Examples Example 8.7.

Counterflow exchanger
In all cases, the mass flow rates are known. Known are the inlet hot and cold temperatures
The specific heat values are given or can TH,in = √
be calculated. TC,in = √
The exchanger is defined, thus the area and
the U-factor are known
A= √
U= √

Outlet cold temperature is assumed

TC,out_ass = ass.

Outlet hot temperature is calculated with

T H , out = T H,in −ε⋅( C min /C H )⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ] (8.

Outlet cold temperature obtained from balance

CH
T C_out =T C_in + ⋅( T H_in −T H_out )
CC

Iteration for TC,out is performed

rflow exchanger Example 8.8. Crossflow exchanger Examples 8.9 and 8.10 a
ot and cold temperatures Known are the inlet hot and cold temperatures similar to example 8.7
TH,in = √
TC,in = √
ned, thus the area and A specific outlet hot temperature is required
TH,out = √ (requirement)
A= ?
U= √

ure is assumed Outlet cold temperature is assumed

TC,out_ass = ass.

re is calculated with Effectivness is calculated with

)[
n /C H ⋅ T H,in −T C , in ] (8. 31b ) C H⋅[T H,in −T H , out ]
ε= (8 . 31a )
Cmin⋅[ T H,in −T C ,in ]

From Figure 8.17, for a both streams unmixed

exchanger, with a known effectivness and
Rc-value, the Ntu-value is obtained
Ntu
Area is calcualted with
N tu⋅C min
A=
U

ure obtained from balance Outlet cold temperature obtained from balance

CH
⋅( T H_in −T H_out ) T C_out =T C_in + ⋅( T H_in −T H_out )
CC

Iteration for TC,out is performed

Examples 8.9 and 8.10 are
similar to example 8.7
Expl. 8.7 [2], page 736 Cooling of a distillation column product stream

Countertflow exchanger Efectivness of a counterflow exchanger

(Note 1) −N tu⋅( 1−R C )
Hot fluid, products 1-e
ε= −N ⋅(1− R
(8 . 41)
)
mH = 4 kg/s 1−RC ¿ e tu C

TH,in = 400 K e= ( 1 - exp( -Ntu*(1-Rc ) ) ) / ( 1 - Rc*exp(-Ntu*(1-Rc )) )

TH,out = ? K
CpH = 2.5 kJ/(kg*K) CH = mH * CpH
Cold fluid, water mH = 4 kg/s
mC = 3 kg/s CpH = 2.5 kJ/(kg*K)
TC,in = 300 K CH = 10 kW/K
Exchanger heat transfer area
A= 30 m² CC = mC * CpC
Overall heat transfer coefficient mC = 3 kg/s
(constant along the exchanger) CpC = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)
U= 0.82 kW/(m²*K) CC = #VALUE! kW/K
System pressure
P= 101.3 kPa Cmin = min(CH, CC)
Assumed outlet cold temperature CH = 10.0 kW/K
TC,out_ass = 360.69 K CC = #VALUE! kW/K
Average cold temperature Cmin = #VALUE! kW/K
TC,ave = (TC,in +Tc,out)/2
TC,ave = 330.3 K Cmax = max(CH, CC)
tC,ave = 57.2 CH = #VALUE! kW/K
P= 101.3 kPa CC = 10.0 kW/K
CpC = Cp_pt Cmax = #VALUE! kW/K
CpC = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

Countertflow exchanger
 Outlet hot temperature

C H⋅[ T H,in−T H ,out ]

ε= (8 .31a )
C min⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]
C H⋅[ T H,in−T H , out ]=ε⋅ Cmin⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]
) ) ) / ( 1 - Rc*exp(-Ntu*(1-Rc )) ) T H,in−T H ,out =ε⋅( Cmin /C H )⋅[ T H,in −T C ,in ]
T H , out = T H,in −ε⋅( C min /C H )⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ] (8. 31b )

RC = Cmin / Cmax Cmin /CH =

Cmin = #VALUE! kW/K Cmin = #VALUE! kW/K
Cmax = #VALUE! kW/K CH = 10.0 kW/K
RC = #VALUE! kW/K Cmin /CH = #VALUE!

Ntu = U * A / Cmin TH,out = THin - e * (TH,in - TC,in )

U= 0.82 W/(m²*K) TH,in = 400 K
A= 30 m² e = #VALUE!
Cmin = #VALUE! kW/K TC,in = 300 K
Ntu = #VALUE! TH,out = ### K

e = ( 1 - exp( -Ntu*(1-Rc ) ) ) / ( 1 - Rc*exp(-Ntu*(1-Rc )) )

Ntu = #VALUE!
Rc = #VALUE! kW/K
e= #VALUE!

Kelv = 273.15
Note 1. This is a rating (not a design) problem,
since the m-values, U and A are known.
 Outlet col temperature
The exchanger energy balance gives

Exchanger balance
(8 .31a ) mH⋅Cp H⋅( T H_in −T H_out ) =mC⋅CpC⋅( T C_out −T C_in )

n −T C , in] C H⋅( T H_in −T H_out )=C C⋅( T C_out −T C_in )

n −T C ,in ]
CH
⋅( T H_in −T H_out )=T C_out −T C_in
in −T C , in ] (8. 31b ) CC
C
T C_out =T C_in + H ⋅( T H_in −T H_out )
CC
Microsoft Equation
3.0 Microsoft Equation
3.0

TC,out = TC,in + (CH/CC) * (TH,in - TH,out)

TC,in = 300 K
CH = 10.0 kW/K
CC = #VALUE! kW/K
TH,in = 400 K
TH,out = #VALUE! K
TC,out_calc = #VALUE! K

Difference between assumed and calculated Tc-values

TC,out_ass = 360.69 K
TC,out_calc = #VALUE! K

DTC = #VALUE! K

#VALUE!
1

Ntu = (1 / (1-Rc) ) * Ln( (1- e*Rc ) / (1-e ) )

Rc = #VALUE! kW/K
e= #VALUE!
Ntu = #VALUE!

