8

Science
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
The Digestive System
Science – Grade 8
Quarter 4 – Module 1: The Digestive System
First Edition, 2021

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Science
Quarter 4 – Module 1:
The Digestive System
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their own learning at home.
Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as
they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

As a learner, you must learn to become responsible of your own
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different
activities in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be
reminded of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking
your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this
module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always
bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material,
you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding
of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

ii
 Let Us Learn

A wonderful day to you little scientist! In this module, you will learn the
concepts and processes that occur in the digestive system. You shall learn
how digestive system processes work to keep our body healthy.

Specifically, you are expected to:

• Describe the parts and functions of the Digestive System;
• explain ingestion, absorption, assimilation, and excretion (S8LT-IVa-
13); and
• discuss nutrient deficiency, common digestive diseases and ways to
prevent such diseases.

Let Us Try!

Choose the best answer and write this on a separate paper.

1. Which part of the digestive system eliminates waste in the body?

A. Large intestine C. Small intestine
B. Liver D. Stomach

2. How do you maintain a healthy digestive system?

A. Eat oily and salty foods.
B. Sleep late and wake up early.
C. Drink lots of water and get enough sleep.
D. Eat sweets a lot like cakes and chocolates.

3. What part of the digestive system secretes bile?

A. Gall Bladder
B. Liver
C. Small intestine
D. Stomach

4. What type of digestion happens when the food is chewed and broken
down into smaller pieces for easier breakdown?
A. Chemical Digestion C. Simple Digestion
B. Mechanical Digestion D. Typical Digestion

5. Which of these speeds up chemical reactions?

A. Enzymes C. Proteins
B. Nutrients D. Water

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 Let Us Study

News Article Analysis: Read and analyze the news article and reflect on the
questions provided below. This article was taken from Philippine News Agency
dated March 2020.

PRRD declares 2nd week of March as 'PH Digestive Health week' by

Philippines News Agency (Azer Parrocha, March 19, 2020)

The second week of March was proclaimed “Philippine Digestive Health Week”
by President Rodrigo Duterte, emphasizing the need to raise awareness of
diseases and digestive health conditions.

Proclamation No. 930, signed by the president on March 18, orders the
Department of Health (DOH) to guide, organize, and oversee the annual
national observance of Philippine Digestive Week.

In the proclamation, it was highlighted that it is vital to educate, have enough

resources and promote awareness to the public to manage different various
diseases and other related conditions to digestive health.

In the country, the leading causes of death among citizens are related to
digestive tract problems like liver cancer, peptic ulcer disease, diarrhea, and
colorectal cancer.

If appropriate measures such as screening, public education, advocacy, and

awareness campaign are readily accessible to the public, these illnesses and
disorders can be theoretically avoided (Parrocha 2020).
Source: https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1097199

Questions:

1. What is the news article all about?

2. How can the article inform the readers about the Digestive System?
3. Do you think this Digestive Health Week can help Filipinos be
informed about preventing digestive problems?

Let us now learn in detail the various processes happening in our

digestive system and the different organs involved.

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Food is Life
We often heard the line “Food is life” when we talk about food. So, why
do we really need food? Is it really essential to sustain life? When eating,
have you wondered how food is digested in the body? Also, how are the
nutrients transported all over the body?
In this module, we are going to discover
how amazing the digestive system is and its
job on the food that we eat.
Organisms need food to survive. It fuels
and gives organisms the energy to enable to
carry out the different activities in a day. Food
plays a vital role for organisms’ survival.
The body is composed of cells which are needed for energy, growth
and repair. In order to supply those “things”, food must be broken down for
the cells to use it. The food can be used once it is processed by the group of
organs known as the digestive system.
Food supplies the raw materials that enter in the digestive system
through the mouth. Once it is inside the body, it will undergo processes
performed by the different organs of the digestive system and then be
changed into a material that can be used by the cells.
Digestive system is responsible in digesting the food that we eat in a
process known as digestion. It breaks down food particles to organic
compounds that can be used by the cells in the body. Digestive system has
two ways in breaking down food: mechanical digestion and chemical
digestion.
When the food is broken down into smaller pieces through chewing,
grinding, squeezing and tearing, this is called mechanical digestion.
However, when the food is broken down with the help of chemicals and other
substances to liquefy, it is called chemical digestion.
In addition, digestive system is composed of two groups. One group
makes up the gastrointestinal tract which includes the mouth, esophagus,
stomach and intestine. The other group stores, release and makes up
chemicals that aids the further break down of food composed of the
following: pancreas, liver, gall bladder and salivary glands (DepEd 2011)
Organisms classify their digestion through their digestives system.
Mostly all animals have tube-like digestive system. In which one end of the
tube serves as a mouth while the other end serves as the anus.

