REHABILITATION/UPGRADE OF ATLAS COVE TERMINAL MATERIALS LANDING JETTY PROJECT

CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN

CONTENTS
Revision History 3

Notes on the third Revision 3

Terms and Definitions 4

Abbreviations and Symbols 5

SECTION 1 5

1.0 INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 Scope and Design Philosophy 7
1.2 Design Objectives 7
1.3 Cathodic Protection Criteria 7
1.4 Design Standards, Specifications and References 7
1.5 Design Assumptions 8
1.5.1 Electrical continuity 8
1.5.2 Anode location and distribution 8

SECTION 2 9

2.0 DESIGN BASIS AND DERIVED PROPERTIES 9

2.1 Design Parameters 9
2.2 Jetty pier dimensions and derived properties 9
2.3 Shoreline Sheet Piles Dimensions 9
2.4 Shoreline sheet piles derived properties 10
2.5 The Structures Current Demands and Anode Mass computation 10
2.5.1 The Jetty piers current demand and required anode mass computation 10
2.5.2 Shoreline sheet piles current demand and Anode mass required (Section of 5m depth) 10
2.5.3 Shoreline sheet piles current demand and Anode mass required (Section of 12m depth) 10
2.6 Summary of Anode Mass, Structures Exposed Surfacre Areas and Current Demands 10

SECTION 3 11

3.0 OPTIMISATION OF 2258KG ANODE ALLOY FOR MAXIMUM ANODE LIFE 11

3.1 Anode Design Optimisation Constraints 11
3.2 Optimisation of Selected Long Flush Mounted Anode Type for maximum anode life 11
3.2.1 Anode dimensions and Weight Sizing 11
3.2.2 Anode Resistance (Initial) 11
3.2.3 Anode Current Output (Initial) 11
3.2.4 Anode Resistance (final) 11
3.2.5 Anode Current Output (final) 11
3.2.6 Design Anode Life 12
3.2.7 Comments on Anode Optimisation results 12
3.3 Checks for Anode Current Capacity for the Design protection duration 12
3.3.1 General Reference for anode capacity checks 12
3.3.2 Requirements for current demand / output capacity of the CP system 12
3.3.3 The Structures Current Demands 12

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3.3.4 Jetty Piers Current Capacity 13
3.3.5 Shoreline Sheet Piles Current Capacity (Section of 5m depth) 13
3.3.6 Shoreline Sheet Piles Current Capacity (Section of 12m depth) 13
3.3.7 General comments on the system current capacity requirements 13
3.4 Provisions for Cathodic Protection System for the Jetty Piers and Shoreline Sheet Piles 13
3.4.1 The Anode Specifications 13
3.4.2 The Anodes Maintenance 13

SECTION 4 14

4.0 DESIGN OF THE CP SYSTEM FOR 20 YEARS ANODE LIFE 14

4.1 Summary of Anode Mass, Jetty Structures Exposed Surface Areas and Current Demands 14
4.2 Anode Sizing, Selection and Optimisation Process 14
4.2.1 Anode Design Optimisation Process 14
4.2.2 Anode dimensions and weight sizing 14
4.2.3 Anode Resistance (Initial) 14
4.2.4 Anode Current Output (Initial) 14
4.2.5 Anode Resistance (final) 15
4.2.6 Anode Current Output (final) 15
4.2.7 Design Anode Life 15
4.3 Anode Sizing Optimisation Outputs 15
4.3.1 Jetty Structures Initial Current Demands and Anode Current Outputs 15
4.3.2 Final Optimisation and Adjustments 15
4.3.3 Comments on Anode Optimisation results 16
4.4 Checks for Anode Current Capacity for the Design protection duration 16
4.4.1 General Reference for anode capacity checks 16
4.4.2 Requirements for current demand / output capacity of the CP system 16
4.4.3 The Structures Curent Demands 16
4.4.4 Jetty Piers Current Capacity 16
4.4.5 Shoreline Sheet Piles Current Capacity (Section of 5m depth) 16
4.4.6 Shoreline Sheet Piles Current Capacity (Section of 12m depth) 17
4.4.7 General comments on the system current capacity requirements 17
4.5 Provisions for Cathodic Protection System for Jetty the Piers and Shoreline Sheet Piles 17
4.5.1 The Anode Specifications 17
4.5.2 The Anodes Maintenance 17

SECTION 5 18

5.0 RECOMMENDATION 18
5.1 Summary of Anode Specifications 18
5.2 The Anode Performance 19
5.3 Installation and Maintenance 19
5.4 The CP Monitoring 19

Appendices and Drawings

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Revision History

Revision Date Author Status Purpose Comments/Chnages

0.0 30.12.2019 SEO International Basic Design Issued for quotation N/P

1.0 SEO International Basic Design Issued for Clarifications NIL

2.0 20.04.2020 SEO International Final Design Issued for Approval Details in Changes to the
the basic designs

3.0 14.05.2020 SEO International Design Issued for

(a) Design philosophy discussed
Optimisation Clarifications
and Approval (b) Astronomical Tide data
included to reflect the tidal
situation at the jetty site.
(c) Design assumptions
(d) Inclusion of terms,
definitions, abbreviations
and symbols as applied.
(e) Further review of the
anode life by determination of
used in the design.
anode mid-life current output.
(f) Review of the structures
derived properties to reflect
situation at the jetty site.
(g) Atmospheric zone depth Jetty Project
taken as 1.15m clearance from Specification
HHWL to the jetty platform.
(h) Seawater depth along the
jetty shoreline taken as the
water depth below MWL.
{N. B. The sheet piles are
mostly buried in mud below
the LAT. Further, the faces of
the jetty sheet piles are
covered with stone file up to
the lower end of the
atmospheric zone}

Notes on the third Revision

Two design considerations are presented in this revision in response to issue/concern raised by the Client
on the anode mass to cover for 20 years design life. The two design presentations are:
(1) Design optmising the 2258 kg anode alloy for maximum anode live.
(2) Design of the CP system to estimate required alloy mass for 20 years anode life.
Presentation of the design in this revision is arranged in five sections for ease of understaning of the
methodology. The section comprises the following:
1 Section 1: Introdiction
2 Section 2: Design Basis and Derived Properties
3 Section 3: Optimisation of 2258kg Anode alloy for Maximun Anode life
4 Section 4: Design of the CP System for 20 years anode life
5 Section 5: Recommendation

Page 3
Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following technical items below definitions apply.

Atmospheric Zone: The zone located above the splash zone on the installation above the level reached by
the normal swell.

Buried Zone: The zone of the installation located under the mud line or in soil or fill.

Cathodic Protection that part of the structure which can be considered independently with respect to cathodic
Zone: protection design

Coating breakdown Ratio of cathodic current density for a coated metallic material to the cathodic current
factor density of the bare material.

