in every issue, the following style may be used:
a) write the name of the author (last by name then the initial of the first name, followed
by a period).
b) month and year of publication, in parentheses followed by a period.
c) title of the article with only the first letter of the title in capital letter, followed by a
period.
d) then name of the journal and the volume number underscored.
e) the page number followed by a period.
Example:
Concepcion, J. (2001). Unexpected success Stories. The Extraordinary Journal. 108, p.

88.
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5. Documenting an Article from a Daily Newspaper
Citing articles from a daily newspaper may observe the following order.
a) write the name of author (last name, then the initial of the first name, followed by
a period).
b) year of publication: year, month and the date, in parentheses, followed by a period.
c) title of the article with only the first letter of the title in capital letter, followed by a
period.
d) the name of the journal, underscored.
e) the page number followed by a comma.
f) the volume number followed by a period.
Example:
Sy, A. (2001, September 8), The Philippines: a topnotch economy. The Philippine Daily
Investigator, PP. A8, 8.
6. Interviews
In the latest APA style, interviews are not cited in the works cited section but in the text
itself. For example:
R. Casty (personal interview, January 15, 2001) noted that the evidences were damming.
A. Cashe (2001, January 16). Midnight Debate. (Channel 8) testified to the truth of the
allegations against the high government official.
Elements of a Research Proposal
Generally speaking research studies are initiated formal research proposal. The same
format of proposals is observed. Moreover, the research proposal is almost identical to
the first three chapters of the final research study, except for the fact that the manuscript
for the proposal is written in future tense. For instance, in your research proposal, you
could write “the author will conduct a survey on...”, while in the final research “the author
conducted a survey on (adopted from University Mindanao research format)
1. Title page
Since your institution has a style manual, you can follow the suggested format of
the cover page.
2. Title - your title should reflect key words or phrases that would show a clear and
brief description of the scope and nature of the study. The key words allow your
study to be indexed properly. Furthermore, the following pointers could guide you:
a. major variables should be indicated
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b. the nature of research should be reflected: whether it is descriptive, correlational

or experimental
c. the target population should be made clear
d. avoid using expressions, such as:
"A Study of ...

"An Investigation of ...
"A Survey of ...
Example of a research title: "Correlation between the rating in the board examination and
the success of graduates"
3. Table of contents shows the contents of your research paper.
4. Chapter 1 —The Problem and Its Setting
The background of the Study — this section provides the background and setting
of the research for the following purposes:
a. it puts the research problem in an appropriate context;
b. it enables the readers to understand the basis for the study;
c. it provides the justification for the study — the researcher should be factual
statements opinions and points of view should be recorded properly;
d. it allows a clear clue to the statement of the problem;
e. it is your opportunity to convince your readers of the need for the research.
For purposes of funding, capabilities and capacities of funding individuals
and organizations could be featured in this section.
5. Statement of the problem — the statement of the problem is the focus of your
research study. The problem is stated in one sentence (supported by a number of
paragraphs to explain it). The following tips could guide you in writing your
statement of the problem:
a. Your task here is to look for something that is wrong, or an issue that needs to
addressed, or prevailing concerns that appears not functional.
Your problem statement may look like this:
The mismatch in the skills of graduates and the requirements of industry results in
their poor chances of succeeding in their careers."
b. The statement of the problem may just be expressed in one sentence, however, it
has to be supported by a few paragraphs that would explain the problem. Here,
you can present arguments why the problem is important to your study. This could
be reinforced by citing the ideas of others (government officials, professional
experts, or authors). Then, you can elaborate how the problem relates to industry
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and the curriculum by presenting data that shows the scope and depth of the
problem. Moreover, you can give appealing and clear explanations of the problem.
6. Objectives of the study — in descriptive research these are written after the
statement of the problem. The objectives indicate the following:
a. data to be collected;
b. clarify the link between the specific objectives and hypotheses and related
literature and theory;
c. fora descriptive study, the objectives or research questions can be used in
this section;
d. for ex post facto or experimental studies, the hypotheses must be
formulated.
7. Definition of terms—important words should be defined in the context where

they will be used. Operational definitions and dictionary definitions are provided in this
section. The suggestions that follow could help you complete this section:
a. a list of definitions for words and ideas that have significant meaning for the study
should be reflected.
b. the definition should present the term, the classification where it belongs and the
characteristics or features that make it different from the other categories in its
class;
c. words, principles and ideas that are generally understood do not need to be
defined, e.g., educational institution, residents, mothers.
8. Limitations of the study -- the limitations due to the procedures of the study should
be summarized; while the limitations related to the procedures should be presented in
detail in this section.
9. Basic assumptions — are ideas, which are accepted without thought of immediate
proof or these may be propositions for which no information could be presented within the
scope of the study.
10. Review of Related Literature
a. this section presents tentative solutions to the problem, or temporary answers