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Complete digestion takes place when the food enters the mouth, passes a
long tube and then exits as feces or stool in the anus. However, incomplete
digestion is when there is only one opening in the digestive system in which
this opening serves as the mouth and the anus of the organism.

Figure 1. Representation of Digestive System

Human Cow Fish

The Digestive System

Now, let us take a tour on the human digestive system and observe
how it works. Let us discover how amazing the food that we eat can be
digested and processed inside the body. While doing the tour, try to imagine
a slice of pizza when it is eaten. Remember that the dough is mostly
carbohydrates, pepperoni is protein, sauce is fat, and vegetables are
vitamins. This tour takes about 18 – 20 hours in the body.
Humans and several organisms have the same type of digestive
system. It has two openings and the food enters through the mouth.
Mouth. This is where digestion begins. Ingestion happens when food
is ingested or taken in into the mouth. It is where the food is broken down
into smaller pieces by chewing, tearing, and grinding the food and changing
the food physically. After it has been broken down mechanically the salivary
glands now produce a chemical that will start breaking down the
carbohydrates from the food. Now, from the mouth when you swallow the
food it propels down to the esophagus.

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 Pharynx. It is a hollow tube inside the neck. It is about 5 inches long
and also known as throat. It is a part where it propels or moves the pieces
of food down to the esophagus.
Esophagus. This is a tube that creates a connection from the mouth
to the stomach. It serves as the passageway of the food and where peristalsis
begins. Peristalsis is the
involuntary movement that involves
alternating waves of contraction or Direction
strong motion that moves the food of food

swallowed from the esophagus to the

stomach until it reaches the small intestine.

Stomach. It is a bag-like organ in

the digestive system which is responsible in
grinding and mixing the food together with Figure 2. Peristalsis
the digestive juices or enzymes. Hydrochloric acid is released in this organ
and converts the food into a soupy substance called chyme. It is the product
of digestion in the stomach. The stomach wall has special cells that produce
gastric juices. These juices are responsible in the start of breaking down
proteins. The stomach works for about four (4) hours then pushes the food
into the small intestine.

Small Intestine. Chemical digestion mostly happens in this organ. It

contains several digestive juices. The juices are responsible in digesting the
proteins into amino acids and some digest carbohydrates into simple sugars.

Ooops! Before we continue let’s have a detour. Let us first discover

and be amazed by the three organs in the digestive system that make it more
awesome on how the food is digested. These organs are the liver, pancreas
and the gall bladder.
Liver. It is the largest solid internal organ of the body. This organ
secretes bile which is a green liquid that breaks up fats into smaller droplets
and serves as storage of nutrients. When bile is needed in the small intestine
it aids in digestion of fats but if not it is delivered in the gall bladder.
Gall Bladder. It serves as storage and concentration of bile. The bile
is stored here until it will be needed by the small intestine for digestion of
fats.

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 Pancreas. It is a small sac found in the digestive system. This is a gland that
is responsible in converting the food to fuel the body cells. It makes digestive juices
each day during digestion. Its main function is to help digestion and is also vital in
regulating blood sugar (BEAM 2009).

This means that liver, gall bladder, and pancreas help the small intestine
during the digestion of food. From the three organs, digestive juices are released to
synthesize the food to get the nutrients from it. In the small intestine, absorption
happens. The nutrients from the food will be absorbed by the bloodstream which
allows the circulatory system to take its responsibility in circulating and delivering
the nutrients throughout the body. The circulated nutrients will now be
assimilated. Assimilation is the process where the nutrients delivered by the
bloodstream reach the cells to provide them cells energy for growth and for repairs.
When the bloodstream circulates this includes the oxygen that is needed by the
respiratory system.