Current density: Current flowing to or from a unit area of an electrode surface

Driving voltage: Difference between the structure/electrolyte potential and the anode/electrolyte potential
when the cathodic protection is operating.

Electrode: electrical conductor by means of which current passes to or from an electrolyte

Galvanic anode Anodic current source in sacrificial anodes cathodic protection systems by order of its relative
(Sacrificial anode) position in the galvanic series to the materials for protection object.

HHWL The average of the higher high water height of each tidal day observed over the National Tidal
Datum Epoch.

HAT: Highest astronomical tide, as obtained from site data

Immersed Zone: Zone located above the mud line and below the extended tidal zone or the water line at a
draught corresponding to the normal working conditions.

LAT: Lowest astronomical tide, as obtained from site data

Mud Line: ocean floor or Sea bed at the concerned location

Mud Zone: zone lying under the mud line

MLLW: It is the average of the lower low water height of each tidal day observed over the official time
segment over which tide observations are taken and reduced to obtain mean value.

MWL: mean water level as obtained from site data

Polarization: deviation from the open circuit potential of an electrode resulting from the passage of current

Reference electrode: reversible electrode the open circuit potential of which is constant under similar conditions
of measurement, used for measuring the potentials of other electrodes.

Silver-Silver chloride reference electrode consisting of silver, coated with silver chloride, in an electrolyte containing
reference electrode: chloride ions, e.g. the Ag/AgCl/sea water electrode; frequently use for underwater potential
measurements

Submerged zone: The zone including the buried zone, the immersed zone, the transitionis, under the MWL
and permanently under water or in water interface.

Splash zone: the zone of the installation which is alternatively in and out of water due to wind, wave, and
tide, just above HAT, but excludes surfaces which are wetted only during major storms

Tidal zone: zone lying between LAT and HAT

Utilization factor: proportion of alloy on an anode which may be consumed before the anode ceases to
provide a current output as specified in the design

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Abbreviations and Symbols

Abbreviations

CP Cathodic protection
DNV DET Norske Veritas
DFT Dry film thickness
ISO International Organization for Standardisation
HAT Highest astronomical tide
HHWL High High Water Level
LAT Lowest astronomical tide
MLLW Mean Low Low Water
MWL Mean Water Level
NNPC Nigerian National Petroleum Cprportion

Symbols

A (m²) anode surface area

Ag (m²) anode gross sectional Area
Agf (m²) anode gross sectional Area at its full utilisation
Ac (m²) cathode surface area
Ca (Ah) (individual) anode current capacity
Ca tot (Ah) total anode current capacity
ΔV (V) design driving voltage
ε (Ah/kg) anode electrochemical capacity
H (cm) anode thickness or Hiegth
(k1, k2) Constants for calculation of paint coating breakdown factors
Ia(A) (individual) anode current output
Iai (A) (individual) initial anode current output
Iai (A) (individual) initial anode current output
Iaf (A) (individual) final anode current output
Ia tot (A) total anode current output
Ia tot i (A) total initial current output
Ia tot f (A) total final current output
Ic (A) current demand
Ici (A) initial current demand
Icm (A) mean current demand
Icf (A) final current demand
ic (A/m²) design current density
ici (A/m²) design initial current density
icm (A/m²) design mean current density
icf (A/m²) design final current density
L (cm) anode length
L1 (cm) anode base length

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L2 (cm) anode mean or average length
L3 (cm) anode top length
Lf anode length (final) at its full utilisation
Ma (kg) total net anode mass
ma (kg) (individual) net anode mass
mai (kg) (individual) initial net anode mass
maf (kg) (individual) final net anode mass
N number of anodes
Ra (ohm) (individual) anode resistance
Rai (ohm) (individual) anode initial resistance
Raf (ohm) (individual) anode final resistance

Ra tot (ohm) total anode resistance

S (m) arithmetic mean of anode length and width
ρ (ohm·cm) seawater/sediment resistivity
tf (years) design life

u anode utilisation factor

Vaf anode volume at fanal utilisation
Vagf anode + insert volumes at fanal utilisation
W (cm) anode width
W1(cm) anode base width
W2 (cm) anode mean or average width
W3 (cm) anode top width

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 SECTION ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Scope and design philosphy

This calculation dossier presents the cathodic protection CP design for the NNPC Atlas Cove Depot
Materials Landing Jetty, situate in Lagos. The scope covers the jetty shoreline structural steel sheet
piles and the personnel jetty steel piers assets. The design is based on the principle of
Electrochemical cell; i.e "Corrosion Cell" which basically consists of four distinct parts: namely
anode, cathode, electrolyte and metallic contact or connection assembly.

In applying this basic phyilosophy practically as provided in this design; the Anode consist of
Aluminium Alloy Sacrificial anode Galvalum III; the Cathode is the asset or steel structures to be
protected ,while the electrolyte is the medium (seawater) in contact with both the anode and the
cathode that allows ions migration. The metallic contact or connection assembly is the point of
anode attachement or connection to the asset for protection that allows electron flow.
The configuration of all four parts of the corrosion cell constitutes the cathodic protection system.
The material of the anodes is selected of a more negative electrical potential with respect to the
materials of the asset or steel structurse to be protected. The difference in electrical potential
between the cathode and anode is the electromotive force of the Corrosion cell, which is basically
the voltage difference or drop between two electrodes.

The design approach invloved the subdivision of the structure into zones of different corrosive
environment; namely: atmospheic zone, splash zone and immersed zone. The latter is further
subdived into seawater zone and buried zone. The literatures and codes resources, which form
the standards, specifications and references materials used in this design are listed in 1.4 below.
The overall objective of the CP design is to satisfy the requirement that the total anodes current
capacity exceeds or equal the total current demand of the CP system within the estimated life of
the anodes.

1.2 Design Objectives

To provide a design that satisfy the protection criteria by ensuring that that the system delivers
sufficient current to each part of the structure and distribute same so that the steel/water potential
of each part of the structure through out the projected design life of protection system elements is
within the limits of protection criteria.

1.3 Protection Criteria

The criterion for protection of steel in aerobic seawater is a polarized potential more negative than
−0.80 V measured with respect to silver/silver chloride/seawater reference electrode
(Ag/AgCl/seawater reference electrode).

1.4 Design Standards, Specification and references

(i) Bureau Veritas: Corrosion Protection of Steel Offshore Units and installation 2006

(ii) DNV -RECOMMENDED PRACTICE DET NORSKE VERITAS DNV-RP-B401

CATHODIC PROTECTION DESIGN OCTOBER 2010

(iii) Bristish Standards Publications: Cathodic Protection of harbour Installation (ISO 13174:2012)

(iv) Jetty site layout and Sheet piles connection details

(v) Electrolyte Resistivity Survey Report

Page 7
 1.5 Design Assumptions

1.5.1 Electrical continuity

The structures to be protected by CP system is deemed electrically continuous and permanently

maintained in electrical continuity state to ensure its continuous long term effectiveness. Bonding
of structural steel-piles shall be incorporated to ensure electrical continuity where possible, should
there exist discounuity in the structural components of the asset to be protected. The method of
attachment of the anodes to the structure shall be governed by their type and application and the
point of attachment made to ensure low resistance electrically and deemed to be maintained
throughout the operating life of galvanic anodes.