to the questions raised in the study.
b. here, you can present the theories, which are the bases of the study.
c. this part provides the rationale for the hypotheses and their variables.
d. this chapter is organized and presented in relation to the specific objectives of
the study.
e. research proposals usually do not cover comprehensive review unlike the
complete research study.
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Review of related literature is used to verify the concepts/ theory, which are the focus of
the study and the scope of the measurement methods to assess the concepts. This
section presents the relationship between the concepts/ theory and the methods of
measurement.
11. Chapter 2—Method — a number of authors call this chapter "Procedures". This
section present' clear, step-by-step procedures of how the study will be done, so
it could be replicated (redone) by other researchers. The researcher should
present explanations to enable the reader to replicate the exact conditions of the
original study.
12. Research design - this section presents the type of research study, such as:
survey, ex post facto, quasi-experimental, etc. This part describes the steps that
will be used to address the hypotheses. Graphic illustrations could be used to
facilitate understanding of the research design. The symbols you will use should
be defined.
13. Research Local this refers to the place or the setting where the research project
would be conducted.
14. Data-Gathering Procedure — the conditions such as when, where and under
what circumstances the data were gathered, the number of times and order in
which the instruments were used, and the time allotted for the data collection
should be described in this section. The population to be studied is identified. This
section describes the sampling method, then presents how the sarnple was
selected and the sampling plan.
15. Statistical Treatment — statistical techniques used to analyze the research data
are presented in this section. Basic tip: statistics that are relevant in answering
the question(s) in the study should be used.
The proponent could provide, in an appendix, sample of the tables and figures that will
be used in Chapter 4, in relation to the analysis. This may help readers of the study to
understand the results of these analytical techniques.
16. References. This is where all the citations found in the research paper are
accounted or listed using the APA format.
Exercise
Still working with your partner, accomplish the following:
A. Using the pointers presented above, identify the step-by-step procedures of how
the study will b done.
B. If applicable, prepare the statistical techniques to be used to analyze the research
data.
C. Draft the research method of your proposed study.
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Research Proposal Outline

The following outline can guide you in formulating your research proposal: (adopted from
University of Mindanao research proposal format)
1. Title Page
Table of Contents
Il. Chapter 1 —The Problem and Its Setting
Background of the Study

Statement of the Problem
Research Questions/ Hypotheses
Review of Related Literature
Ill. Chapter 2 —Method
Research Design
Research Respondents
Research Local
Research Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
Statistical Treatment
IV. References
lesson:
Cavite, Philippines
LET’S CHECK
Activity 1. Study the following situations. Some values of research can be deduced
from the situations. On the blank, put the number/ s corresponding to the values of
research that were discussed above.
1. Alibunan is a beautiful, rural but developing community at the foot of a mountain. The
problems that beset the people made them meet and decide to conduct a simple survey
of the problems of the barangay. Then, the people analyzed the results of the survey,
prioritized their problems, and identified the solutions and strategies to solve their
problems. Finally, they organized themselves into committees to plan and implement
projects in response to the problems.
______________________________
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2. Cheating has been a perennial problem in school A. The teachers suspected that
students may be doing this because they may not have studied their lesson at home.
Furthermore, it was theorized that students must have been doing other chores given by
their parents to the extent of neglecting their Studies. The teachers decided to conduct a
survey of what students’ do- after school. Consequently, it was found out that 900/0 of
the students were children of market vendors and that they helped their parents in selling
after school.
_____________________________
3. The survey conducted above did not only confirm the suspicion of the teachers but also
made them aware that parents consider their children's studies secondary. It was
discovered moreover, that for the parents, asking their children to help them sell is a more
preferable task than studying.
_____________________________
4, Drugs and alcoholism have been rampant in barangay Tabon. The community got
alarmed by the problem and started studying the nature of the drug users and their
activities. It was noted that the drug users were mostly teenagers who were idle. The
leaders decided to organize a youth club and sponsored interesting activities for the
youth. As a result, drug and alcohol-related problems were significantly reduced.
_____________________________
5. The prices of oil products have been out of control. It has increased at least fourteen
times since three years ago. Private and government experts studied the world situation.
They noted that the value of the dollar affects the prices of oil products. Incidentally, the
value of the dollar is also out of control; thus, making the price of oil products also
unpredictable. The experts discovered a cheap way of extracting energy from sunlight.
Consequently, electric power was packed out of the rays of the sun and made a source
of electricity.
____________________________
6. Food has been very scarce in the country. This is very ironic considering that the
Philippines is an agricultural country. A food agency made a survey of food eaten across
the regions and found out that some food that are being eaten in the Luzon region are
not being eaten in the Visayas region and vice-versa. Thus, the agency developed a
pamphlet presenting the various foods that are eaten in the different regions of the country
as well as the nutrients they contain. As a result, people started to adopt the food eaten
in the different regions. This reduced the problem related to scarcity of foods and
malnutrition in the country.
_____________________________
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7. The Philippines has a shortage of rice. The situation is brought about by many factors:
the unfavorable climate, lack of irrigation facilities, lack of land for rice farming and lack
of motivation of farmers to work in their farm due to low prices of rice. Experts also noted
that a significant factor in the Shortage rice is the fact that it takes quite a long time to be
able to harvest rice. So they studied the different varieties of rice, did a cross-breeding
and developed a variety of rice which only takes 30 days to harvest.
_____________________________
8. Flash floods have been common occurrence in the different parts of the country.
Thousands of people have been victimized due to sudden floods that would, inundate
villages. The flooding has been accounted to the massive deforestation of mountains.
While the government has spent billions of pesos of taxpayers money for reforestation,
nothing much has been accomplished. The government decided to encourage. people
professionals, businessmen, students, laborers and government officials to plant and take
care of at least 12 trees a year. Because of this, the mountains have been reforested and
flooding has been controlled.
______________________________
9. Garbage has been scattering all around the community. This has caused various kinds
of diseases. Community leaders decided to look for measures to manage the garbage
problem. They studied the methods of garbage management in different countries, got
the best practices from them and matched these with the culture of Filipinos. Eventually
garbage segregation, recycling and production of fertilizers out of the garbage were done.
Henceforth, the community became clean and beautiful.
______________________________
10. The coral reefs have been destroyed due to dynamite fishing. In the meantime, so
many used tires have been scattering around and in fact were eyesores to the people
living in the neighborhood. The community studied what to do to rebuild the destroyed
coral reefs. Meanwhile, they also have to solve the problems of garbage in the form of
used tires that were scattering around. The community had a brainstorming-discussion
on what to to solve the two very pressing problems. Somebody theorized that the problem
of destruction of the coral reef may be solved by putting similar artificial objects as
substitute where the fishes can live. Eventually, the community decided to gather all the
used tires tied them together and submerged these tires into the water as artificial coral
reefs. The people were able to solve two problems destruction of coral reef and garbage
all at the same time.
_______________________________
Activity 2. The various situations on the next page describe the nature of
communities. It is said that a relevant topic is one that can help solve a problem or
develop a community. Study the specific situations below, then practice choosing, which
among the enumerated topics under the situation is the most relevant one.
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1. The community gets easily flooded.