Large Intestine. This organ gets the useful liquids from the undigested food.
This is where dehydration and compaction of the indigestible materials happen.
This time, excretion will occur where these indigestible materials called feces will
solidify and will pass through the rectum and exits through the anus. Reabsorption
of water and salt also takes place in the digestive system. After all the processes,
the excretory system takes its function where the waste of the digestive system will
be eliminated. Look at the parts of the digestive system in the figure:

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 The entire tour in the digestive system takes 20 hours for a food to
complete. This means that the process is so long to provide the needed
substances by the body. However, are we aware of the things that we can
get from the food that we eat? Does it give us enough nutrients that are
needed by our body? Are the food digested good for the health? What will
happen if the food taken in is not giving enough nutrients? Below are
examples on what the body experiences without enough nutrients known as
nutrient deficiency.

What is nutrient deficiency?

Nutrient deficiency, or also known as nutritional deficiency,
happens when our body does not receive or absorb necessary amount of
nutrients from the food that we eat. This also means that the vitamins and
minerals in our body is not enough to let it function properly. This deficiency
can lead to a variety of health problems. Last 2015, according to the National
Nutritional Survey, persistent problems on nutrient deficiencies afflict
Filipinos (Agila 2020).

Common Nutrient Deficiency Diseases

Diseases around the world have been described because of nutritional

deficiencies (Haimi and Lerner 2014). Deficiency can lead to serious health
problems and these are the examples:
1. Iron Deficiency – this happens when there is insufficient iron in
the body, it is also called anemia. When this happens the body
cannot produce enough red blood cells that enable to carry oxygen
to the body that leads you to feel tired and experience shortness of
breath (Mayo Foundation for Medical Education Research MFMER
1999-2021).

2. Zinc Deficiency – this occurs when the body does not receive
adequate amount of zinc to sustain its function. Zinc support cell
functions and is needed to make chemical reactions in the body to
happen. This deficiency leads to appetite loss and poor immune
system. It was revealed that zinc deficiency in the Philippines is a
significant public health concern (Marcos 2015).

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 3. Iodine Deficiency – this happens when the body does not have
accurate amount of iodine. The body mostly obtains iodine from diet.
This may result into metabolic problems such as goiter and others.

Common Digestive Diseases

Digestive problems often happen to people
all around the world. This happens when
we have taken in foods that are not good
for our gastrointestinal tract which create
an upset in our stomach. Some common
digestive problems are the following:

ü Constipation – refers to infrequent bowel

movement and the stool is difficult to
pass and can happen for several weeks or
even longer (ClevelandClinic 2019).

ü Diarrhea – happens when a loose and watery stool comes out that can
be present for days. It is a result by the body’s inability to absorb food
(MFMER 2021).

ü Peptic Ulcers – refers to the painful sores inside the lining of the
stomach or in the upper part of the small intestine. These ulcers are
slow to heal and can even keep on returning (MFMER 2021).

ü Colon Cancer – medically known as colorectal cancer in which it

involves the colon or the large intestine and the rectum. It is when
there is a tumor growth in the lining of the large intestine or in the
rectum. This indicates abdominal pain, change in bowel habits and
others (Division of Cancer Prevention and Control 2020) .
Prevention of Digestive System Diseases
As the old saying says “Prevention is better than cure”, there are ways
on how we can prevent such digestive diseases rather than merely curing it.
How do we prevent digestive system diseases? Here are some of the ways to
deal with it.

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 1. Drink lots of water. Water helps cleanse
the entire digestive system. It also plays a
role in efficiently helping the absorption of
nutrients during digestion. Also, it
nourishes and energizes the cells in the
digestive tract.

2. Maintain a healthy diet. This means that

being aware of the food you eat plays an
essential role to have a healthy digestive
system. Eating foods rich in fibers like
vegetables and fruits these helps digestion.
Remember the food is where we get nutrients for the cell. Healthy
food means healthy digestive system. Feed your body what it needs
to be healthy (Lagone 2020).

3. Eat mindfully. This means paying attention on eating the food and
slowly chewing and eating it. This is important for this is the part
where we can break down properly the food into smaller pieces that
helps the digestion.