1.5.2 Anode location and distribution

Anodes shall normally be located below the Lowest Astronimical Tide (LAT), and deemed always
fully immersed to ensure its effectiveness. Anodes shall be distributed to ensure that the whole
surface of the structure to be protected is polarized to within the recommended limits that satisfy
the protection criteria. Anodes shall not be installed in high stress areas or areas subject to high
fatigue loads or areas where they could be damaged (by accidentally dropped objects or by craft).

Page 8
 SECTION 2
2.0 DESIGN BASIS AND DERIVED PROPERTIES

2.1 Design Parameter (General) Calculation Output Unit Remarks

Resistivity at
26 Ω cm. 3.2m depth
1 Seawater resisitvity (warm water) By exterpolation 250 26 Ω cm from Shoreline
yields bulk head beam
o
& at 24 C

2 Sacrificial anode alloy Galvalum III

Reference electrode Cu/CuSO4 Ag/AgCl Ag/AgCl
From Table 1.
3 Cathodic Protection Criteria -0.850 -0.800 V
Appendix 11
4 Anode operating potential -1.50 -1.100 V
5 Electrochemical efficiency 1200 2670 Ah/Kg
Manufacturer's
6 Alloy density 1.40 1940 2710 Kg/m3
data sheet

7 Insert core mild steel material density 7850 7850 Kg/m3

From Table 4.
8 Seawater initial current density 130 mA/m2 Appendix 3
9 Seawater average current density 70 mA/m2 √
10 Seawater final current density 90 mA/m
2
√
11 Mud initial current density 25 25 mA/m2 √
12 Mud initial average density 12.42 27 20 mA/m2 √
13 Mud initial final density 20 20 mA/m2 √
14 Time in hours 8760 8760 Hours/yr √
15 CP Design life 10 20 Years
16 Anode Utilisation factor 0.85 0.85
17 High High Water Level (HHWL) (Typical Seven day average for Lagos) 0.92 m Tide
18 Mean Water Level (MWL) (Typical Seven day average for Lagos) 0.52 m Forecast.com
19 Mean Low Low Water (MLLW) (Typical Seven day average for Lagos) -0.12 m
design life of the
20 Pier painting Category (I) K1 0.1
CP system
21 One layer of primer coat, about 50 μm nominal DFT k2 0.1
exceeds that of
22 Paint coating breakdown factor calculated 0.75 the coating
23 Paint coating breakdown factor considered 1.0 system
24 Anode Type and mass Long flush mounted anode 27.2 kg Commercially
25 Number of standard anode available for this section 83 No available
26 Total anode mass available 2258 kg anodes
2.2 Jetty pier dimensions and derived properties
27 No. of piers 8 No
28 Outside Diameter 0.45 m
29 Top of Jetty platform above (HHWL) (Project specification) is 1.15 m LEE, Method
taken as datum for the design Statement
30 Pier depth (Longest) below HHWL 9.4 m
31 Depth of splash zone HHWL - MLLW 1.04 m
32 Average depth in Seawater below MLLW 2.4 m
33 Average depth buried in Mud 9.4-(1.04+2.0) 6.0 m
34 Exposed Areas of the Piers to Corrosion 7200 7200 m2
35 Total surface area in seawater 8∏DLs 27.2 m2
36 Surface area in mud 8∏DLm 67.4 m2
2.3 Shoreline Sheet Piles Dimensions
37 Shoreline total length 180.4 m
38 Length of jetty ramp 16 m

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 39 Shoreline Sheet Piles Dimensions (Continued) Calculation Output Unit Remarks
40 Length of shoreline Section of 12 m height sheet piles 144 m 1
41 Length of shoreline Section of 5 m height sheet piles 20.4 m 1
42 Average finish Sheet Piles Height (Section of 144m length) 12 m
43 Sheet Piles Height (Section of 20.40m length) 5 m
44 Sheet Pile U -Channel width 0.60 m
45 Sheet Pile U -Channel corrugated surface width 0.761 m
46 Buried end of sheet piles in shoreline bulk head beam 0.25 m
47 Depth of splash zone HHWL - MLLW 1.04 m
48 Mean Water Level (MWL) (Typical Seven day average for Lagos) 0.52 m
49 Average depth of sheet piles above (HHWL) Atmospheric Zone 0.95 m
50 Average depth of Sheet piles in Seawater below MWL 0.70 m
51 Depth of Atmospheric Zone + Concrete Cover 1.20 m
2.4 Shoreline sheet piles derived properties
52 Actual Length of shoreline section of 12m high sheet piles 0.761*(144/0.60) 182.64 m
53 Length of shoreline for section of 5m high sheet piles 0.761*(20.4/0.60) 25.87 m
54 Buried Height in Mud (12m) section of the sheet pile 12.0-(1.20+0.52+0.70) 9.58 m
55 Buried Height in Mud (5m) section of the sheet pile 5.0-(1.20+0.50+0.70) 2.58 m
56 Exposed Surface Areas to Corrosion (Section of 5m depth)
57 Surface area submerged in Seawater 25.87*0.70 18.11 m2
58 Total Surface area in mud of shoreline sheet Piles 25.87*2.53 66.8 m2
59 Exposed Surface Areas to Corrosion (Section of 12m depth)
2
60 Surface area submerged in Seawater 182.64*0.70) 127.8 m
61 Total Surface area in mud of shoreline sheet piles 182.64*9.58 1749.7 m2
2.5 The Structure Current Demands and Anode Mass Computtion
2.5.1 The Jetty piers current demand Initial (Ici) Maint. (Icm) Final (Icf) Unit
62 I=i*A ; I=Current required in Amps; i=Current density required in A/m2 ; A=Surface area to be protected m 2
Current demand = AxAm/1000 194.40 194.40 194.40
63 Current demand in mud = AxAm/1000 1.69 1.35 1.35 Amp
64 Current demand in Seawater = AxAm/1000 3.53 1.90 2.44 Amp
Total current demand 194.40 194.40 194.40 0.00
65 Total current demand 5.22 3.25 3.79 Amp
Mass of Anodes required: M=(Icm*t*8760)/Ԑ *U = (3.25*20*8760)/(2670*0.85) 16,695.53 Kg
Total No. Anodes = 1344; → Mass per anodes = 12.42 Kg
66 Mass of Anodes required: M=(Icm*t*8760)/Ԑ *U = (3.25*20*8760)/(2670*0.85) 250.9 Kg

