COLORECTAL AND BREAST CANCER 1

Healthy People 2020

Evelyn Martinez
Chamberlain College of Nursing
25 July, 2022
COLORECTAL AND BREAST CANCER 2

Impact Paper Colorectal and breast cancer

Over the past three decades, Healthy People has been developing benchmarks and
analyzing progress to foster cross-industry cooperation, empower consumers to make educated
health choices, and assess the effectiveness of preventative interventions. The Healthy People
2020 program aims to guarantee that people worldwide may enjoy long and healthy lives by
2020 (Zhang & Kerr, 2021). This essay will concentrate on one of those categories, cancer,
especially breast cancer. The Healthy People 2020 project has 42 aims and focus areas; the
Healthy People 2020 project has 42 objectives and focuses areas (Xie & Fang, 2020). Because of
its high incidence rate, breast cancer is an important issue that requires open discussion and
screening. It is very advised that persons be vetted. The goal of this study is to determine if
mammograms are advantageous to women under the age of 50. I will look at the big picture,
some history, and the main issue in this conversation since it's a hotly debated topic. This
workshop will also look at the epidemiological investigation of the issue, the implementation of
Healthy People 2020, and population-level planning strategies (Tavberidze & Zhang, 2022).

Overview, Background, and Significance of the Problem

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related fatalities among females in
the United States. In 2015, the illness claimed the lives of almost 40,000 women, and 232,000
women were expected to be diagnosed with the disease the same year. The highest diagnosis
rates were in females aged 55 to 64. Screenings are required to detect illnesses early, greatly
increasing a patient's chances of survival. Mammograms, for example, are a dependable kind of
x-ray that many medical professionals use to detect breast cancer in their patients (Mendoza &
Fuemmeler, 2022). In the United States, mammograms are strongly recommended for women
over 50, except for those with a substantial family history of breast cancer or other high-risk
factors such as the BRACA gene. The majority of Americans are aware of this advice. Mutations
in the BRACA gene lead to tumor formation, raising the risk of breast cancer. It wasn't until
1996 that the first BRACA gene was found and utilized to aid early surgical treatments.

Mammography was first used to diagnose breast cancer before surgery by a physician
named Stafford L. Warren in 1930 (Saeki & Koyama, 2022). He was the first first to do so. In
the 1960s, mammography swiftly became the gold standard for identifying breast cancer. Philip
COLORECTAL AND BREAST CANCER 3

Strax and his colleagues demonstrated in 1963 that mammography had reduced the number of
women dying from breast cancer by one-third. Mammograms have been around for a long time.
Throughout that time, they have undergone many changes that have considerably reduced the
probability of obtaining a false positive result from the test.

Florida has a total population of 21.67 million, with Hillsborough County alone housing
1.47 million (Fong & Fong, 2021). One of the most important components of our job as nurse
practitioners in California is being current on the prevalence of certain diseases, such as breast
cancer. Without a strong emphasis on education, our civilization will inevitably perish. Because
Florida has a disproportionately high number of breast cancer patients, it is our moral
responsibility to explore the discovery of more effective medicines. The development of a
treatment plan necessitates the use of both an improved screening approach and the development
of fresh, cutting-edge procedures. In 2017, there were 113.7 new breast cancer cases for every
100,000 persons in Florida. In Hillsborough County alone, there were 4,645 newly diagnosed
instances of breast cancer among females in 2017 (Groome & Marrie, 2022).

Aspects to Consider From an Epidemiological Perspective Breast cancer screening is

really important. Because of the high mortality rate associated with breast cancer, it is vital to
monitor disease trends continually and disseminate new information and screening measures.
Because this data does not account for our younger population, even though the average age of a
breast cancer diagnosis is between fifty and sixty-four years old, it is clear that additional
research is needed. According to researcher Danny R. Youlden, over 1.4 million women were
diagnosed with breast cancer in 2008, and around 459,000 died due to the ailment (Di
Nicolantonio & Bardelli, 2021). Mortality rates in the most developed countries were 17.1 per
100,000, while death rates in the least developed countries were 11.8 per 100,000. Statistics
show that this condition affects a sizable population; thus, to achieve progress, we must broaden
the scope of our efforts. It is critical to undertake early breast cancer detection efforts, and
research into new and better procedures is ongoing (Elkhateeb & Daba, 2020).