a) Corruption of local leaders.
b) Flood control measures.
c) How the Department of Public Works and Highways should improve its
services.
2. People in the community talk with each other from sunrise to sun down.
a) How to make people productive.
b) The values of rural folks.
c) The laziness of Filipinos.
3. Barangay officials are unskilled community leaders.
a) Vote buying.
b) Developing leadership skills of local officials.
c) How to encourage local officials to enroll in school.
4. So much land is left idle and unproductive.
a) Improving agricultural productivity.
b) Irrigating the land.
c) Using animal manure as fertilizer.
5. Many people die yearly because of lack of preparation for the flash flood.
a) Improving the plaza.
b) Improving disaster preparedness.
c) Putting up evacuation centers.
6. Many tricycle drivers are rude.
a) Educating the tricycle drivers.
b) Organizing a cooperative.
c) Making the tricycle drivers more respectful.
7. About 60 percent of the children are malnourished
a) Nutritious food that can be produced by community.
b) Teaching parents to feed their children.
c) A multi-disciplinary approach against malnutrition.
8. Garbage is scattering around the town.
a) Effective garbage management for the town.
b) Recycling garbage.
c) The town officials are all garbage.
9. Criminality is increasing.
a) The cause of criminality.
b) Drugs and criminality.
c) The cause and solutions of crime.
10. Violence in mass media.
a) How to stop violence on TV.
b) The culture of violence.
c) How to use mass media to stop violence.
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LET’S ANALYZE
Activity 1. Study the following research paper. On the space after the research paper,
write analysis/critique on the following:
1. word use/diction
2. sentence unity, coherence and emphasis
3. paragraph development
Technology: A Boon or Bane
The Problem and its Background
Technology is a powerful engine that drives economic growth. It makes possible