2
Example 8.8 [2], page 737

Cross-flow plate heat exchanger Average air temperature

TC,ave = (TC,in + Tc,out_ass)/2
Hot fluid, waste products TC,in = 20 ºC
mH = 5 kg/s TC,out_ass = 162.5178 ºC
TH,in = 240 ºC TC,ave = 91.2589 ºC
CpH = 1.2 kJ/(kg*K)
A system tequirement is
TH,out = 120 ºC

Cold fluid, air

mC = 5 kg/s
TC,in = 20 ºC

Overall heat transfer coefficient

(constant along the exchanger)
U= 0.04 kW/(m²*K)

Required is the exchanger heat

transfer area A

Estimated air exit temperature

TC,out_ass = 162.5178 ºC
Specific heat of air at average RC = Cmin/Cmax
temperature Cmin= #VALUE! kW/kg
Cpc,ve = AirSpecificHeat_t(tC) Cmax= #VALUE! kW/kg
TC,ave = 91.2589 ºC RC = #VALUE! -
Cpc,ave = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)
Effectivness
CC = mC * Cpc,ave
C H⋅[T H,in −T H , out ]
mC = 5 kg/s ε= ( 8 . 31a )
Cmin⋅[ T H,in −T C ,in ]
Cpc,ave = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)
CC = #VALUE! kW/kg e= CH*(TH,in - TH,out) / ( Cmin*(TH,in - TC,in ) )
CH = 6.00 kW/kg
CH = mH * CpH,ave TH,in = 240 ºC
mH = 5 kg/s TH,out = 120 ºC
CpH,ave = 1.20 kJ/(kg*K) Cmin= #VALUE! kW/kg
CH = 6.00 kW/kg TC,in = 20 ºC
e= ### -
Cmin= min(CC,CH)
CC = #VALUE! kW/kg
CH = 6.00 kW/kg
Cmin= #VALUE! kW/kg

Cmax= max(CC,CH)
CC = 6.00 kW/kg
CH = #VALUE! kW/kg
Cmax= #VALUE! kW/kg

U⋅A
N tu =
C min
N tu⋅C min
A=
U Microsoft Equation
3.0
 A= Ntu * Cmin / U
From Figure 8.17 © Ntu = 2
Cmin= #VALUE! kW/kg
for U= 0.04 kW/(m²*K)
e= ### - A= #VALUE! m²
e= ### %
and
RC = ### -

one obtains
Ntu = 2
The exchanger energy balance is

Exchanger balance
mH⋅Cp H⋅( T H_in −T H_out ) =m C⋅CpC⋅( T C_out −T C_in )
C H⋅( T H_in −T H_out )=C C⋅( T C_out −T C_in )
CH
⋅( T H_in −T H_out )=T C_out −T C_in
CC
C
T C_out =T C_in + H ⋅( T H_in −T H_out )
CC
mH⋅Cp H⋅( T H_in −T H_out ) =m C⋅CpC⋅( T C_out −T C_in )
C H⋅( T H_in −T H_out )=C C⋅( T C_out −T C_in )
CH
⋅( T H_in −T H_out )=T C_out −T C_in
CC
CH
T C_out =T C_in + ⋅( T H_in −T H_out )
CC Microsoft Equation
3.0

TC,out = TC,in + (CH/CC) * (TH,in - TH,out)

TC,in = 20 ºC
CH = 6.0 kW/K
CC = #VALUE! kW/K
TH,in = 240 ºC
TH,out = 120.0 ºC
TC,out_calc = #VALUE! ºC

Difference between assumed and calculated Tc-values

TC,out_ass = 162.5 ºC
TC,out_calc = #VALUE! ºC

DTC = #VALUE! K

#VALUE!
1

2
3
Expl. 8.9. [2], page 740 Assummed outlet cold temp.
TC,out,ass = 284.9611 K
Counterflow exchanger
Air to air Average cold foluid temp.
TC,ave = = (TC,in + tC,out) / 2
Heat transfer area TC,in = 270 K
A= 30 m² TC,out = 284.9611 K
Overall heat transfer coefficient TC,ave = 277.4806 K
U= 0.025 kW/(m²*K) tC,ave = 4.330551 ºC

Cold fluid, water Specific heat colf fluid

mC = 0.5 kg/s CpC = AirSpecificHeat_t(tC)
TC,in = 270 K tC,ave = 4.330551 ºC
TC,out = ? CpC = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

Hot fluid, products Assummed outlet hot temp.

mH = 0.5 kg/s TH,out,ass = 280.0389 K
TH,in = 295 K Average cold foluid temp.
TH,ave = = (TH,in + tH,out) / 2
TH,in = 295 K
TH,out = 280.0389 K
TH,ave = 287.5194 K
tH,ave = 14.36945 ºC