4. Exercise regularly. It promotes healthy

digestion. It keeps the muscles of the
digestive system moving that allows the
food to pass through easily and quickly.
It also helps the undigested materials be
easily excreted from the body.

5. Stay away from bad habits. Smoking,

drinking alcohol and late-night eating
can make our body unhealthy as well.

These remind us that a healthier digestive system means a healthier

you and preventing such diseases is better than curing it. Simple ways
create a great impact on our body that makes us live our lives better.

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 Let Us Practice

Activity 1A: Label Me!

Direction: Label the organs of the Digestive System. Refer to the choices
written in the box below.

2.

1.

4.
3.

5. 6.

7.

8.

9.
10.

Anus Mouth Liver

Stomach Small Intestine Esophagus
Large Intestine Pancreas Gall Bladder
Rectum Pharynx Teeth

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Activity 1B: Match Me!
Direction: Match the descriptions found in Column A to the processes in the
digestive system found in Column B. Write your answers on a separate paper.

COLUMN A COLUMN B

___ 1. This process happens when food is A. Absorption

taken in into the mouth.

___ 2.It is the process where indigestible

materials called feces will solidify and will B. Assimilation
pass through the rectum and exits through
the anus.

___ 3. It is the process where the nutrients C. Excretion

delivered by the bloodstream reach the cells
to provide them cells energy for growth and
for repairs.
D. Ingestion
___ 4. This happens when the nutrients from
the food will be absorbed by the bloodstream
which allows the circulatory system to take
its responsibility in circulating and delivering E. Mechanical
the nutrients throughout the body. Digestion

___ 5. This occurs when the food is broken

down with the help of chemicals and other F. Chemical
substances to liquefy. Digestion

Now you have already familiarized yourselves with the organs and processes
taking place the digestive system. In the next activity, you will find out the
essential role of each organ in the digestive system.

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 Let Us Practice More

Activity 2: Digestive System Concept Map

Direction: Read the phrases below and complete the concept map about the
digestive system. Choose your answers from the word box provided.

1. DIGESTION
Esophagus Chemical Digestion Pancreas
Mechanical Digestion Pharynx Liver
Mouth Stomach Rectum
by chewing & by acids & Peristalsis Small Intestine Anus
swallowing enzymes
Large Intestine Gall Bladder

2. 3.

Secretes bile 9.
Absorption and
Ingestion of food begins here Stores & assimilation of
With the help of releases bile 10.
nutrients takes
4. place
Secretes enzymes 11.

Propels the food

12.
5.

Passageway of food Indigestible materials are

transported here

6.
13.

A process with alternating

waves of contraction
Become stool/feces &
passes through
7.

14. Stool/feces exits

Food moves down to

8. 15.

This makes you familiarize the processes that happen during digestion. In this
activity you should understand the process that happens to the food that we eat.

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 Let Us Remember

• Digestion is a process of breaking down food particles to organic

compounds that can be used by the cells in the body.

• Digestive system has two ways in breaking down food: Mechanical

Digestion and Chemical Digestion. Mechanical digestion is breaking
down food through grinding, squeezing, and tearing while chemical
digestion is breaking down of food with the help of chemicals and
enzymes.

• Digestive system is composed of two groups. One group makes up the

gastrointestinal tract which includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach
and intestine. The other group stores release and make up a chemical
that aids the further break down of food composed of pancreas, liver,
gall bladder and salivary glands.

• Complete digestion has two openings mouth for ingestion of food and
anus for excretion of waste from the food that we eat. However,
incomplete digestion only has one opening for the food and waste.

• The digestive system is the one responsible in digesting food. It starts

in the mouth where ingestion happens. The digestive system works
about 20 hours to fully digest the food taken in.

• Nutrient deficiency also known as nutritional deficiency is when our

body doesn’t receive or absorb necessary amount of nutrients from the
food we eat. Common nutrient deficiencies are iron, zinc and iodine
deficiency.

• Common digestive diseases are constipation, diarrhea, peptic ulcers

and colon cancer.

• Prevention is better than cure and some ways to prevent digestive

system diseases are drinking lots of water, maintaining healthy diet,
eating mindfully, and exercising regularly.