2.5.2 Shoreline sheet piles current demand and Anode mass required (Section of 5m Average depth)
67 I=i*A ; I=Current required in Amps; i=Current density required in A/m2 ; A=Surface area to be protected m 2
68 Current demand in mud = AxAm/1000 1.67 1.34 1.34 Amp
69 Current demand in seawater = AxAm/1000 2.35 1.27 1.63 Amp
70 Total current demand in sheet piles 4.023 2.60 2.97 Amp
71 Mass of Anodes required: M=(Icm*t*8760)/Ԑ *U = (2.60*20*8760)/(2670*0.85) 200.9 kg
2.5.3 The Shoreline sheet piles current demand and Anode mass required (Section of 12m Average depth)
72 I=i*A ; I=Current required in Amps; i=Current density required in A/m2 ; A=Surface area to be protected m 2
73 Current demand in mud = AxAm/1000 43.74 34.99 34.99 Amp
75 Current demand in seawater = AxAm/1000 16.62 8.95 11.51 Amp
76 Total current demand in sheet piles 60.363 43.94 46.50 Amp
77 Mass of Anodes required: M=(Icm*t*8760)/Ԑ *U = (43.94*20*8760)/(2670*0.85) 3392.3 kg

2.6 Summary of Anode Masses, Structures Exposed surfacre Areas and current demands
Initial Current Maint. Current Final Current
78 Description Anode Mass (Kg) Exposed Areas (m2) Demand (Amp) Demand (Amp) Demand (Amp)
79 Jetty Piers 250.85 94.59 5.22 3.25 3.79
80 Shoreline Sheet Piles Section of 5m Depth 200.94 84.87 4.02 2.60 2.97
81 Shoreline Sheet Piles of 12m depth 3,392.31 1,877.54 60.36 43.94 46.50
82 Total 3,844.10 2,056.99 69.60 49.80 53.26

83 Total Mass of anodes (Ma) available for the CP = 27.2*83 2,258 Kg

84 The available Anode Alloy mass for the CP is slightly bigger than half of the requirement for 20 years design life.

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 SECTION 3

3.0 OPTIMISATION OF 2258KG ANODE ALLOY FOR MAXIMUM ANODE LIFE

3.1 Anode Design Optimisation Contraints Calculation Output Unit Remarks

85 Optimistion of the available anodes mass is subject to the following constraints:
86 1 Anode type (commecially available Long flush mounted anode) net weights: 27.2 Kg
87 2 Number of standard anodes for the Cathodic Protection of the assets: 83 Nos.
88 3 Total anode mass available. 2258 Kg
89 4 Each jetty pier to be installed with one anode; total anodes for jetty piers: 8 Nos.
90 5 Anode to be evenly distributed on shoreline sheet piles for effective coverage
91 and unifrom supply of current.
92 6 Individual anode mass remains constant
93 The design proceeds with sizing and optimising the anode geometry under the above stated constraints:

3.2 Optimisation of Selected long Flush Mounted Anode Type for maximum anode life
3.2.1 Anode Dimensins and Mass Sizing
94 Long flush mounted anode dimensions and derived properties Base 1 (cm) Ave. 2 (cm) ) Top 3 (cm) )
95 Single Anode mass 12.42 12.7 kg L 62.0 61.0 60.0
96 L ≥ 4.Width; 4W = 40.0 < L W 12.0 11.0 10.0
97 L ≥ 4.Thichness; 4H = 40.0 < L H 10.0 10.0 10.0
98 Iron core Insert dimension; L= 20 cm W 7.0 T= 1.0
99 Iron core dimension; L= L= 38 cm W 7.0 T= 1.0
100 Anode material volume 0.00671 m3 V 6,710.0 cm3
101 Iron core Insert core volume 0.00014 m3 V 140.0 cm3
102 Iron core weight; 2.09 Kg 250 Ω cm 10.0
103 Anode net weight mai = 12.7 Kg 62.0 61.0 60.0
104 Anode gross weight 14.83 Kg 13.0 12.0 11.0
11.0 11.0 11.0
15.3 Kg
300 Ω cm 10.0
62.0 61.0 60.0
12.0 11.0 10.0
10.0 10.0 10.0
12.7 Kg

3.2.2 Anode Resistance (Initial) 300.0

105 Ra= ρ/2S; ρ = Seawater resistivity (Ω cm) ρ 300.0 Ω cm 10.0
250.0 Ω cm
106 S = Arithmetic mean of anode length and width (cm) → (L3+W3)/2 37.0 cm
107 Ra = Resistance of anode (initial) → 26/2*38 4.054 Ω

3.2.3 Anode Current Output (Initial)

108 Cathodic Protection Potential Criteria -0.85 V
109 Anode operating potential -1.50 V
110 Driving Potential ∆V ; = (-0.80 - (-1.10)) 0.65 V
111 Current I (Initial) ; I = ∆V/R = 0.30/(0.342) 0.16 Amp

3.2.4 Anode Resistance (final) when the anode has been consumed to its utilization factor (U=0.85)
112 Anode mass (final) at the end of usefull life U 0.85
113 maf = mai · (1 – u) maf = 27.2*(1-0.85) 1.91 kg
114 Anode final net volume; V = ma/density; Vaf = (4.08/2710)*106 985.50 cm3
115 Anode final gross vol:; V = ma/density; Vagf = (1505.4+140.0) 1125.50 cm3
116 L (final) =L (initial) - O.10·u·L (initial); Lf = (62-(0.1*0.85*62)) 56.73 cm
117 Final gross cross section area; → Ag = Vgf/Lf = (1645.40/56.73) 19.84 cm2
118 Final shape at end of anode life assumed "a semi-cylinder" ;→ the anode height is approximately the radius of the semi-cylinder
119 Hf = Anode radius at end of life; → r= √(2A/∏) = √(2*29.1/∏) 3.55 cm

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120 Anode final Width Wf = 2*r → = 2*4.3 7.1 cm
121 S = Arithmetic mean of anode final length and width; = (56.73+8.6)/2 31.92 cm
122 Seawater Resistance ρ ρ 300 Ω cm
123 Raf = Resistance of anode; → Raf = ρ/2*S = 26/(2*32.66) 4.70 Ω
3.2.5 Anode Current Output I(final) ∆V 0.65
124 I(final) ∆V/R = 0.30/0.40 0.14 Amp
125 Anode Average current output = (0.88+0.75)/2 0.15 Amp
126 Anode Life; L=W*U*Ԑ/(I*8760); = (27.2*0.85*2670)/(0.82*8760) 9.9 Yrs