Specific heat colf fluid

CpC = AirSpecificHeat_t(tC)
tH,ave = 14.36945 ºC
CpH = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K)

Q̇ C H⋅[ T H,in−T H ,out ] CC⋅[ T C,out −T C ,in ]

ε= = = (8 .31 )
Q̇max C min⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ] Cmin⋅[ T H,in−T C ,in ]
C H⋅[ T C,out −T C ,in ]
ε=
C min⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]
ε⋅ C min⋅[ T H,in−T C ,in ]= C H⋅[T C,out −T C , in ]
C H⋅[ T C,out −T C ,in ]=ε⋅ Cmin⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]
 C H⋅[ T C,out −T C ,in ]
ε=
C min⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]
ε⋅ C min⋅[ T H,in−T C ,in ]= C H⋅[T C,out −T C , in ]
C H⋅[ T C,out −T C ,in ]=ε⋅ Cmin⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]
T C,out −T C ,in =ε⋅ ( C min /C H )⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]
T C,out =T C ,in + ε⋅ ( C min /C H )⋅[ T H,in −T C, in ] (8. 31a )

Cmin /CH =
Cmin = #VALUE! kW/K TC,out,ass = 284.96
CH = #VALUE! kW/K TC,out,calc = #VALUE!
Cmin /CH = #VALUE!
DTC = TC,out,ass - TC,out,calc
TC,out = TC,in + e * (TH,in - TC,in ) DTC = #VALUE!
TC,in = 270 K
e = #VALUE!
TH,in = 295 K #VALUE!
TC,out = ### K

Expl. 8.9 [2], page 740

 CH = mH * CpH RC = Cmin / Cmax
mH = 0.5 kg/s Cmin = #VALUE! kW/K
CpH = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K) Cmax = #VALUE! kW/K
CH = #VALUE! kW/K RC = #VALUE! kW/K
Thus, is a balanced flow
CC = mC * CpC
mC = 0.5 kg/s For counterflow exchangers
CpC = #VALUE! kJ/(kg*K) −N tu⋅( 1−R C )
1-e
CC = #VALUE! kW/K ε= −N ⋅(1− R
(8 . 41)
)
1−RC ¿ e tu C

Cmin= min(CC,CH)
CC = #VALUE! kW/K e= ( 1 - exp( -Ntu*(1-Rc ) ) ) / ( 1 - Rc*exp(-Ntu*(1-Rc )) )

CH = #VALUE! kW/K If Rc = 1 is substituted in Eq. (8.41), the result is

Cmin= #VALUE! kW/K indeterminate.
Applying L'Hôpital's rule gives (Sheet 8.5.2, Annex A)
Cmax= max(CC,CH) e= Ntu / ( 1 + Ntu) .(8.45)
CC = #VALUE! kW/K Ntu = #VALUE!
CH = #VALUE! kW/K e= #VALUE!
Cmax= #VALUE! kW/K

Ntu = U * A / Cmin
U= 0.025 kW/(m²*K)
A= 30 m²
Cmin= #VALUE! kW/K
Ntu = #VALUE!

] Q̇ C H⋅[ T H,in−T H ,out ] CC⋅[ T C,out −T C ,in

(8 .31 ) ε= = =
n ] Q̇max C min⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ] Cmin⋅[ T H,in−T C ,i
C H⋅[ T H,in−T H ,out ]
ε=
C min⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]
ε⋅ C min⋅[ T H,in−T C ,in ]= C H⋅[T H,in −T H , out ]
C H⋅[ T H,in −T H , out ]=ε⋅ Cmin⋅[ T H,in −T C , in ]
T H,in −T H ,out =ε⋅ ( C min /C H )⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]
 C H⋅[ T H,in−T H ,out ]
ε=
C min⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]
ε⋅ C min⋅[ T H,in−T C ,in ]= C H⋅[T H,in −T H , out ]
C H⋅[ T H,in −T H , out ]=ε⋅ Cmin⋅[ T H,in −T C , in ]
T H,in −T H ,out =ε⋅ ( C min /C H )⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]
T H,in −ε⋅ ( C min /C H )⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]=T H , out
Microsoft Equation
(8. 31a ) 3.0
T H , out =T H,in−ε⋅ ( C min /C H )⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]

Cmin /CH =
K Cmin = #VALUE! kW/K
K CH = #VALUE! kW/K
Cmin /CH = #VALUE!
TC,out,ass - TC,out,calc
K TH,out = THin - e * (TH,in - TC,in )
TH,in = 295 K
e = #VALUE!
#VALUE! TC,in = 270 K
TH,out = ### K
 tH,in = 295 K
Data
TH

tH,out = 280 K
Result
tc,out = 285 K
Ntu*(1-Rc )) ) Result
TC

tc,in = 270 K
Data

T H ,out ] CC⋅[ T C,out −T C ,in ]

= (8 .31 )
−T C , in ] Cmin⋅[ T H,in−T C ,in ]

= C H⋅[T H,in −T H , out ]

⋅ Cmin⋅[ T H,in −T C , in ]
)[
in /C H ⋅ T H,in−T C , in ]
= C H⋅[T H,in −T H , out ]
⋅ Cmin⋅[ T H,in −T C , in ]
)[
in /C H ⋅ T H,in−T C , in ]
T H,in−T C , in ]=T H , out
)[ ]
Microsoft Equation
in /C H ⋅ T H,in−T C , in (8 . 31b) 3.0

