PSYC 221: Assignment 2

Total marks: 30

1. Zeenat wanted to evaluate the effectiveness of Urban Clap cleaning services. To do this,
she evaluated the cleanliness of different houses and then re-evaluated their cleanliness
after a house-cleaning service by Urban clap. The data she found is reported below. Please
help her test her hypothesis and report the results as per APA guidelines (9 marks)

Cleanliness of houses at baseline: 12, 14, 13, 17, 18, 20, 15, 11, 9, 11 (SD = 3.50)
Cleanliness of houses post house-cleaning: 15, 17, 17, 18, 19, 18, 20, 16, 18, 19 (SD =
1.49)
Ans: Cleanliness of houses using urban-clap hypothesis test

Pre Urban-clap Post urban-

House No Difference
(baseline score) clap (score)
1 12 15 3
2 14 17 3
3 13 17 4
4 17 18 1
5 18 19 1
6 20 18 -2
7 15 20 5
8 11 16 5
9 9 18 9
10 11 19 8
Mean (M) 14 17.7 3.7
Std Dev 3.5 1.49 3.30

Ho: There is no significant difference in the mean of cleanliness of houses; M1=M0 (Here M
stands for mean)
H1: The mean cleanliness of houses post cleaning is greater than that at the baseline; M1>M0

To test this hypothesis, we use a one sided/tailed paired samples t-test for mean differences

Alternatively, we could use one sample t test on the computed difference of means, both are
the same. The hypothesis for that would be:
Ho: Mean of difference in cleanliness of houses post house cleaning <= 0; M1-M0=0
Ha: Mean of difference in cleanliness of houses post house cleaning > 0; M1-M0>0

t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means

 Cleanliness of
Cleanliness of houses post
  houses at baseline house-cleaning
Mean 14 17.7
Variance 12.2 2.23
Observations 10 10
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0  
df 9  
t test statistic 3.54  
P(T<=t) one-tail
or p-value 0.003  
t Critical one-tail
a.k.a t 9, 0.05 1.83  
Decision Criteria: We reject the null hypothesis if |t test statistic| > |t 9, 0.05|
OR if p-value < 0.05

Decision:
Therefore, since 3.54 > 1.833, we reject the null hypothesis at a 5% level of significance and
conclude that the difference in cleanliness of houses post cleaning is significant. Hence the
cleaning service is effective.

2. Tahir is keen to determine whether there is a difference in eating habits of extroverted and
introverted individuals. To investigate the same, he compared the number of times
extroverted individuals ordered out in a week to the number of times introverted people
ordered out during a week. The data he found is presented below. Help Tahir test his
hypothesis and present the results as per APA guidelines. (9 marks)

Number of times extroverted individuals ordered out in a week: 1, 11, 14, 2, 5, 9, 2, 1, 3,

4 (SD = 4.57)
Number of times introverted individuals ordered out in a week: 2, 8, 6 , 4, 11, 12, 3, 5, 4,
1, 6, 1 (SD = 3.60)
Ans: Sample Data: Eating habits of extroverts versus introverts

Null hypothesis Ho: There is no significant difference between the eating habits of extroverted
and introverted students; M ext = M int
Alternate hypothesis Ha: There is a significant difference between the eating habits of
extroverted and introverted students; M ext not= M int

To test this hypothesis, we use a two tailed independent samples t-test for means with unequal
variances
  Number of times Number of times
 extroverted
individuals introverted
ordered out in a individuals ordered
week out in a week
  1 2
  11 8
  14 6
  2 4
  5 11
  9 12
  2 3
  1 5
  3 4
  4 1
    6
    1

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances

Number of times
extroverted Number of times
individuals introverted
ordered out in a individuals ordered
  week out in a week
Mean 5.2 5.25
Variance 20.8 12.9
Observations 10 12
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0  
deg of freedom 17  
t Stat (t-test statistic) -0.028  
P(T<=t) two-tail (p-value) 0.98  
t Critical two-tail (t 17, 0.05) 2.11  
Decision Criteria:
We reject the null hypothesis if |t test statistic| > |t 17, 0.05|
OR if p-value < 0.05

Decision:
Therefore since, 0.02 < 2.1, we DO NOT reject the null hypothesis at a 5% level of significance
Hence, we conclude that there is no significant difference between the eating habits of
introverted and extroverted students