3.2.6 Design Anode Life; L=W*U*Ԑ/(I*8760) Calculation Output Unit Remarks

127 At mid-life of the anode, it is assumed that (1) It has been consumed to half of its utilisation and
128 (2). The anode physical geometrical shapes remains fairly the same as initial state. Hence the following procedures follows:
129 ma(mid-life) = mai · (1 – u/2) → ma(mid-life) = 27.20*(1-0.85*0.50) 7.33 kg Mid-Life Mass
130 Anode Alloy volume at mid-life is given as:
3
131 Anode V (mid-life) = ma(mid-life) /Alloy density = (15.64/2710)*106 3,777.8 cm
3
132 Anode (mid-life) gross vol:; → V = Alloy V + Insert V = 5,771.2+140.0 3,917.75 cm
133 Anode Length at Mid-life at 10% length/volume reduction is given as:
134 L (mid-life) =L (initial) - O.10·u·0.50·L (initial); L (mid-life) = 64-(0.10*0.85*0.5*64) 59.37 cm
135 Anode gross cross section area at mid-life; A = V/L= (5,911.22)/62.64)*10
6
66.0 cm2
136 Anode (average width/height) ratio = W2/H = 15/10.6 1.200 → W2 = 1.415H
2
137 Area = W*H = 1.415H*H = 1.415H ;
138 Anode height at mid-life; H = √(A/1.415) = √(96.5/1.415) 7.42 cm
139 Anode width (W2) = 1.415H = 1.415*8.3 8.90 cm
140 The corresponding Anode geometry at mid-life:
141 L= L(mid-life)(L3/L2) = 61.28*(62/64) 58.4 cm
142 W = W(mid-life)(W3/W2) = 11.7*(14/15) 8.1 cm 1.11
143 S = Arithmetic mean of anode length at mid-life = (59.4+10.9)/2 34.13 cm
144 Seawater Resistance ρ ρ 300 Ω cm
145 Anode (mid-life) resistance; 26/2*S = 26/(2*35.1) 4.39 Ω
146 Anode Mid-life Current Output; ∆V/R = 0.30/0.37 0.15 Amp
147 NOTE: The anode mid-life current output (0.81Amp) as computed above is slightly lower than the average of the anode initial and
148 final current outputs (0.82Amp) which assumed on a linear relationship, but the real situation is rather a parabola, which
149 results to marginal increase of the anode life as shown below .
150 Single Anode mass 12.75 kg
151 Anode Life; L=W*U*Ԑ/(I*8760); = (27.2*0.85*2670)/(0.81*8760) 10.0 Yrs
152 COMMENTS: Within the contraints stated in 3.1 above and the design basis, the selected anode type has been optimised to
153 a to mximum anode life of approximately 9 years.
3.3 Checks for Anode Current Capacity for the Design protection duration
3.3.1 General Reference for anode capacity checks
154 CP System design life 2670 Years
155 Anodes estimated life 10.0 years; approximately 9.0 Years
156 Single Anode Mass net 12.75 Kg
157 Time in hours/ year 8760 mA/m2
158 Electorchemical efficiency Ԑ 2670 Ah/Kg
159 Anode untilisation factor U 0.85
3.3.2 Requirements for current demand / output capacity of the CP system
160 Checks for the fulfillment of the following requirements:
161 Ca tot = N · Ca ≥ Icm · tf · 8760
162 Anodes Total Current Capacity should be greater or equal the Structure Total Current Demand Capacity
163 Ia toti = N · Iai ≥ Ici
164 Anodes Total Initial Current Ouput should be greater or equal the structures total initial current demand
165 Ia totf = N · Iaf ≥ Icf

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3.3.3 The Structures Curent Demands
166 Section No, of Anodes Initial Current (Amp) Maint. Current (Amp) Final Current (Amp)
167 Jetty Piers 8 5.22 3.25 3.79
168 Shoreline
169 5m depth 6 4.02 2.60 2.97
170 Shoreline
171 12m depth 69 60.36 43.94 46.50
172 Total 83
Total Anodes Initial Current Mid-Life Current Final Current Output (Amp)
173
Output (Amp) Output (Amp)
174 Anode 1 0.16 0.15 0.14

3.3.4 Jetty Piers Current Capacity

175 Description Equation Calculations Output Unit Remarks
176 Single anode current capacity Ca = ma · ε · u 27.2*2670*0.85 28,926.59 Ah
177 Anodes Total current Capacity Ca tot = N · Ca 8*Ca 231,412.74 Ah Ca tot = N · Ca
178 Jetty Piers Total Current demand Capacity Icm · tf · 8760 3.1*9*8760 256,187.65 Ah > Icm · tf · 8760

179 Anodes Total Initial Current Ouput Ia toti = N · Iai 8*0.88 1.28 Amp Ia toti=N · Iai
180 Jetty Piers total initial current demand Ici = 5.22 Amp > Ici

181 Anodes Total final Current Ouput Ia totf = N · Iaf 8*0.77 1.11 Amp Ia totf = N · Iaf
182 Jetty Piers total final current demand Icf = 3.79 Amp > Icf

3.3.5 Shoreline Sheet Piles Current Capacity (Section of 5m depth)

183 Description Equation Calculations Output Unit Remarks
184 Single anode current capacity, Ca = ma · ε · u 27.2*2670*0.85 28,926.59 Ah
185 Anodes Total Current Capacity Ca tot = N · Ca 6*Ca 173,559.56 Ah Ca tot = N · Ca
186 Sheet Piles Total Current demand Capacity Icm · tf · 8760 2.60*9*8760 205,214.56 Ah > Icm · tf · 8760

187 Anodes Total Initial Current Ouput Ia toti = N · Iai 6*0.88 0.96 Amp Ia toti=N · Iai
188 Sheet Piles total initial current demand Ici = 4.02 Amp > Ici

189 Anodes Total final Current Ouput Ia totf = N · Iaf 6*0.77 0.83 Amp Ia totf = N · Iaf
190 Jetty Piers total final current demand Icf = 2.97 Amp > Icf

3.3.6 The System Current Capacity for Shoreline Sheet Piles (Section of 12m depth)
191 Description Equation Calculations Output Unit Remarks
192 Single anode current capacity, Ca (Ah); Ca = ma · ε · u 27.2*2670*0.85 28,926.59 Ah
193 Anodes Total Current Capacity Ca tot = N · Ca 69*Ca 1,995,934.92 Ah Ca tot = N · Ca
194 Sheet Piles Total Current demand Capacity Icm · tf · 8760 42.12*9*8760 3,464,480.63 Ah > Icm · tf · 8760

195 Anodes Total Initial Current Ouput Ia toti = N · Iai 69*0.88 11.06 Amp Ia toti=N · Iai
196 Sheet Piles total initial current demand Ici = 60.36 Amp > Ici

197 Anodes Total final Current Ouput Ia totf = N · Iaf 69*0.77 9.54 Amp Ia totf = N · Iaf
198 Jetty Piers total final current demand Icf = 46.50 Amp > Icf

3.3.7 General comments on the system current capacity requirements

199 The above demonstration shows fulfullments of the system current demand /output capacity requirements.

3.4 Provisions for Cathodic Protection System for Jetty Piers and Shoreline Sheet Piles
3.4.1 The Anodes Specifications
200 Install as shown in the drawings Long flush mounted anode with the following properties
201 (i) Single Anode Mass net 12.7 kg
202 (ii) Total Number of anodes 83 Nos.
203 (iii) Total Mass of anodes for the CP system 2,258 Kg
204 (ii) Type: Alluminum alloy Galvalum III anodes
205 (iii) Operationg potential -1.10 V

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206 (iv) Anode composition as indicated in Appendix 9
207 (v) Anode dimensions Base (cm) Average (cm) Top (cm)
208 L 62.0 61.0 60.0
209 W 12.0 11.0 10.0
210 H 10.0 10.0 10.0
211 (vi) Anode insert core dimensions L 20.0 T= 1.0
212 W 7.0 T= 1.0
3.4.2 The Anodes Maintenance
213 Performance monitoring to be carried out in every five years and equivalent standard anodes of 27.2 kg, each same
214 dimensions to be replaced at (9) nine years service cycle.