TH,out,ass = 280.04 K
TH,out,calc = #VALUE! K

DTC = TH,out,ass - TH,out,calc

(TH,in - TC,in ) DTC = #VALUE! K

#VALUE!
 1

tH,in = 295 K
Data

tc,out = 285 K
Result

2
3
Expl. 8.10 [2], page 741

Countertflow exchanger Effectivness

(Note 1)
C H⋅[T H,in −T H , out ]
Hot fluid, exhaust gas ε= ( 8 . 31a )
Cmin⋅[ T H,in −T C ,in ]
mH = 0.1 kg/s
TH,in = 700 K For this case, the effectivness becomes
TH,out = 400 K T H,in −T H , out
CpH = 2.5 kJ/(kg*K) ε=
Cold fluid, air T H,in−T C ,in
Assuming that exhaust and air
flows are equal and also the e= (TH,in - TH,out ) / (TH,in - TC,in )
specific heats TH,in = 700 K
mC = 0.1 kg/s TH,out = 400 K
TC,in = 300 K TC,in = 300 K
Exchanger heat transfer area e= 0.75
A= ? m²
Overall heat transfer coefficient C= m * Cp
(constant along the exchanger) m= 0.1 kg/s
U= 0.03 kW/(m²*K) Cp= 1 kJ/(kg*K)
C= 0.1 kW/K
Specific heat for both fluids
Cp = 1 kJ/(kg*K) In this case
Cmin = C
Cmin = 0.1 kW/K
 RC = Cmin/Cmax From
Sin CH = CC Ntu = U * A / Cmin
RC = 1 A= Ntu * Cmin / U
Ntu = 3
Cmin = 0.1 kW/K
From U= 0.03 kW/(m²*K)

N tu
A= 10 m²
Lim ( ε )= (8 . 41a )
R c →1 1+N tu

e*(1+Ntu) = Ntu
e + e*Ntu = Ntu
e= Ntu - e*Ntu
e= Ntu*(1-e)
Ntu = e / (1-e)
e= 0.75
Ntu = 3
 8.5 Two-stream steady-flow heat exchangers [2]

8.5.1 The logarithmic mean temperature difference

Log mean temp
The heat transf
Log mean temperature difference
The heat transfer in the exchanger is
To determine
Q̇=U⋅P⋅L⋅ΔT lm (8 .18) on an exchange
U:overall heat transfer coefficient W/ (m²*K ) exchanger, in F
P:perimeter m Δ Q̇= ṁ⋅Δ h =m
L:exchanger length m Thus, for the co
ΔT lm :an appropriate mean temperaature K
U⋅P⋅Δx⋅( T H −
and for the hot
-U⋅P⋅Δx⋅( T H −
Microsoft Equation
3.0

or
U⋅P⋅Δx⋅( T H −
-U⋅P⋅Δx⋅( T H −

Dividing by equation Δx
From exchanger energy b
U⋅P⋅Δx⋅( T H −T C ) =CC⋅ΔT C (8 . 20a )
Q̇=C H⋅( T H,0−T H , L )= C C
-U⋅P⋅Δx⋅( T H −T C )=C H⋅ΔT H (8 . 20b )
Hence,
ΔT C Q̇
U⋅P⋅( T H −T C ) =C C⋅ CH = , CC
Δx T H,0−T H , L
ΔT H
-U⋅P⋅( T H −T C ) =C H⋅
Δx 1 T H,0 −T H , L 1
= ,
letting Δx→0 C H Q̇ CC
dT
 Hence,
ΔT C Q̇
U⋅P⋅( T H −T C ) =C C⋅ CH = , CC
Δx T H,0−T H , L
ΔT H
-U⋅P⋅( T H −T C ) =C H⋅
Δx 1 T H,0 −T H , L 1
= ,
letting Δx→0 C H Q̇ CC
dT C
CC⋅
dx
=U⋅P⋅( T H −T C ) (2. 21a ) 1 1 ( T H,0−T H , L ) +(
+ =
dT C H CC Q̇
C H⋅ H =−U⋅P⋅( T H −T C ) (2 . 21b)
dx substituring in
dT C dx
=U⋅P⋅
CC
T H , L −T C , L
( T H −T C ) Ln =-U⋅P⋅L
dT H
=−U⋅P⋅
dx ( T H , 0 −T C , 0)
( T H −T C ) CH
( T H −T C ) L
Ln =-U⋅P⋅L⋅
dT H −dT C ( T H −T C )0
( T H −T C )
=−U⋅P⋅
(
1
−
1
C H CC
dx
) Q̇=-U⋅P⋅L⋅
T H,0−T H , L +T
Integrating from x =0 tp x=L
L (T H −T C ) L
( )
dT H −dT C 1 1 Ln
Ln =− ∫ U⋅P⋅ − dx (8 . 22)
( T H −T C ) x=0 C H CC (T H −T C )0
( )
dT H −dT C 1 1
Ln =-U⋅P⋅L⋅ − (8 .23 )
( T H −T C ) CH CC Microsoft Equation
3.0