Mammograms are the only diagnostics that can consistently identify early-stage breast
cancer. Mammograms have an 87 percent accuracy rate, which means they may properly identify
COLORECTAL AND BREAST CANCER 4

breast cancer 87 percent of the time. One disadvantage of mammography is the chance of getting
a positive result from a false positive, which happens when a mammogram appears positive
despite the absence of cancer in the breast tissue. Seven to twelve percent of positive results may
be false positives. According to our findings, women under the age of fifty are more prone to
have false positive results (Bruno & Patel, 2022).

Application of HP 2020
Healthy Individuals 2020 established standards and tracked progress over time to foster
partnerships across communities and sectors and empower individuals to make informed health
decisions. In addition, Healthy People 2020 tracked improvements over time. The Healthy
People 2020 initiative has established 2020 as the goal date for eliminating avoidable causes of
death and disability. Other objectives include attaining health equality, reducing health
disparities, and increasing the health of all populations. Other objectives include supporting
quality of life, healthy growth, and healthy behaviors throughout the lifetime and providing
social and physical settings that promote good health for everybody. Because cancer is a
prevalent problem in the United States and the leading cause of death, HP 2020 has chosen to
address the disease in the broadest way possible (Adib & Sonpavde, 2022). By tracking changes
in cancer rates and the outcomes of cancer therapies, Healthy People 2020 may estimate how far
the United States has progressed in its attempts to decrease the terrible effect of the condition.
These goals aim to promote evidence-based screening for cervical, colorectal, and breast cancer
using screening tests recommended by the US Preventive Services Task Force. For example, the
Community Preventive Services Task Force recommends that client reminders, group education,
individual education, or local media be used to increase demand for screening services.
Furthermore, their study suggests that some administrative barriers that hinder people from using
screening programs should be removed. Because just 6-8 percent of negative results from
mammograms are false positives, the tests are usually reliable (Bars-Cortina & Motilva, 2021).

Population Level Planning Interventions

Attending one of the many informative programs now being hosted in Florida will allow
you to learn more about breast cancer and the many screening treatments that are presently
available. When we are younger, our primary care physicians tell us about the possible hazards
COLORECTAL AND BREAST CANCER 5

of breast cancer and encourage us to be screened. The World Health Organization recommends
two types of early detection methods: early diagnosis, which refers to recognizing early signs
and symptoms in symptomatic populations to facilitate diagnosis and early treatment; and
screening, which refers to the systematic application of a screening test in an asymptomatic
population. Both sorts of early detection strategies are discussed more below. Individuals with
abnormalities that raise the risk of cancer will be sought out as the focus of the inquiry.

Mammograms are the only breast cancer screening shown to identify the illness early
(Bruno & Patel, 2022). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) manages the
National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program, which funds the Florida Breast
and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program. Individuals who cannot afford to continue regular
screening procedures will benefit from this; if a diagnosis is proven, they will be able to pay for
treatment. After breast cancer has been successfully treated in many people, patients and doctors
will need to collaborate to develop strategies for identifying recurrences of the illness (Di
Nicolantonio & Bardelli, 2021). More frequent visits to the doctor are essential to ensure
treatment uniformity and to record the continuing monitoring of breast tissue and blood markers.