SECTION 4
4.0 DESIGN OF THE CP SYSTEM FOR 20 YEARS ANODE LIFE

4.1 Summary of Anode Masses, Jetty Structures Exposed Surfacre Areas and Current Demands
Initial Current Maint. Current Final Current
215 Description Anode Mass (Kg) Surface Areas (m2)
Demand (Amp) Demand (Amp) Demand (Amp)
216 Jetty Piers 250.85 94.59 5.22 3.25 3.79
217 Shoreline Sheet Piles Section of 5m Depth 200.94 84.87 4.02 2.60 2.97
218 Shoreline Sheet Piles of 12m depth 3,392.31 1,877.54 60.36 43.94 46.50
219 Total 3,844.10 2,056.99 69.60 49.80 53.26

220 Total Mass of anodes available for the cathodic protection 27.2*83 2,258 Kg
221 The available Anode Alloy mass (2,258Kg) for the CP is less than the estimated requirement (3,844.10) for the 20 years design life.
222 The design proceeds with optimisation of the anode geometry (dimension) to yield the required anode mass for specified anode life.

4.2 Anode Sizing, Selection and Optimisation

4.2.1 Anode Design Optimisation Process
223 1 Application of coating breakdown factor of 0.75 for the jetty piers current demands as estimated under design basis results
224 to the following revised sets of data as presented below form the basis of the structures calculation of current demands:
Coating Initial Current Maint. Current Final Current Anode
225 Jetty Structures Sections
breakdown factor Demand (Amp) Demand (Amp) Demand (Amp) Mass (Kg)
226 Piers 0.75 3.91 2.44 2.84 188.14
227 Shoreline (Secion of 5m depth) - 4.02 2.60 2.97 200.94
228 Shoreline (Secion of 12m depth) - 60.36 43.94 46.50 3,392.31
229 Total 68.30 48.98 52.31 3,781.39
230 2 The anode geometry (dmensions) are iteratively varied untill the anode life reached 20 years mark when its total initial
231 Current output capacity exceeds or equals the total Initial current demand capacity of the most critical section of the
232 protected structures. Each of the process entails anode dimensions selection and computation of all variables required to
233 produce the specified anode life.
234 3 The resulting single anode Intial Current Outputs are used to obtain a preliminary obtain the number of anodes required in
235 each section of the jetty structures. The results of the above operation as presented in item 4.3.1 are further adjusted
236 to obtain the final specifications, while taken into account spacing of the anodes to ensure even distributions for effective
237 current supply to the structures. The final output of the optimistion process are presented in item 4.3.2.
Thereafter, the design proceeds with checks on the fulfillments of the criteria for satisfactory design.
238
4.2.2 Anode Dimensions and Weight Sizing Anode Dimensions
239 Long flush mounted anode dimensions and derived properties by iteration process Base (cm) (1) Average (cm) (2) Top (cm) (3)
240 Anode deimensions sizing criteria { (i) & (ii) L 77.5 76.0 74.5
241 (i) L ≥ 4.Width; 4W = 74.4 < L (Least) W 21.6 20.1 18.6
242 (ii) L ≥ 4.Thichness 4H = 74.4 H 18.6 18.6 18.6
243 Iron core Insert dimension; L= 30 cm W 7.0 T 1.0
244 Iron core dimension; L= L= 48 cm W 7.0 T 1.0
245 Anode material volume 0.02841 m3 V 28,413.4 cm3
246 Iron core Insert core volume 0.00021 m3 V 210.0 cm3

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 247 Iron core weight; 2.64 Kg
248 Anode net weight 76.43 Kg
249 Anode gross weight 79.07 Kg
4.2.3 Anode Resistance (Initial)
250 Ra= ρ/2S; ρ = Seawater resistivity (Ω cm) = ρ 26.0 Ω cm
251 S = Arithmetic mean of anode length and width (cm) = (L3+W3)/2 46.6 cm
252 Ra = Resistance of anode (initial) = 26/2*46.6 0.28 Ω
4.2.4 Anode Current Output (Initial)
253 Cathodic Protection Potential Criteria -0.80 V
254 Anode operating potential -1.10 V
255 Driving Potential ∆V = {-0.80 - (-1.10)} 0.30 V
256 Current I (Initial) ; I = ∆V/R = 0.30/0.342 1.07 Amp

4.2.5 Anode Resistance (final) when consumed U=0.85 Calculations Output Unit Remarks
257 Anode mass (final) at the end of usefull life; the utilisation factor U 0.85
258 maf = mai · (1 – u) maf = 76.43*(1-0.85) 11.46 kg
6
259 Anode final net volume; V = ma/density; Vnf = (11.46/2710)*10 4230.5 cm3
260 Anode final gross vol:; V = ma/density; Vgf = 4230.5+210.0 4440.5 cm3
261 L (final) =L (initial) - O.10·u·L (initial); Lf = 74.5-(0.1*0.85*74.5) 68.17 cm
262 Final gross cross section area; → Ag = Vgf/Lf = 4440.5/68.17 65.14 cm2
263 Final shape at end of anode life assumed "a semi-cylinder" ;→ the anode height is approximately the radius of the semi-cylinder
264 Hf = Anode radius at end of life; → r = √(2A/∏) = √(2*65.14/∏) 6.44 cm
265 Anode final Width; Wf → 2*r = 2*6.44 12.9 cm
266 S = Arithmetic mean of anode final length and width; = (68.17+12.9)/2 40.52 cm
267 Seawater resistivity (Ω cm) ρ 26.0 Ω cm
268 Rf = Resistance of anode; → Rf = ρ/2*S = 26/(2*40.52) 0.32 Ω cm
4.2.6 Anode Current Output I(final) ∆V 0.30
269 I(final) ∆V/R = 0.30/0.32 0.94 Amp