new products, more efficient method of production, and greater environmental protection,
which inevitably lead to new high-skills and high-wage jobs. Technological innovation is
an essential ingredient for economic success.
The world must start with a strong commitment to continuing basic research and
development and with investment in new technology that will lead us into the 21st century.
We must recognize the strength and potential of scientific and technological resources to
change and improve the quality of our lives.
Part of our responsibility in implementing a successful techn010ß,' initiative will be
to make sure that we can use all the data provided by the national information
infrastructure. High-speed networks and digital libraries will give us access to infinite
amounts of information. Researchers are developing ways to help us distill this
information into useful form. And then, with lots of help from the human brain, we can
transform that information into wisdom. Technology will transform our lives in thousands
of ways we can count today and thousands more we can only imagine for tomorrow.
Findings
Technology: Take It With You
Time was, when a low-tech instamatic camera was the only tool a traveller needed
to pack. But today's travellers, both for business and leisure, cannot bear to leave home
without a high-tech array of communications, gadgetry, from cell phones to laptops and
minicams. Electronics are hip and have become an essential part our travel wardrobe.
Phones are ringing on the beach and the bluish glow from laptop screens competes with
the shimmering blue of hotel pools at night.
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Worldly Conversation
Travellers have always dreamed of a world phone__ portable device that works
equally well in Caracas and Kathmandu. In February, Nokia, the world's leading cells
phone maker; unveiled its first world phone, the Noki 8890. It works in five continents
(Europe, Asia, Africa Australia and the Americas) and 144 countries. According to the
Travel Industry World Yearbook, more than 40 million people travel between the Americas
Europe and Asia every year, and more than 30 per cent of those travellers do so for
business. For them, the 8890 offers dual-band GSM service (at GSM 900 and 1900 MHz)
that's no- buttons- to- push automatic- it finds the local network for you. At 3.2 ounces (91
grams), the matte- aluminum-finished 8890 is one of the smallest and most stylish phones
ever made by Nokia- a definite plus for image- conscious world travellers.
GSM was in the spotlight this summer when U.S. based Voice Stream Wireless
inked an agreement with Deutsche Telekom, Europe's largest telecommunications
company, to form the first wireless operator utilizing the GSM standard worldwide. The
goals are to accelerate the introduction of next-generation wireless voice and data
service, such as mobile Internet and multimedia applications, and to provide seamless
global services over a common technology platform, including global roaming and
worldwide customer service.
Packing Music
For travellers who can't leave their Web music — or their spoken-word audio
downloads behind, the latest toy of choice is the Philips SA 107 RUSH digital audio player.
The new 64-megabytes version can store approximately two full hours of high-quality
digital stereo music. In addition to doubling the memory capacity of the previous unit, the
SA107 adds a USB port for easy connectivity to most new computers. The advantage of
diøtal audio players is that they're solid state--meaning that skips are eliminated. They're
also tiny: RUSH is under three inches square and less than one inch deep.
Wireless Internet Access
Palm, Inc., the world's leading provider of handheld computers, announced the
launch of the Palm Mobile Internet Kit in June. The kit allows users with cell phones (or
Palm-compatible moderns) to connect their palm wirelessly to the Internet. Now the entire
family of palm can be retrofitted to add Internet access. That means Palm users can send
and receive e-mail directly via their PDA's, send SMS (short messaging service)
messages, as well as utilize WAP, or Wireless Application Protocol, used in the latest
mobile phones to access the Web. For anyone who has tried to tap out an e-mail on the
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tiny keyboards of a cell phone, the ability to compose messages on a PDA is a great leap
forward.
Sooner the End of Chores — Coming Soon: the Robots
Robots have long been a staple of the imagined future, and they're already at work
in factories — but so far none have made their way into our homes. That may start to
change during the next decade. By 200 predicts Hans Moravecs of Carnegie Mellon's
Robotic Institute, the first affordable, mass-produced mobi 161 robots will appear. These
will be small and devote simple tasks like vacuuming and lawn mowing. The second
decade of the 21st century will human-size, ultra. Light utility robots 2020, with robots one
arm will the best can perform many simple jobs. By able to learn and make choices-no
need for reprogramming. By 2030, robots will be able to anticipate outcomes by
constantly running simulations. These robots will also understand emotions and predict
their own effect on people. There's no reason to doubt says Moravec, which by mid-
century, robots will be intellectual.
A Home in the Future
The home of the future will be a cathedral to the idea of networked convenience.
PC-style devices will smoothly, automatically control your heating and lighting while
sound and pictures will be streamed into the house via broad band Internet connection.
In the future, few people will buy music on CD's or films on DVD. Why bother when you
can access your desired form of entertainment via the menu displayed on your flat, wall-
hanging plasma TV screen?
Voice recognition technology will become ubiquitous. People will think nothing of
talking to various appliances around their home. Microwave-based vending machines in
the kitchen will allow Techies to request "Tea, Earl Grey, hot," without any sense of irony.
During 2000, we have learned that hard drive-based personal video services such
as TiVo can record specific programs for their owners via a simple "preference engine".
In the near future, such preference engines will be integrated to our domestic servers,
creating a "smart home" that not only knows which temperature you prefer 162 at a
particular time of year, but also which light levels should be provided in certain rooms and
which music should be piped into different locales at different times
It could be common place for this smart house to „recognize" its owner through
Bluetooth-enabled ID bracelets/ tags or coded pocket PC's. Expect your future house to
personally greet you with a cheery "Welcome home, Dave," then the front door is opened.
This might just as easily be a screamed "Danger, Will Robinson!" warning if an
unauthorized intruder breaks in. In such an instance our smart house could not only shut
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itself down, trapping the interloper, dial out for police assistance at the same time.
Perhaps the hapless intruder would be savaged by a resident robot guard dog!
Certainly, within 10 years, average people can count a robot as part of the family.
To see what such a creation might offer we need only to look to Sony's ground breaking
robo-pooch, AIBO (that's Japanese for friend or companion). Already in its second-
generation, the AIBO has become more sophisticated and interactive.
Amanda Behrend, public-relations manager for SONY UK, says "One of the big
innovations on our second generation AIBO is voice recognition. When the robot reaches
the child stage, it requests a name, which it will then respond to. It has a vocabulary of 50
words which it can recognize, including sit, dance, and play ball. Its ears move around,
which adds to the number of expressions it has, and it has more sensors than before.
Additional sensors in the head allow it to recognize if it is being stroked or tickled under
its chin."
Perhaps the most significant refinement is the inclusion of a video camera in its
eye. This camera ca grab low-resolution images that can be saved to memory stick