Q̇=U⋅A⋅LMTD
For other configurations, other than the coaxial
type considered here, a correction factor F is
applied . Thus
Q̇=U⋅A⋅F⋅LMTD (8.27)
Microsoft Equation
3.0
 Log mean temperature difference
The heat transfer in the exchanger is
To determine ΔT lm considere an energy balance
on an exchanger element of a paralel-flow
exchanger, in Fig . 8 . 14 (b ).
Δ Q̇= ṁ⋅Δ h = ṁ⋅cp⋅Δt ; Δt=T|x +Δx −T|x (8 .19 )
Thus, for the cold stream
U⋅P⋅Δx⋅( T H −T C ) =( ṁ⋅cp )C⋅ΔT C ( 8. 20a' )
and for the hot stream
-U⋅P⋅Δx⋅( T H −T C )= (ṁ⋅cp ) H⋅ΔT H (8 . 20b')
or
U⋅P⋅Δx⋅( T H −T C ) =CC⋅ΔT C (8 . 20a )
-U⋅P⋅Δx⋅( T H −T C )=C H⋅ΔT H (8 . 20b )

Microsoft Equation
3.0

exchanger energy balance -T H,0+T H , L−T C,L +T

Q̇=U⋅P⋅L⋅
H⋅( T H,0 −T H , L )= C C ⋅( T C,L−T C , 0 ) (8 . 2)
( T H −T C ) L
e, Ln
Q̇ Q̇ ( T H −T C ) 0
, C C= T H , L−T C,L -T H,0 + T
T H,0−T H , L T C,L −T C ,0 Q̇=U⋅P⋅L⋅
T H,0 −T H , L 1 T C,L−T C , 0 ( T H −T C ) L
, = Ln
Q̇ C C Q̇ ( T H −T C ) 0
e, Ln
Q̇ Q̇ ( T H −T C ) 0
, C C= T H , L−T C,L -T H,0 + T
T H,0−T H , L T C,L −T C ,0 Q̇=U⋅P⋅L⋅
T H,0 −T H , L 1 T C,L−T C , 0 ( T H −T C ) L
, = Ln
Q̇ C C Q̇ ( T H −T C ) 0
( T H,0−T H , L ) + (T C,L−T C , 0) ( T H −T C ) L− ( T H +T
= Q̇=U⋅P⋅L⋅
CC Q̇ ( T H −T C ) L
uring in Ln
( T H −T C ) 0
and with the log mean temperatu
, L −T C , L

H , 0 −T C , 0 )
=-U⋅P⋅L⋅
C (
1 1
+
H CC
) (8 . 23) defined as
( T H −T C ) L −( T H +T C ) 0
)
H −T C L ( T H,0−T H , L ) + ( T C,L−T C ,0 ) LMTD=
=-U⋅P⋅L⋅ ( T H −T C ) L
H −T C )0
Q̇ Ln
T H,0−T H , L +T C,L−T C , 0
( T H −T C ) 0
⋅P⋅L⋅ Q̇=U⋅P⋅L⋅LMTD
( T H −T C )L
Ln
( T H −T C )0
Microsoft Equation
3.0

coaxial
r F is

8.27 )
Microsoft Equation
3.0
 1

-T H,0+T H , L−T C,L +T C ,0

⋅
( T H −T C ) L
Ln
( T H −T C ) 0
T H , L−T C,L -T H,0+ T C , 0
⋅
( T H −T C ) L
Ln
( T H −T C ) 0
 Ln
( T H −T C ) 0
T H , L−T C,L -T H,0+ T C , 0
⋅
( T H −T C ) L
Ln
( T H −T C ) 0
( T H −T C ) L− ( T H +T C ) 0
⋅ ( 8 . 25)
( T H −T C ) L
Ln
( T H −T C ) 0
e log mean temperature difference

)
H −T C L − ( T H +T C ) 0
( T H −T C ) L
n
( T H −T C ) 0
⋅LMTD ( 8 . 26)

Microsoft Equation
3.0

3
 Effectivness

Effectivness [ 2], page 730 In an infinitely long c

From exchanger energy balance, with CC < C H , Fig . 8
Heat transfer rate, hot side T C,out →T H,in
Q̇=mH⋅CpH⋅( tH_in −t H_out ) (1) then
Heat transfer rate, cold side Q̇max =CC⋅[ T H,in−T C
Q̇=mC⋅CpC⋅( t C_out −t C_in ) (2)
In an infinitely long c
Q̇:thermal power (W ) with CC < C H , Fig . 8
index H: hot T C,out →T H,out < T H,in
index C:cold and the heat transfer
m:mass flow rate s [ kg/s ]
Cp:average specific heat [ kJ/(kg⋅K )]
Defining the flow thermal capacity as
C=m⋅Cp (3 )
Q̇=C H⋅( t H_in −t H_out ) (4)

Microsoft Equation
3.0

Similarly, if
C H < CC
the heat transfer will again be greater
in an infinitely long counterflow exchanger
Q̇max =C H⋅[ T H,in −T C ,in ]
If we write
 the heat transfer will again be greater
in an infinitely long counterflow exchanger
Q̇max =C H⋅[ T H,in −T C ,in ]
If we write
C min=min(C H ,C C )
then, the maximum heat transfer in an
exchanger of any configuration is
Q̇max =Cmin⋅[ T H,in −T C ,in ] (8 . 30) Microsoft Equation
3.0