4.2.7 Design Anode Life; L=W*U*Ԑ/(I*8760)

270 Anode mass at mid-life when the anode has been consumed to half of its utilisation factor is given as:
271 ma(mid-life) = mai · (1 – u/2) → ma(mid-life) = 76.43*(1-0.85*0.50) 43.95 kg
272 Anode Alloy volume at mid-life is given as:
273 Anode V (mid-life) = ma(mid-life) /Alloy density = (43.95/2710)*106 16,216.93 cm3
3
274 Anode (mid-life) gross vol.;→ V = Alloy V + Insert V = 16,216.93+210.0 16,426.93 cm
275 Anode Length at Mid-life at 10% length/volume reduction is given as:
276 L (mid-life) =L (initial) - O.10·u·0.50·L (initial); L (mid-life) = 76-(0.10*0.85*0.5*76) 72.77 cm
277 Anode gross cross section area at mid-life; A = V/ = (16,426.93/72.77)*106 225.7 cm2
278 Anode (average width/height) ratio → W2/H = 20.1/18.6 1.08 → W2 = 1.08H
2
279 Area = W*H = 1.08H*H = 1.08H ;
280 Anode height at mid-life; H = √(A/1.08) = √(225.7/1.08) 14.5 cm
281 Anode width (W2) = 1.08H = 1.08*14.5 15.6 cm
282 The corresponding Anode geometry at mid-life:
283 L = L(mid-life)( L3/L2) = (72.77*(74.5/76) 71.3 cm
284 W = W(mid-life)(W3/W2) = 15.6*(18.6/20.1) 14.5 cm
285 S = Arithmetic mean of anode length at mid-life = (71.3+14.5)/2 42.9 cm
286 Anode (mid-life) resistance → 26/2*S = 26/(2*42.9) 0.303 Ω
287 Anode Mid-life Current Output → ∆V/R = 0.30/0.303 0.99 Amp
288 Single Anode mass 76.43 kg
289 Anode Life; L=W*U*Ԑ/(I*8760); = (76.43*0.85*2670)/(0.99*8760) 20.00 Yrs

4.3 Anode Sizing Optimisation Output

4.3.1 Jetty Structures Initial Current Demands and Anode Current Ouputs
290 Jetty Structures Demands Anode Current Outputs
Estimated Mass Initail Current Design Single Total Mass per Design Anode
291 Jetty Section No of Anode per Section
Anode Mass (Kg) Section (Kg)
Required (Kg) Demand (Amp) Life in years

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292 Piers 188.14 3.91 3.64 76.43 278.33 20.00
293 Shoreline (5m depth) 200.94 4.02 3.75 76.43 286.26 20.00
294 Shoreline (12m depth) 3,392.31 60.36 56.19 76.43 4,294.77 20.00
295 Total 3,781.39 68.30 63.58 4,859.37

4.3.2 Final Optimisation and Adjustments

Structures Initial
Anodes / Section Anode Spacing Single Anode Mass Total Anodes Anode Initial Total
296 Jetty Section Current Output Current Demand
(Nos) No OR m c/c (kg) Mass / Section (Amp) (Amp)
297 Piers 4 1No Per 2 Piers 76.43 305.72 4.30 3.91
298 Shoreline (5m depth) 4 5.1 76.43 305.72 4.30 4.02
299 Shoreline (12m depth) 64 2.25 76.43 4,891.59 68.75 60.36
300 Total 72 5,503.04 Ia toti = N · Iai ≥ Ici

4.3.3 COMMENTS:
301 A total of 72 long flush mounted anodes each 76.43 kg with a total anode alloy mass of 5,503 kg are
302 required to provide protection for 20 years.

4.4 Checks for Anode Current Capacity Calculations Output Unit Remarks
4.4.1 General Reference for anode capacity checks U nit
303 CP System design life 20 Years
304 Single Anode Mass net 76.43 Kg
305 Time in hours/ year 8760 mA/m2
306 Electorchemical efficiency Ԑ 2670 Ah/Kg
307 Anode untilisation factor U ; 0.85

4.4.2 Requirements for current demand / output capacity of the CP system

308 Checks for the fulfillment of the following requirements
309 Ca tot = N · Ca ≥ Icm · tf · 8760
310 Anodes Total Current Capacity should be greater or equal the Structure Total Current Demand Capacity
311 Ia toti = N · Iai ≥ Ici
312 Anodes Total Initial Current Ouput should be greater or equal the structures total initial current demand
313 Ia totf = N · Iaf ≥ Icf

4.4.3 The Structures Curent Demands

314 Section No of Anodes Initial Current (Amp) Maint. Current (Amp) Final Current (Amp)
315 Jetty
316 Piers 4 3.91 3.91 2.44
317 Shoreline
318 5m depth 4 4.02 2.60 2.97
319 Shoreline
320 12m depth 64 60.36 43.94 46.50
321 TOTAL 72

322 Item Total Anodes Initial Current Mid-Life Current Final Current
Output (Amp) Output (Amp) Output (Amp)
323 Anode 1 1.07 0.99 0.94

4.4.4 The System Current Capacity for Jetty Piers

324 Description Equation Calculations Output Unit Remarks
325 Single anode current capacity Ca = ma · ε · u 76.43*2670*0.85 173,460.39 Ah
326 Anodes Total current Capacity Ca tot = N · Ca 4*Ca 693,841.58 Ah Ca tot = N · Ca
327 Jetty Piers Total Current demand Capacity Icm · tf · 8760 3.10*20*8760 685,521.56 Ah > Icm · tf · 8760

328 Anodes Total Initial Current Ouput Ia toti = N · Iai 4*1.07 4.30 Amp Ia toti=N · Iai
329 Jetty Piers total initial current demand Ici = 3.91 Amp > Ici

330 Anodes Total final Current Ouput Ia totf = N · Iaf 4*0.95 3.74 Amp Ia totf = N · Iaf
331 Jetty Piers total final current demand Icf = 2.44 Amp > Icf

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4.4.5 The System Current Capacity for Shoreline Sheet Piles (Section of 5m depth)
332 Description Equation Calculations Output Unit Remarks
333 Single anode current capacity, Ca Ca = ma · ε · u 76.43*2670*0.85 173,460.39 Ah
334 Anodes Total Current Capacity Ca tot = N · Ca 5*Ca 693,841.58 Ah Ca tot = N · Ca
335 Sheet Piles Total Current demand Capacity Icm · tf · 8760 2.60*20*8760 456,134.94 Ah > Icm · tf · 8760

336 Anodes Total Initial Current Ouput Ia toti = N · Iai 5*1.07 4.30 Amp Ia toti=N · Iai
337 Sheet Piles total initial current demand Ici = 4.02 Amp > Ici

338 Anodes Total final Current Ouput Ia totf = N · Iaf 5*0.95 3.74 Amp Ia totf = N · Iaf
339 Jetty Piers total final current demand Icf = 2.97 Amp > Icf