device, which can then be read by computer.
This imaging ability will evolve rapidly. Within the next decade your robotic pet
could also double as your digital camera, relieving you of the need to take pictures
altogether. And there's no real reason your robotic picture-snappin' pal should look like a
dog. It could just as easily resemble a small, two-legged human: a photo_ pal, if you will.
And in the house of the future, don't expect to spend hours sitting at a PC
workstation. Much of the functionality of the traditional PC will migrate to hand held
computers that will be part PC, part mobile phone and all secret-agent chic.
Says Roger Kermisch, general manager of Handspring International, in the very
near future, the traditional PDA will evolve from pocket organizer to personal
communicator. You will be able to talk to someone and even to see him through your
hand held unit. Soon, there will be more connections to the Internet from hand held than
there will be from PC's and when wireless broadband and affordable wireless service
arrive, you will be able to deliver movie on the video, to provide the type of capabilities
you only see in James Bond movies today.
Giving Robots the Sense of Touch That Humans Have
Allison Okamura wants to give robots the gift of touch. To do this, Okamura, who
has just joined The Johns Hopkins University's engineering faculty, is setting up the
school's first laboratory dedicated to the cutting edge field of robotic haptic exploration.
"Haptic' means anything related to the sense of touch", Okamura says. "One part of my
work involves robotic fingers. I program them to explore unknown environments and give
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them tactile sensing and force sensing. I try to emulate the human ability to manipulate,
touch and explore."
Her work is parts of a larger effort to create more sophisticated machines to take
over tasks that are too dangerous, too tedious or too difficult for humans.
To achieve this goal, many researchers are working on systems that give robots
"eyes" to identify objects and avoid obstacles. But Okamura is one of the few engineers
trying to replicate the sense of touch. "Vision is obviously very important", she says. "But
if you can imagine going through life only seeing things but never being able to touch
them, it's obvious that touch is also very important. “Touch' is also something that's very
difficult to get robots to do. Vision is a passive sense; you can look at something without
affecting it. But in order to touch something, the, robot has to interact with the object and
manipulate it".
Though robots with a sense of touch may be difficult to build, they could produce
important payoffs. For salvage operations and scientific expeditions, the U.S. Navy wants
robots that could run their fingers along objects resting on the floor of an ocean.
NASA is interested in robotic hands that could transmit information about the
strength and texture of rocks on other planets.
Here on Earth, surgical robots with a fine sense of touch could "feel" the difference
between a blood vessel and a bone. At Johns Hopkins, Okamura plans to wor with
engineers and physicians who have established center devoted to the use of robots and
computers in medicine.
Okamura received her doctorate in engineering from Stanford University shortly
before she joined Johns Hopkins as an assistant professor of mechanical engineering.
As a graduate student, she worked on a robot equipped with two soft fingertips
made of rubber-coated foam. Tiny nibs on the rubber coverings behaved like the skins of
human fingers, helping the robot sense and grasp unfamiliar objects.
Using specialized tactile sensors and control methods, these robotic fingers
explored objects to gather information about surface properties such as Cracks ridges
and textures.
In her new laboratory at Johns Hopkins, Okamura plans to build on this research
and develop a new robotic finger with a sphere at the tip, capable of rotating like a paint
roller.
"A sphere like this could move all over a surface," she says. "It would be excellent
for exploration. I'm hoping to build a system that can recognize features first on a hard
surface and later on a soft surface, which is more difficult."
Her new Haptic Exploration Laboratory will also focus on a related field: using
computers and a specially constructed joystick, stylus or glove to transmit sensory
information to human hands.
Such haptic interfaces allow users to "feel" objects that exist in a virtual
environment. For example, if a user bumps into a tree, or kicks a soccer ball within a
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computer-generated world, the joystick vibrates or provides force feedback to make the
cyber-encounter feel real.
Haptic interfaces like this can add entertaining new dimensions to computer games
or educational programs. But Okamura says this technology also could help a surgeon
Practice a delicate operation without risk to a human patient. Similarly, it could allow a
geologist on Earth to "feel" the texture of boulder discovered by a robotic exploration
device on Mars.
For her laboratory, Okamura recently acquired an experimental 3GM haptic
interface from the San Jose based Immersion Corp. The device, which Okamura helped
develop at Immersion, has a stylus that allows the user to "feel" three-dimensional objects
in a virtual environment. She plans to write new software for the device so that it can be
used for medical applications.
Perfecting the mechanical devices and software needed to simulate the human
sense of touch is a challenge that could take decades, but Okamura is a eager to conduct
some of the basic research.
"Human beings, obviously, have amazing tactile sensing ability," she says. "What
we've done so far with robots doesn't even come close. There's a lot of work to be done."
Running on Fuel Cells
Soaring gasoline prices are no big deal. The real push for the greener cars is from
the lawmakers especially in California, where the Zero Emissions Mandate requires that
by 2003, 10 percent of all cars sold will be pollution-free. To meet the standard, the auto
industry is betting on a new power source: hydrogen fuel cells. In theory, you can get
limitless hydrogen from sea water using solar power. And when you burn it, you get
energy and plain water — nothing else. In recent years, car-makers in oil companies have
spent billions of dollars learning to make the cells cheaper and more efficient.
Now the first cell-powered prototype cars are finally appearing. The pacesetter for
the Sydney Games marathon was: Opel's Hydrogen 1 prototype. BMW has built a test
fleet of 15 hydrogen — powered 7-Series vehicles. General Motors Chairman Harry
Pearce calls the fuel cells Precept, unveiled in January, his "baby„. Mercedes-Benz says
it will start producing a hydrogen- fuelled car in 2004. By January, Ford expects to give
California regulators a test model of its five-passenger P2000, with al 280-volt electronic
motor that can power the car from zero to 60 in 10 seconds.
The technology is still far from your driveway. There's only one public hydrogen
filling station in the world, in a corner of Munich's airport. The stuff will cost about $32 a
gallon until production ramps up. Safety is a concern--remembering the Hindenburg? Still
industry experts say half the new cars in the world might run on hydrogen by 2020.
"Everyone is buying a ticket to the lottery," says Paul Everitt, chief economist at the
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Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders. "Whoever wins will win big a clean job —
and somebody's got to do it.
What Made Inventions Mushroom
But how do new gadgets, hi-tech toys, phones, household appliances and other
such new inventions came into being?
Considering the greatest invention ever made during 20th century, the information
super highway — or better known as the Internet, made the above mentioned items
possibly true than just being gadgets of James Bond movies or other science-fiction
stories.
How the Internet Contributed to Newer Inventions
New ideas do not form in a vacuum. Just as innovation feeds technology,