The actual heat transfer is expressed in terms of the

enthalpy change of either stream, as given by
equations (1 ) and (2 ).
Thus, the effectivness is
Q̇ C H⋅[ T H,in−T H ,out ] CC⋅[ T C,out −T C ,in ]
ε= = = (8 . 31)
Q̇max C min⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ] Cmin⋅[ T H,in−T C ,in ] Microsoft Equation
3.0

We first determine the effectivness of a parallel -flow Thus, if C C =C

exchanger . Changing subscripts in equation T H , out −T

( )
T H , L −T C , L 1 1 Ln
Ln =-U⋅P⋅L⋅ + (8 . 23 ) T H , in−T C
T H , 0 −T C ,0 C H CC
becomes

( )
T H , out −T C ,out 1 1
Ln =-U⋅P⋅L⋅ + T H ,out −T C ,ou
T H , in−T C , in CH CC
T H ,in−T C , in
T −T
Ln H , out C ,out =−
T H , in−T C , in
U⋅P⋅L
CC
C
⋅ 1+ C
CH ( ) (8 .32 ) T H , out −T C , out
T H , in −T C ,in
The number of transfer units is defined as
U⋅P⋅L But from equa
N tu = (8 . 33) Q̇=mH ¿ Cp H ¿
C min
and the capacity ratio as and
C Q̇=mC ¿ CpC ¿
The number of transfer units is defined as T H , in −T C ,in
U⋅P⋅L But from equa
N tu = (8 . 33) Q̇=mH ¿ Cp H ¿
C min
and the capacity ratio as and
C min Q̇=mC ¿ CpC ¿
RC = (<= 1) (8 .34 ) mH ¿ CpH ¿ ( T H
C max

Microsoft Equation
3.0

Also, for Cc=Cmin, equation

Q̇ C H⋅[ T H,in−T H ,out ] CC⋅[ T C,out −T C ,in ]
ε= = = (8 .31 )
Q̇max C min⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ] Cmin⋅[ T H,in−T C ,in ]
gives
T −T
ε= C,out C ,in (8 . 37)
T H,in−T C , in
so that equation
( T H_in−T C_in ) − RC⋅( T C_out −T C_in ) −( T C , out −T C_in ) −N tu⋅(1+ RC )
=e
T H , in−T C , in
(8 .36 )
can be writen
( T H_in −T C_in ) ( T C_out−T C_in ) ( T C ,out −T C_in ) −N tu⋅( 1+ RC )
−R C ¿ − =e
T H , in−T C ,in T H , in−T C , in T H ,in −T C ,in
−N tu⋅( 1+ RC )
1−R C ¿ ε−ε=e
−N tu⋅( 1 +R C )
1−( R C +1 )⋅ε=e (8 . 38)
and
−N ⋅(1 +RC )
1-e tu
ε= (8 . 39)
1+RC
and
−N tu⋅(1 +RC )
1-e
ε= (8 . 39)
1+RC

Microsoft Equation
3.0

A similar analysis can be performed

for a counterfloe exchanger to give

−N tu⋅( 1−R C )
1-e
ε= − N tu⋅( 1−RC )
(8 . 41)
1−R C ¿ e
and

N tu =
Ln
1- ε(
1−ε⋅RC
) (8 . 42 )
1−R C

C min
RC = (<= 1) (8 . 34 )
C max
For R C →0 , both equations (8 . 39 )
and (8 . 41 ) reduce to
−N tu
ε=1-e (8 . 43 ) Microsoft Equation
3.0
Annex A d
−N tu⋅( 1−R C ) ( e−N tu⋅( 1−
1-e dR
ε= − N tu⋅( 1−RC )
(8 . 41) Lim ( ε )=Lim C
R →1 d
1−R C ¿ e R c →1 c
dRC
( RC ¿ e
−

If Rc = 1 is substituted in Eq .(8 . 41 ),
the result is indeterminate . ( e− N ⋅( 1−R ) ) ¿
tu C

Applying L'Hôpital's rule gives Lim ( ε )=Lim

d
( R )¿ ( e
( )
Num R c →1 Rc →1
Lim ( ε )=Lim dRC C
R c →1 R →1 Den
c

d ( −N tu⋅( 1−R C ) )
1-e
( e− N ⋅( 1−R ) ) ¿
tu C

dRC Lim ( ε )=Lim

Lim ( ε )=Lim
1⋅( e
R c →1 Rc →1 −N ⋅( 1−R
Rc →1 d
( 1−R C ¿ e tu C )
tu C
R c →1 − N ⋅( 1−R )

dRC
( e− N ⋅( 1−R ) ) ¿
tu C

Lim ( ε )=Lim
d d
( 1 )− ( e−N tu⋅( 1− RC) ) R →1
c (e
R →1 − N ⋅( 1−R )
c )+
tu C

dR dRC
Lim ( ε )=Lim C
R c →1 R →1 d
c ( 1 )−
d
( RC ¿ e
−N tu⋅( 1−RC )
) ( e− N ⋅( 1−R ) ) ¿
tu C

dRC dRC Lim ( ε )=Lim − N ⋅ 1−R

d ( −N tu⋅( 1−R C ) )
R →1
c R →1c ( e ( )) + tu C

0− e
dRC ( e− N ⋅(1−1 )) ¿ N tu
tu

Lim ( ε )=Lim Lim ( ε )= − N ⋅(1−1 )