3. Amit conducted a short experiment to compare whether there was a relationship between
helping behaviour and number of friends an individual has. The results of his experiment
 are presented below. Please report the same in a paragraph adhering to APA style
guidelines (3 marks)
N = 37
Pearson’s r = 0.62
p = 0.42

Ans:

Null hypothesis Ho: There is no significant relationship between the helping behaviour and
the number of friends a person has; rho = 0 (Here rho stands for population correlation
coefficient)
Alternate hypothesis Ha: There is a significant relationship between the helping behaviour and
the number of friends a person has; rho not= 0

To test this hypothesis, we use the Test of Correlation

N 37
Sample (pearson’s)
correlation coeff, r 0.62
Test statistic 4.67
Critical Value
t 35, 0.05 2.03
p value 0.42
Decision Criteria:
We reject the null hypothesis if |test statistic| > |critical value|
OR
if p-value < 0.05

Decision
Therefore since, 0.42 > 0.05, we DO NOT reject the null hypothesis at a 5% level of
significance
Hence, we conclude that there is no significant relationship between the helping behaviour
and number of friends a person has

4. Students claim that the facilities offered at FLAME are a class apart from the facilities
offered across other institutes in the city. Average satisfaction ratings for these facilities
were gathered from a group of 25 students at FLAME University. Some of the data
collected is presented below. Please write up in the same as per APA reporting standards (3
marks)
Mean satisfaction rating at FLAME = 9.5
Std deviation of ratings at FLAME = 1.1
 Mean satisfaction rating across institutes in Pune = 7
t = 2.28
Critical t = 2.064

Ans:
Null hypothesis Ho: There is no significant difference between the average rating of facilities
for FLAME and other universities in Pune; M Flame = M Pune
Alternate hypothesis Ha: The average rating of FLAME facilities is significantly higher than
that of other universities in Pune; M Flame > M Pune

To test this hypothesis, we use a one tailed independent samples t-test for means

N FLAME 25
M FLAME 9.5
Std Dev
FLAME 1.1
M Pune 7
Test Statistic 2.28
Critical Value 2.064
Decision Criteria
We reject the null hypothesis if |test statistic| > |critical value|
OR
if p-value < 0.05

Decision
Therefore since, 2.28 > 2.064, we reject the null hypothesis at a 5% level of significance.
Hence, we conclude that the average rating of FLAME facilities is significantly higher than that
of other universities in Pune

5. On evaluating the association between journaling (journals, does not journal) and
meditation practice (meditates, does not meditate), Ahilya found the following results.
Report these as per APA guidelines (3 marks)
χ 2 = 3.56
n = 50
p = .02
Cramer’s V = 0.3
Ans:
Null hypothesis Ho: There is no significant association between journaling and meditating
Alternate hypothesis Ha: There is some significant association between journaling and
meditating
 To test this hypothesis, we use the chi square test of association

N 50
Chi Sq Test
Statistic 3.56
Cramer V 0.3
p-value 0.02
Decision Criteria
We reject the null hypothesis if |test statistic| > |critical value|
OR
if p-value < 0.05

Decision
Therefore since, 0.02 < 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis at a 5% level of significance
Hence, we conclude that there is a significant association between journaling and meditating
Based on the Cramer V value, the association is moderate

6. Lisa believes that the cows in her dairy supply more milk than the average cows in her
district. The average litres of milk produced by the 10 cows in her dairy per day is 6 L,
whereas the district average was reported to be 5.5 L. The z-statistic was found to be 0.33
with a p-value of 0.370. Report the results of the same as per APA format (3 marks)

Ans:
Null hypothesis Ho: There is no significant difference in the mean of milk supplied between
Lisa's cows and the rest of the district; M Lisa = M District
Alternate hypothesis Ha: The average milk supplied by Lisa's cows is significantly higher than
that of other cows in the district; M Lisa > M District

To test this hypothesis, we use a one tailed Z test for means

 N Lisa 10
M Lisa 6
M District 5.5
Z Test Statistic 0.33
p-value 0.37
Decision Criteria
We reject the null hypothesis if |test statistic| > |critical value|
OR
if p-value < 0.05

Decision
Therefore since, 0.37 > 0.05, we DO NOT reject the null hypothesis at a 5% level of
significance.
Hence, we conclude that the average milk supplied by Lisa's cows is not significantly different
from that of the district

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