information have always relied feeds innovation. Scientists and engineers have always
relied on the work of their colleagues to educate themselves and create new ideas. They
combine their colleagues' data and techniques, analyze and examine theories, compare
and contrast information in an effort to make new discoveries.
As scientific enterprise becomes even larger and more complex, individual
researchers cannot keep pace with the flood of information from laboratories around the
world, if it were not made easy by the utilization of the Internet.
For example, high-speed networks like Internet are allowing researchers to
collaborate with their colleagues throughout the country as easily as if they were in the
same building. These networks are enabling scientists and engineers to create "co-
laboratories" virtual laboratories in which researchers linked by computers can share
data, images, and new ideas. Brainstorming electronically with colleagues, scientists and
engineers, among others, will be able to develop ideas into new technologies much more
rapidly than they could on their own.
Conclusion
Most people who end up inventing something, do it primarily as a part of a solution

to a problem within a system. There are still some people who limit their thinking to the
extent that they are occupied with why we cannot do something rather than why we can.
Inventions arise from the personal efforts of individuals. Most inventions are due
to perseverance.
New technology can assist doctors and teachers allowing them to reach more
people and provide better services.
Technology provides companies and factories with the competitive edge they need
to innovate faster and manufacture better.
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Technology allows faster communication, and allows users to teleconference with

friends and business associates around the world.
Rapid emerging technology could lead to fundamental shift in the way we
safeguard human needs.
This technological potential comes packaged with significant dangers. Technology
will empower people but it could also be used against people. Without the proper
safeguards in place, possibilities will abound for coercive monitoring, job discrimination,
and violation of privacy.
Science has far reaching effects that are often unattended, unanticipated, and
unaddressed. We are placing ourselves in a position described by Ralph Waldo Emerson
one hundred years ago when he wrote: "We learn about ge010U the day after the
earthquake."
Write your analysis/ critique in the space that follows.
Technology: A Boon or Bane
1. Word use/diction
2. Sentence unity, coherence and emphasis
3. Paragraph development
Activity 2. Prepare a table of comparison of the documentation styles between the APA
and MLA formats. Use the following table for your comparison.
Variables APA Format MLA Format
1. Book by one author
2. Book by two authors
3. Encyclopedias
4. Articles
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5. Article from a daily

newspaper
6. Interviews
Activity 3. Do the following:
A. Identify a research title of your interest on the following topics:

1. problems of students
2. social issues in your community
3. issues in your studies
B. Prepare the Background of the Study, based on the suggested contents above
and write the reasons and justifications for the research.
C. Be able to present and defend this to the class.
Activity 4. Based on the third task that you did, do the following:
A. Formulate the objectives of the research study

B. Identify the important terms.
C. Prepare the definition of terms.
D. Write the limitations of the study
Activity 5. Do the following:
A. Identify and list books that may be a good source of your related literature.
B. Read and prepare notes on the theories and concepts related to your proposed
study.
C. In your computer, or in a notebook, write down the related theories and concepts
from the books that you have read and explain how they are related to your
proposed research. .
Activity 6. Using the outputs of the previous three exercises that you have accomplished,
you should now complete your research proposal using the suggested outline above.
Present and defend your proposal before the class. Your proposal should be approved
by your faculty member.
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Research is a result of data gathering, of scientific investigation, of systematic analyses
and interpretation of data. The values we can get by doing research are manifold. It is a scientific
approach to solve problems. It offers accurate answers to crucial questions or problems. It allows
us to explore the unexplored aspects of life. It is a means to verify/validate theories. It offers
opportunities to formulate new theories/principles.
The two general types of research studies are primary research, secondary research, and
field research. There are also at least three different types of research paper – the report,
synthesis or survey and argument papers. Since research is systematic, the process of writing a
research paper is quite tedious. First, study your reader, your topic and your purpose. Second,
get a topic that is interesting to you and your target reader. Third, limit your topic. Fourth, gather
information from magazines, journals, encyclopedias, books, the Internet and other sources. Fifth,
write the outline of your research. Sixth, put the “flesh” by explaining, illustrating, giving examples,
enumerating details. Last, review your research paper and edit/revise the errors.
Be knowledgeable of the time-saving tips to do research. Learn how to quote sources,

summarize and paraphrase. A research paper outline contains the following: title page, table of
contents, the problem and its setting, method, and references.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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KEYWORDS INDEX
research research paper research values primary research
secondary Synthesis or
Field research report survey
research
argument summarizing paraphrasing citing
APA format MLA format Research proposal Title page
the problem and references

Table of contents Method
its setting
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PART 3. COURSE SCHEDULE AND ONLINE CODE OF