d (e ) +1⋅e−N
R c →1 Rc →1
0−
dRC
( RC ¿ e tu C )
−N ⋅( 1−R ) R →1
c
tu

( e 0 ) ¿ N tu
d Lim ( ε )= 0
( e−N tu⋅( 1− RC) ) R c →1 ( e ) +1⋅e 0 ¿ N tu
dRC
Lim ( ε )=Lim N tu
Rc →1 d
R c →1
dRC
( RC ¿ e tu C )
−N ⋅( 1−R )
Microsoft Equation
3.0
Lim ( ε )=
R c →1 1+N tu
 an infinitely long counterflow exchanger
th CC < C H , Fig . 8 .15b shows that
C,out →T H,in
en
max =CC⋅[ T H,in −T C , in ]

an infinitely long counterflow exchanger

th CC < C H , Fig . 8 .15a shows that
C,out →T H,out < T H,in
d the heat transfer Q will be less .
Microsoft Equation
3.0

C H⋅[ T H,in−T H ,out ]

ε= (8 .31a )
C min⋅[ T H,in −T C , in ]
C H⋅[ T H,in−T H , out ]=ε⋅ Cmin⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]
T H,in−T H ,out =ε⋅( Cmin /C H )⋅[ T H,in −T C ,in ]
T H , out = TH,in −ε⋅( C min /C H )⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ] (8. 31b )
 min [ H,in C , in ]
C H⋅[ T H,in−T H , out ]=ε⋅ Cmin⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]
T H,in−T H ,out =ε⋅( Cmin /C H )⋅[ T H,in −T C ,in ]
T H , out = TH,in −ε⋅( C min /C H )⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ] (8. 31b )

CC⋅[ T C,out −T C , in ]
ε= (8 . 31c)
C min⋅[ T H,in −T C , in ]
CC⋅[ T C,out −T C ,in ]=ε⋅C min⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]
T C,out −T C ,in =ε⋅[ C min /CC ]⋅[ T H,in−T C , in ]
T C,out =T C ,in +ε⋅[ C min /C C ]⋅[ T H,in −T C , in ] (8. 31d )

Microsoft Equation
3.0

Thus, if C C =C min . equation C H⋅( T H_in −T H_out )=C C⋅( T C_

( )
T H , out −T C ,out U⋅P⋅L CC CC
Ln =− ⋅ 1+ (8 . 32) ( H_in H_out ) C ⋅( T C_out −
T −T =
T H , in−T C , in CC CH H
and with C C = C min and ther
becomes
T H_in −T H_out =RC⋅( T C_out −T
( )
U⋅P⋅L C
− ⋅ 1+ min
T H , out −T C ,out C min CH T H_out= T H_in − RC⋅( T C_out −
=e
T H , in−T C ,in Substituting in equation
T H , out −T C , out − N tu⋅(1 +R ) T H , out −T C ,out −N tu⋅(1+R )
=e (8. 35 ) =e
T H , in−T C , in
T H , in −T C ,in
T H_in − RC ¿ ( T C_out−T C_in ) −
But from equations
Q̇=mH ¿ Cp H ¿ ( T H_in −T H_out ) (1) T H , in −T C ,in
T H_in − RC ¿ ( T C_out−T C_in ) −
and
Q̇=mC ¿ CpC ¿ ( T C_out −T C_in ) (2 ) T H , in −T C ,in
 T H , in−T C , in
T H , in −T C ,in
T H_in − RC ¿ ( T C_out−T C_in ) −
But from equations
Q̇=mH ¿ Cp H ¿ ( T H_in −T H_out ) (1) T H , in −T C ,in
T H_in − RC ¿ ( T C_out−T C_in ) −
and
Q̇=mC ¿ CpC ¿ ( T C_out −T C_in ) (2 ) T H , in −T C ,in
T H_in −T C_in− R C ¿ ( T C_out −T
mH ¿ CpH ¿ ( T H_in −T H_out ) =mC ¿ CpC ¿ ( T C_out −T C_in )
T H , in −T C ,in
Microsoft Equation
( T H_in −T C_in ) − RC ¿ ( T C_out−
3.0

T H , in −T C ,in

−N tu⋅( 1+R C )
1-e Solving N tu
(8 .31 ) ε= (8 . 39 ) −N ⋅(1+
1+ R C 1-e tu
ε=
1+ RC
The number of transfer units is defined as
(8 . 37) U⋅P⋅L
gives
N tu = (8 . 33)
C min ε⋅( 1+ RC ) ¿ 1
and the capacity ratio as −N tu⋅( 1 +RC )
(
tu⋅ 1+ RC )
C min e =
RC = (<= 1) (8 .34 ) −N tu ¿ ( 1+ R C
(8 .36 ) C max
Ln ( 1-
(
tu⋅ 1+ RC ) −N tu =
1+ R C
-Ln ( 1- ε
N tu =
(8 . 38) 1+ R C

(8 . 39)
N tu =
Ln
1
(
1- ε⋅
1+ R C
(8 . 39)
N tu =
Ln
( 1
1- ε⋅
1+ R C
 Annex A
d
( e−N tu⋅( 1− RC ) )
dR
m ( ε )=Lim C −N tu⋅( 1−R C )
→1 R →1 d
( −N tu⋅( 1−RC )
) 1-e
c
dRC
RC ¿ e ε= −N ⋅(1− R )
1−RC ¿ e tu C