Conclusion
In the United States, breast cancer has exceeded all other causes of death, making early
detection of the illness the most crucial element in assessing whether or not screenings are
required to improve patient outcomes. Mammograms, which have been demonstrated to be the
most efficient screening so far, are a must for all women, regardless of race. Is it true that
mammograms for women under 50 are ineffective in detecting breast cancer? This is the
question that has been thoroughly investigated. Because this is a sensitive topic that is often
addressed, I attempted to better understand it by concentrating on the big picture, some
background information, and the main worry. In addition, we examined the epidemiological
research on the subject and how it was incorporated into Healthy People 2020 and the
population-scale treatments developed. Because patients rely on nurse practitioners for
information, it is critical to be knowledgeable in several medical disciplines. Breast cancer, for
example, has afflicted many people and will continue to do so unless effective steps are done to
battle the illness.
COLORECTAL AND BREAST CANCER 6
COLORECTAL AND BREAST CANCER 7

References
Adib, E., El Zarif, T., Nassar, A. H., Akl, E. W., Abou Alaiwi, S., Mouhieddine, T. H., ... &
Sonpavde, G. (2022). CDH1 germline variants are enriched in colorectal, gastric, and
breast cancer patients. British journal of cancer, 126(5), 797-803.
Bars-Cortina, D., Sakhawat, A., Piñol-Felis, C., & Motilva, M. J. (2021, January).
Chemopreventive effects of anthocyanins on colorectal and breast cancer: A review. In
Seminars in Cancer Biology. Academic Press.
Bruno, D. S., Hess, L. M., Li, X., Su, E. W., & Patel, M. (2022). Disparities in Biomarker
Testing and Clinical Trial Enrollment Among Patients With Lung, Breast, or Colorectal
Cancers in the United States. JCO Precision Oncology, 6, e2100427.
Di Nicolantonio, F., Vitiello, P. P., Marsoni, S., Siena, S., Tabernero, J., Trusolino, L., ... &
Bardelli, A. (2021). Precision oncology in metastatic colorectal cancer—From biology to
medicine. Nature reviews Clinical oncology, 18(8), 506-525.
Elkhateeb, W. A., Mohamed, M. A., Fayad, W., Emam, M., Nafady, I. M., & Daba, G. M.
(2020). Molecular Identification, Metabolites profiling, Anti-breast cancer, Anti-
colorectal cancer, and antioxidant potentials of Streptomyces zaomyceticus AA1 isolated
from a remote bat cave in Egypt. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 13(7),
3072-3080.
Fong, A. J., Lafaro, K., Ituarte, P. H., & Fong, Y. (2021). Association of living in urban food
deserts with mortality from breast and colorectal cancer. Annals of surgical oncology,
28(3), 1311-1319.
Groome, P. A., Webber, C., Maxwell, C. J., McClintock, C., Seitz, D., Mahar, A., & Marrie, R.
A. (2022). Multiple sclerosis and the cancer diagnosis: diagnostic route, cancer stage, and
the diagnostic interval in breast and colorectal cancer. Neurology, 98(18), e1798-e1809.
Mendoza, J. A., Miller, C. A., Martin, K. J., Resnicow, K., Iachan, R., Faseru, B., ... &
Fuemmeler, B. F. (2022). Examining the Association of Food Insecurity and Being Up-
to-Date for Breast and Colorectal Cancer Screenings. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers
& Prevention, 31(5), 1017-1025.
Saeki, H., Shirabe, K., Miyazaki, T., Ogawa, T., Makita, F., Shitara, Y., ... & Koyama, H.
(2022). Decreased numbers of gastric, colorectal, lung, and breast cancer surgeries
COLORECTAL AND BREAST CANCER 8

performed in 17 cancer-designated hospitals in Gunma Prefecture of Japan during the

COVID-19 pandemic. Surgery Today, 1-7.
Tavberidze, N., & Zhang, W. (2022). HER2 (ERBB2) alterations in colorectal cancers. Human
Pathology Reports, 28, 300628.
Xie, Y. H., Chen, Y. X., & Fang, J. Y. (2020). A comprehensive review of targeted therapy for
colorectal cancer. Signal transduction and targeted therapy, 5(1), 1-30.
Zhang, N., Ng, A. S., Cai, S., Li, Q., Yang, L., & Kerr, D. (2021). Novel therapeutic strategies:
Targeting epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. The Lancet Oncology,
22(8), e358-e368.