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 Let Us Assess

Read the questions carefully. Choose the best answer and write it on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which process refers to the breaking down of large food particles into
a water-soluble substance?
A. Circulation C. Excretion
B. Digestion D. Respiration

2. Why is digestion important?

A. It creates food for the body.
B. It breaks the muscles into smaller pieces.
C. It supplies chemicals to help achieve healthy body.
D. It is responsible in getting nutrients from the food.

3. How is digestive system connected to the circulatory system?

A. The food eaten cannot affect the circulatory system.
B. The food gives nutrients that is absorbed by the liver and then
transported throughout the body.
C. The nutrients from the food can be absorbed by the bloodstream
and delivered throughout the body.
D. The nutrients absorbed and assimilated by in the stomach and will
be distributed by to the body through pancreas.

4. When the body does not receive or absorb necessary amount of

nutrients, what will it experience?
A. Colon Cancer C. Nutrient Deficiency
B. Diarrhea D. Peptic Ulcer

5. What do you call the process where food is broken down with the help
of the enzymes?
A. Chemical Digestion C. Incomplete Digestion
B. Complete Digestion D. Mechanical Digestion

6. Which process happens when the nutrients are delivered to the cells
and tissues in the body?
A. Absorption C. Excretion
B. Assimilation D. Ingestion

7. If you want to maintain a healthy body, which of the following are you
going to practice?
A. Eat chocolates every day to have energy.
B. Eat food with oils and salts to taste the food better.

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 C. Eat more rice to supply energy needed by the body.
D. Eat fruits and vegetables in every meal to gain enough nutrients.

8. Based on the common saying that “Prevention is better than cure,” how
will you apply it?
A. Eat fast food daily to obtain needed nutrients.
B. Stay hydrated, chew food and do not over eat.
C. Eat cake and drink soft drinks daily to stay hydrated.
D. Drink energy drinks to give you more energy every day.

9. What process is taking place as you eat biscuits, chew it and break it
down into smaller pieces?
A. Chemical Digestion C. Incomplete Digestion
B. Complete Digestion D. Mechanical Digestion

10. What do you call the disease where the body cannot produce enough
red blood cells?
A. Calcium Deficiency C. Iron Deficiency
B. Iodine Deficiency D. Zinc Deficiency

11. What do you call a common digestive disease that refers to the painful
sores inside the lining of the stomach or upper part of the small
intestine?
A. Constipation C. Peptic Ulcers
B. Diarrhea D. Stomachache

12. How are you going to keep your digestive system working properly?
A. Eat more even if you feel full already.
B. Sleep late and eat fatty foods for nutrients.
C. Eat balance food to get right nutrients for the body.
D. Eat salty foods so that you won’t feel hungry the whole day.

13. How will you explain excretion in the digestive system?

A. It is when the food enters the mouth then chewed and swallowed.
B. This happens when the nutrients is absorbed by the bloodstream.
C. It is when nutrients are distributed to the cell and tissues of the
body.
D. This is when the indigestible components from food will exit the
body.

14. Which of the following processes refers to an alternating wave of

contraction allowing the food to move down the stomach?
A. Digestion C. Nutrition
B. Excretion D. Peristalsis

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15. What do you call the product of digestion in the stomach?
A. Chyme C. Saliva
B. Gastric Juice D. Stool

Let Us Enhance

Activity 3: Poster Making

Based on what you have learned from this module, create a poster with a title
and highlight the ways to prevent digestive problems. Write it on a separate
paper.
Rubric for Poster Making
Criteria 5 4 3 2 1 Score
Construction of Materials were Materials were There was an Materials were Materials were
Materials creatively modified in attempt to poorly not modified _____
modified in limited ways creative modified and and x2
ways that that improved modification contributed to contributed to
made them them. of materials to a product that a worst
best. make them performed product.
= ___
even better. poorly.
Presentation
There is a There are There are There is a There is no _____
clear evidence most evidence some evidence little evidence evidence of x2
of testing and of testing and of testing and of testing and testing and
refinements. refinements. refinement. refinement. refinement.
= ___

Conceptual Explanation of Explanation of Explanation of Explanation of No

Understanding the poster the poster the poster the poster explanation of
itself indicates itself indicates itself indicates itself do not the poster _____
a clear and a relatively relatively illustrate presentation x2
accurate accurate accurate much resulted to no
understanding understanding understanding understanding understanding
of the concept. of the concept. of the concept. of the concept. of the concept. = ____
____
Total 30

We all know that “Prevention is always better the cure”, so your

creativity and imagination was used in this activity in showing your ideas
on how to prevent digestive diseases.