( e− Ntu⋅( 1−RC ) ) ¿ d (−N tu ¿ ( 1−Rc ) )

dR C
m ( ε )=Lim
→1 Rc →1 d
( R C ) ¿ ( e tu C ) + RC ¿
− N ⋅(1− R ) d ( −N tu⋅(1− RC ) ) N tu
dRC dRC
e Lim ( ε )=
R c →1 1+ N tu
( e− Ntu⋅( 1−RC ) ) ¿ d ( −N tu + N tu ¿ R c )
dR C
m ( ε )=Lim
→1 Rc →1
1⋅( e tu
−N ⋅( 1−R )
C
) + R C ¿ e− Ntu⋅(1−RC) d (−N tu ¿ ( 1−R c ) )
dR C
( e− N ⋅( 1−R ) ) ¿ N tu
tu C

m ( ε )=Lim
d
→1
(e
R →1 − N ⋅( 1−R )
c
tu C
) + RC ¿ e−N ⋅(1− RC )
tu
( −N tu + N tu ¿ R c )
dR C
( e− N ⋅( 1−R ) ) ¿ N tu
tu C

m ( ε )=Lim − N ⋅ 1−R
→1 R →1c ( e ( ) ) + RC ¿ e−N ⋅(1− R ) ¿ N tu
tu C tu C

( e− N ⋅(1−1 )) ¿ N tu
tu

m ( ε )= − N ⋅(1−1 )
→1 (e tu
) +1⋅e−N ⋅(1−1) ¿ N tu
tu

( e 0 ) ¿ N tu
m ( ε )= 0
→1 ( e ) +1⋅e 0 ¿ N tu
N tu
m ( ε )= (8 . 41a
1+ N tu
Microsoft Equation
→1 3.0
 1

(8 .31a )

(8. 31b )
 (8. 31b ) Microsoft Equation
3.0

(8 . 31c)

(8. 31d ) Microsoft Equation

3.0

⋅( T H_in −T H_out )=C C⋅( T C_out −T C_in )

CC
_in −T H_out )= ⋅( T −T )
C H C_out C_in
with C C = C min and therefore C C = Cmin
_in −T H_out =RC⋅( T C_out −T C_in )

out = T H_in − RC⋅( T C_out −T C_in )

bstituting in equation
out −T C ,out −N ⋅(1+R )
=e tu (8. 35 )
in−T C , in

in − RC ¿ ( T C_out −T C_in ) −T C , out −N ⋅( 1+ R )

=e tu
in −T C ,in

in − RC ¿ ( T C_out −T C_in ) −T C , out −T C_in +T C_in −N ⋅(1+ R)

=e tu
in −T C ,in
in−T C , in

in − RC ¿ ( T C_out−T C_in ) −T C , out −N tu⋅(1+ R )

=e
in −T C ,in

in − RC ¿ ( T C_out −T C_in ) −T C , out −T C_in +T C_in −N ⋅(1+ R)

=e tu
in −T C ,in

in −T C_in− R C ¿ ( T C_out −T C_in )−T C , out +T C_in −N ⋅(1+ R)

=e tu
in −T C ,in

_in −T C_in ) − RC ¿ ( T C_out −T C_in ) − ( T C , out −T C_in ) − N ⋅( 1+ R )

=e tu
in −T C ,in
(8 . 36 )

Microsoft Equation
3.0

Solving N tu from equation

−N ⋅(1+ RC )
1-e tu
ε= (8 . 39)
1+ RC
gives
−N tu⋅(1 +RC )
ε⋅( 1+ RC ) ¿ 1-e
−N tu⋅( 1 +RC )
e = 1- ε⋅( 1+ R C )
−N tu ¿ ( 1+ R C ) = Ln ( 1- ε⋅( 1+ RC ) )
Ln ( 1- ε⋅( 1+ RC ) )
−N tu =
1+ R C
-Ln ( 1- ε⋅( 1+ RC ) )
N tu =
1+ R C

N tu =
Ln
1
(
1- ε⋅( 1+RC ) ) (8 . 40 )
1+ R C
N tu =
Ln
( 1
1- ε⋅( 1+RC ) ) (8 . 40 )
1+ R C
Microsoft Equation
3.0

6
 −N tu⋅( 1−R C )
1-e
= −N ⋅(1− R
( 8 . 41)
)
1−RC ¿ e tu C

N tu
Lim ( ε )= (8 . 41a )
c
→1 1+ N tu
[1]

http://www.wseas.us/e-library/conferences/2010/Taipei/FH/FH-07.pdf

[2] Heat and mass transfer

A. F. Mills
Irwin 1992

[3] Heat transfer

Cengel
Chapter 4

[11] NIST Chemistry

http://www.thermalfluidscentral.org/encyclopedia/index.php/Heat_of_Combustion#References

[12] TLV. A steam specialist company

https://www.tlv.com/global/TI/calculator/superheated-steam-table.html

TLV Calculator superheated steam

http://knowledgeplatform.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/4.2-Furnace.pdf
[1] pdf
https://beeindia.gov.in/sites/default/files/4Ch2.pdf
2. energy performance assessment of furnaces - Bureau of Energy ...

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2. ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF FURNACES. 31. Bureau of Energy Efficiency. 2.1 Industrial H
Furnace is by definition a device for heating materials and therefore a user of energy.
Heating furnaces can be divided into batch-type (Job at stationary position) and continuous type (large.
Efficiency. 2.1 Industrial Heating Furnaces.

nd continuous type (large.