4.4.6 The System Current Capacity for Shoreline Sheet Piles (Section of 12m depth)
340 Description Equation Calculations Output Unit Remarks
341 Single anode current capacity, Ca (Ah); Ca = ma · ε · u 76.43*2670*0.85 173,460.39 Ah
342 Anodes Total Current Capacity Ca tot = N · Ca 53*Ca 11,101,465.23 Ah Ca tot = N · Ca
343 Sheet Piles Total Current demand Capacity Icm · tf · 8760 42.12*20*8760 7,700,577.75 Ah > Icm · tf · 8760

344 Anodes Total Initial Current Ouput Ia toti = N · Iai 53*1.07 68.75 Amp Ia toti=N · Iai
345 Sheet Piles total initial current demand Ici = 60.36 Amp > Ici

346 Anodes Total final Current Ouput Ia totf = N · Iaf 53*0.95 59.85 Amp Ia totf = N · Iaf
347 Jetty Piers total final current demand Icf = 46.50 Amp > Icf

4.4.7 General comments on the system current capacity requirements

348 The above demontration shows fulfullments of the system current demand /output capacity requirements.

4.5 Provisions for Cathodic Protection System for the Jetty Piers and Shoreline Sheet Piles
4.5.1 The Anodes Specifications
349 Install as shown in the drawings Long flush mounted anode with the following properties
350 (i) Single Anode net Mass 76.43 kg
351 (ii) Total Number of anodes 72 Nos.
352 (iii) Total Mass of anodes for the CP system 5,503 Kg
353 (iv) Type: Alluminum alloy Galvalum III anodes
354 (v) Operationg potential -1.10 V
355 (vi) Anode composition as indicated in Appendix 9
356 (vii) Anode dimensions Base (cm) Average (cm) Top (cm)
357 L 77.5 76.0 74.5
358 W 21.6 20.1 18.6
359 H 18.6 18.6 18.6
360 (viii) Anode insert core dimensions L 30.0 T= 1.0
361 W 7.0 T= 1.0
4.5.2 The Anodes Maintenance
362 Performance monitoring to be carried out in every five years throughout the design life.

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 SECTION 5
5.0 RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary of Anode Specifications Item Unit Item Unit
360 The summary of specifications output from the two considerations are presented below:
Optimising 2258Kg Alloy Mass for
361 S/N Description of Design Element Design for 20 Years Anode Life
Maximum Anode Design Life
362 1 Anode Type and Geometry
363 Aluminum Alloy Galvalum III Yes Yes
364 Long Flush Mounted Yes Yes
365 2 Anode Dimensions
366 Length (L) Base 62.0 cm 77.5 cm
367 Least 60.0 cm 74.5 cm
368 Width (W) Base 12.0 cm 21.6 cm
369 Least 10.0 cm 18.6 cm
370 Heigth (H) Average 10.0 cm 18.6 cm
371 3 Anode Insert Dimensions
372 Length (L) 20.0 cm 30.0 cm
373 Width (W) 7.0 cm 7.0 cm
374 Thickness (T) 1.0 cm 1.0 cm
375 4 Alloy mass estimates for 20 Yrs
376 Design estimate (Output) 3,844.1 Kg 3,844.1 Kg
Kg (Pre-design Kg (Design
377 Single Anode Mass (net) 12.75 76.4
Selected) output)
379 Single Anode Mass (gross) 14.83 Kg 79.1 Kg
378 5 Total Nos. of Anodes 83 Nos. 62 Nos.
380 6 Anode Life 10 Years (maximum) 20.0 Years
7 Total Anode Mass Required 2258 Kg (Alloy mass 5,503.0 Kg
381
available)
382 8 Operating Potential -1.10 V -1.10 V
383 9 Reference Electrode Ag/AgCl Ag/AgCl

384 10 Alloy Composition Elements Min % Max %

385 Zinc Zn 4.75 5.75
386 Indium In 0.016 0.020
387 Silicon Si 0.08 0.12
388 Cupper Cu 0 0.003
389 Ferrous Fe 0 0.060
390 Mercury Hg - -
391 Cadmiun Cd 0 0.002
392 (Others Each) (Others Each) 0 0.02
393 (Others Total) (Others Total) 0 0.10
394 Aluminium Al Balance
395 COMMENTS: The optimisation of 2258 kg total anode mass into the specified individual anode of 27.2 kg each results in
396 anode life of approximately 9 years Maximum. The CP design for 20 years anode life results to 72 nos. anodes,
397 each 76.43kg requiring 5,503 Kg total anode mass under the given design basis assumptions and constraints

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5.2 The Anode Performance
398 The anode performance may be influenced by the following environmental conditions which are susceptible
399 to changes that could not have been covered in this design.

400 1 Seawater Resistance

401 The seawater resistance is a function of temperature, salinity, PH, suspended Solids, density, etc.
402 Variation of any of these factors, affect the seawater resistivity that influences anode current
403 outputs. As it can be seen in the calculations, the anode resistance decreases with aging resulting in
404 low current output at its final mass intilisation. Since the anodes deliver adequate initial and final
405 current outputs with respect to the structures current demands, it is expected that the anode life
406 may exceed the design estimates of 9 years and 20 years in both design considerations respectively.
407 2 Pollution
408 The design do not cover changes in design parameters that may arise due to contermination of the
409 seawater from pollution. Marine environment are susceptible to pollutions that can alter the
410 variables mentioned above that can affect the factors metion in (1) above and consequently the
411 alters the seawater resistance.
412 3 Damage
413 Physical damage arising from projectile or droping objects on the anode can affect its performance.
414 Load impacts on the anode can affect its connections or cause deformation that could alter its
415 physcial dimensions. Once the anode physical properties are altertered, its resistance could be
416 affected resulting in changes to the current outputs from the design. Periodical monitoring of the
417 anodes is required to check for possible damage or disconnections.

5.3 Installation and Maintenance

418 Maintenance and repair of CP system for fixed marine structures like jetty or harbour are generally
419 very costly when applying the same anode design life as for the protection object. Though it is
420 usually a normal practice, however, it is sometimes limited by budget, difficulties in the installation
421 of very large individual anode that may be required for effective protection for the design life and
422 decreasing anode performance associated with long life due to the factors discussed above.
423 In the present circumstance, consideration has been given to a ten year services cycle for
424 replacement of the sacrificial anodes with necessary provisions been made during the design.
425 This has been accommodated in the design by provision of a bolted connection to ease replacment.
426 Consequently, it's recommended that anodes of 27.2kg as specified should initially be
427 installed and be repalced with equivalent standard anodes of 27.2kg, same dimensions at 10 years
428 service cycle, provided the anodes have completely been consumed to their utilization mass.

5.4 The CP Monitoring

429 Performance monitoring to be carried out in every fives years to ensure their continued availability.

Page 19
APPENDICES AND DRAWINGS

Page 20