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 Let Us Reflect

Food is the main giver of energy for our body. Our body is a temple
that enables us to do daily activities. This fuels our body to do our daily
activities. The digestive system is responsible in digesting and giving
nutrients from the food that we eat. We are capable in providing the
nutrients that our body needs from the food that we ingest. The digestive
system is like a factory that gets raw materials and creates products from
the food.
Food is essential in maintaining healthy body. It is important that
we are aware of what food we eat. The organs in the digestive system play
an important role during digestion of the food we take in. This will be the
source of the nutrients that will be transported throughout the body. The
digestive system plays a vital role in giving the whole body the nutrients to
the cells that is circulated by the blood stream. It is essential to ensure
that food taken in gives a right amount of nutrients so that the body can
sustain our daily routines.
Prevention is better than cure. This reminds us that it is important
to prevent diseases and be mindful on the food we ingest to have a healthy
digestion and to have a healthy body. There are simple ways to prevent
digestive system diseases. These can be done daily that would help
maintain our body healthy. This reminds us that a healthier digestive
system means a healthier you and preventing such diseases is better than
curing it.

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 18
ACTIVITY 2
1. Digestion 6. Esophagus 11. Pancreas
2. Mechanical Digestion 7. Peristalsis 12. Small Intestine
3. Chemical Digestion 8. Stomach 13. Large Intestine
4. Mouth 9. Liver 14. Rectum
5. Pharynx 10. Gall Bladder 15. Anus
ACTIVIYT 1A: ACTIVITY 1B:
1. MOUTH 6. SMALL INTESTINE 1. D
2. PHARYNX 7. PANCREAS 2. C
3. ESOPHAGUS 8. LARGE INTESTINE 3. B
4. STOMACH 9. RECTUM 4. A
5. LIVER 10. ANUS 5. F
Let Us Assess Let Us Assess Let Us Try
9. D 14. D 1. B 6. B 1. A
2. C
10. C 15. A 2. D 7. D
3. B
11. C 3. C 8. B 4. B
5. A
12. C 4. C
13. D 5. A
Answer Key
 References

Agila, Capanzana. "Philippine Case Study: Government Policies on Nutrition

Education." Nutrition Education: Strategies for Improving Nutrition and
Healthy Eating in Individuals and Communities, 2020: 119-129.
BEAM. Organ System "The Digestive System". BEAM, 2009.
ClevelandClinic. Cleveland Clinic. November 2019.
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4059-
constipation#:~:text=Constipation%20occurs%20when%20bowel%20
movements,lasts%20longer%20than%20three%20weeks. (accessed
January 24, 2021).
DepEd. Energy Producing and Distributing System. Pasig: DepEd, 2011.
Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. What is Colorectal Cancer? February 2020.
https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/colorectal/basic_info/what-is-
colorectal-
cancer.htm#:~:text=Colorectal%20cancer%20is%20cancer%20that,in
%20the%20colon%20or%20rectum. (accessed January 2021).
Haimi, and Lerner. "Nutritional deficiencies in the pediatric age group in a
multicultural developed country, Israel." World Journal of Clinical
Cases: WJCC, 2014.
Health Engine. September 17, 2007.
https://healthengine.com.au/info/introduction-to-nutrition (accessed
January 2021).
Lagone, NYU. Your Gut Feeling:A Healthier Digestive System Means a
Healthier You. 2020. https://med.nyu.edu/medicine/gastro/about-
us/Gastroenterology-news-archive/your-gut-feeling-healthier-
digestive-system-means-healthier (accessed January 2021).
Marcos, Perlas. "Zinc Status of Filipinos by Serum Zinc Level." Philippine
Journal of Science, 2015: 139-148.
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