CONDUCT
ACTIVITY WHERE TO
Week DATE
SUBMIT
August 17,
Online Orientation of the Subject Virtual Meeting
2020
August 18,
Syllabus Discussion Virtual Meeting
2020
Big Picture A: Discussion on August 19,
Week 1 Virtual Meeting
Salient Points of the first ULO 2020
Big Picture A: Let’s Check August 20,
Quipper
Activities 2020
Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze August 21,
Quipper
Activities 2020
Big Picture A: In a Nutshell August 24,
Quipper
Activities 2020
Big Picture B: Discussion on August 25,
Virtual Meeting
Salient Points of the second ULO 2020
Big Picture B: Let’s Check and August 26,
Week 2 Quipper
Let’s Analyze Activities 2020
Big Picture B: In a Nutshell August 27,
Quipper
Activities 2020
Big Picture C: Discussion on August 28,
Virtual Meeting
Salient Points of the third ULO 2020
Big Picture C: Let’s Check August 31,
Quipper
Activities 2020
Big Picture C: Let’s Analyze September, 1,
Quipper
Activities 2020
Big Picture C: In a Nutshell September 2,
Week 3 Quipper
Activities 2020
September 3,
Summarization/Recap/Reminders Virtual Meeting
2020
September 4,
1st Exam 2020
Quipper
Big Picture A: Discussion on September 7,
Virtual Meeting
Big Picture A: Let’s Check September 8,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze Week 4 September 9,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture A: In a nutshell September 10,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: Discussion on September 11, Virtual Meeting
Page | 155
Telefax: (084) 655-9591

Big Picture B: Let’s Check September 14,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: Let’s Analyze September 15,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: In a nutshell September 16,
Week 5 Quipper
Activity 2020
September 17,
Submission/Recap/Reminders Virtual Meeting
2020
September 18,
2nd Exam 2020
Quipper
Big Picture A: Discussion on September 21,
Virtual Meeting
Big Picture A: Let’s Check September 22,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze September 23,
Week 6 Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture A: In a nutshell September 24,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: Discussion on September 25,
Virtual Meeting
Big Picture B: Let’s Check September 28,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: Let’s Analyze September 29,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: In a nutshell September 30,
Week 7 Quipper
Activity 2020
October 1,
2020
October 2,
3rd Exam 2020
Quipper
Big Picture A: Discussion on October 5,
Virtual meeting
Big Picture A: Let’s Check October 6,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze October 7,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Week 8-11
Big Picture A: In a nutshell October 8,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: Discussion on October 9,
Virtual Meeting
Big Picture B: Let’s Check October 12,
Quipper
Activity 2020
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Telefax: (084) 655-9591
Big Picture B: Let’s Analyze October 13,

Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: In a nutshell October 14,
Quipper
Activity 2020
October 15,
Finals for 1st Term/ 2020
Quipper
4th Exam for GE 2 October 16,
2020
October 19,
Term Break 2020
Big Picture A: Discussion on October 20,
Virtual Meeting
Big Picture A: Let’s Check October 21,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture A: Continuation of October 22,
Quipper
Let’s Check Activity 2020
Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze October 23,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture A: Continuation of October 26,
Quipper
Let’s Analyze Activity 2020
Big Picture A: In a nutshell October 27,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: Discussion on Week 12- October 28,
Virtual Meeting
Salient Points of the second ULO 14 2020
Big Picture B: Let’s Check October 29,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: Continuation of October 30,
Quipper
Let’s Check Activity 2020
Big Picture B: Let’s Analyze November 2,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: Continuation of November 3,
Quipper
Let’s Analyze Activity 2020
Big Picture B: In a nutshell November 4,
Quipper
Activity 2020
November 5,
2020
November 6,
5th Exam 2020
Big Picture A: Discussion on November 9,
Virtual Meeting
Big Picture A: Let’s Check Week 15- November 10,
Quipper
Activity 16 2020
Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze November 11,
Quipper
Activity 2020
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Telefax: (084) 655-9591
Big Picture A: In a nutshell November 12,

Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: Discussion on November 13,
Virtual Meeting
Big Picture B: Let’s Check November 16,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: Let’s Analyze November 17,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: In a nutshell November 18,
Quipper
Activity 2020
November 19,
2020
November 20,
6th Exam 2020
Quipper
Big Picture A: Discussion on November 23,
Virtual Meeting
Big Picture A: Let’s Check November 24,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze November 25,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture A: In a nutshell November 26,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: Discussion on November 27,
Virtual Meeting
Salient Points of the second ULO Week 17- 2020
Big Picture B: Let’s Check 18 November 30,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: Let’s Analyze December 1,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: In a nutshell December 2,
Quipper
Activity 2020
December 3,
2020
December 4,
7th Exam 2020
Quipper
Big Picture A: Discussion on December 7,
Virtual Meeting
Big Picture A: Let’s Check December 8,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze Week 19- December 9,
Quipper
Activity 20 2020
Big Picture A: In a nutshell December 10,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: Discussion on December 11,
Virtual Meeting
Page | 158
Telefax: (084) 655-9591
Big Picture B: Let’s Check December 14,

Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture A: Let’s Analyze December 15,
Quipper
Activity 2020
Big Picture B: In a nutshell December 16,
Quipper
Activity 2020
December 17,
Finals for 1st 2020
Quipper
Semestral December 18,

Quipper
2020
Page | 159
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084) 655-9591
VI. Online Code of Conduct
(1) All teachers/Course Facilitators and students are expected to abide by an honor code
of conduct, and thus everyone and all are exhorted to exercise self-management and self-
regulation.
(2) Faculty members are guided by utmost professional conduct as learning facilitators in
holding OBD and DED conduct. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with properly
under existing guidelines, specifically on social media conduct (OPM 21.15) and
personnel discipline (OPM 21.11).
(3) All students are likewise guided by professional conduct as learners in attending OBD
or DED courses. Any breach and violation shall be dealt with properly under existing
guidelines, specifically in Section 7 (Student Discipline) in the Student Handbook.
(4) Professional conduct refers to the embodiment and exercise of the University’s Core
Values, specifically in the adherence to intellectual honesty and integrity; academic
excellence by giving due diligence in virtual class participation in all lectures and activities,
as well as fidelity in doing and submitting performance tasks and assignments; personal
discipline in complying with all deadlines; and observance of data privacy.
(5) Plagiarism is a serious intellectual crime and shall be dealt with accordingly. The
University shall institute monitoring mechanisms online to detect and penalize plagiarism.
(6) All borrowed materials uploaded by the teachers/Course Facilitators shall be properly
acknowledged and cited; the teachers/Course Facilitators shall be professionally and
personally responsible for all the materials uploaded in the online classes or published in
SIM/SDL manuals.
(7) Teachers/Course Facilitators shall devote time to handle OBD or DED courses and
shall honestly exercise due assessment of student performance.
(8) Teachers/Course Facilitators shall never engage in quarrels with students online.
While contentions intellectual discussions are allowed, the teachers/Course Facilitators
shall take the higher ground in facilitating and moderating these discussions. Foul, lewd,
vulgar and discriminatory languages are absolutely prohibited.
(9) Students shall independently and honestly take examinations and do assignments,
unless collaboration is clearly required or permitted. Students shall not resort to
dishonesty to improve the result of their assessments (e.g. examinations, assignments).
Page | 160
DEPARTMENT OF TEACHER EDUCATION
Davao del Norte
Telefax: (084) 655-9591
(10) Students shall not allow anyone else to access their personal LMS account.
Students shall not post or share their answers, assignment or examinations to others to
further academic fraudulence online.
(11) By handling OBD or DED courses, teachers/Course Facilitators agree and abide by
all the provisions of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and
protocols in handling online courses.
(12) By enrolling in OBD or DED courses, students agree and abide by all the provisions
of the Online Code of Conduct, as well as all the requirements and protocols in handling
online courses.
Course prepared by:
MADILYN C. ONDOY, PhD/HENRY C. LIGAN, PhD

Name of Course Facilitator/Faculty
Course reviewed by:
LOVELY MAE PRIETO, MEAL

Language Discipline Head
ROSA MARIA T. PINEDA, EdD

Head-Department of Arts and Sciences
Approved by:
GINA FE G. ISRAEL, EdD

Dean of College
Page | 161

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Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education

Mabini Street, Tagum City

Department of Arts & Sciences Education

Physically Distanced but Academically Engaged

Self-Instructional Manual (SIM) for Self-Directed Learning (SDL)

Course/Subject: GE 2- Purposive Communication with Interactive

Name of Teacher: ________________________________

THIS SIM/SDL MANUAL IS A DRAFT VERSION ONLY; NOT FOR

EXPECT REVISIONS OF THE MANUAL.

SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL & SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING COURSE MANUAL For

The University of Mindanao is fully committed to cater to the different needs of

III. Definition of Terms

IV. Delivery Implementation Guidelines

There are 2 modes to implement the alternative delivery of instructions, with

A. Online Blended Delivery (OBD)

B. Distance Education Delivery (DED)

(6) Deadlines and submission of requirements can be arranged with flexibility: by

V. Components of the SIM

Part 1. Quality Assurance Policies and Course Outline Policies

Under the Instruction Delivery are the following parts:

(d) Facilitator’s Voice (Coordinator’s Voice)

PART 1: QUALITY ASSURANCE POLICIES

Course Outline: GE 2- Purposive Communication with

Course Coordinators: MADILYN C. ONDOY, PhD/HENRY C. LIGAN, PhD

Course Outline Policy

Assessment Task Submission Submission of assessment tasks shall be

i. Title of the assessment task,

The document should be sent via Quipper

In addition, if the paper has reached more

Please note that academic dishonesty

due date, without an approved extension

However, if the late submission of

For group assessment tasks, the course

If disapproved by the course coordinator,

head or the dean with the original letter of

All culled from on-campus/onsite sessions

Submission of the final grades shall follow

extension of the deadline of submission of

Course Information see/download course syllabus in the Quipper Portal

PART 2. INSTRUCTION DELIVERY

ULO: At the end of the unit, you are

b. deliver a speech using audio-visual

CC’s Voice: Hello there! Welcome to this course, GE 2-Purposive Communication

Week 1-3: UNIT LEARNING OUTCOME (ULO)

a. acquaint with university vision, mission, values and hymn.

1. Policy. Refers to a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government,

1. The University of Mindanao Vision, Mission and Values

By 2022, a globally recognized institution providing quality,

To provide a dynamic and supportive academic environment

Honesty and Integrity

3. The University Songs

University of Mindanao Hymn UM LOYALTY MARCH

University of Mindanao Student Handbook, 2018

1. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

2. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

Big Picture in Focus: ULO b. Explain the essence of communication in forming

1. Communication. Considered as the act of conveying meanings by the use of mutually

What if man is not endowed with communication skills?

 Knowledge is thought to be synonymous with power: but knowledge can

The Elements of Communication

The Ethics of Communication

Successful communication requires certain ethical rules for a communicator to

1. Honesty. This quality is very important for successful communication. Webster

1.

2.