HVAC Basic Guide

MOHAMMED ABDUL RAZZAK HVAC CLASS NOTES
Heating Ventilation and Air-conditioning (HVAC)
Introduction to HVAC
What is HVAC?
 It controls Temperature, Humidity and Air quality inside a building.
 Especially important in medium to large buildings such as Office / Residential Towers.
 All preferably integrated into one system.
Heating – It is defined as a process of increasing the temperature of a substance or a body or a
thermodynamic system.
Heating systems are designed for colder or chilled climates.
 Central heating often used in cold climates to heat private houses and public buildings.
 Heating systems usually comprise of a boiler, furnace, heat pump, or district hot
water toheat water, steam or air.
 Piping distributes heated fluid and radiators transfer this heat to air and structures,
Ex:Floor Heating System.
Cooling – It is defined as a process of decreasing the temperature of a substance or a body or a
Thermodynamic system.
Cooling systems are designed for warmer or hot climates.
 Cooling is designed for warm climates to keep the indoor conditions as per
humancomfort.
 Cooling systems usually comprise of a chiller, indoor units like FCUs or AHUs to
coolthe room air.
 Piping distributes chilled fluid and Indoor units (IDUs) transfer the cooling to air
andstructures. Ex: Floor Cooling System.
Ventilation – It is defined as the process to maintain the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ).
 The process of ‘’changing’’ or ‘’replacing’’ air in any space to control
temperature orremove moisture, smoke, carbon dioxide etc.
 Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation of
airwithin the building.
 It is one of the most important factors for maintaining acceptable Indoor Air
Quality inbuildings.
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 Supply air used for ventilation is filtered and cooled and/or heated inside Air Handling
Units.
This system is further classified into 2 sub-systems:
1. Fresh Air System: In Fresh Air System, fresh ambient air is been supplied from outdoor
environment to the indoor space to maintain oxygen requirement in the room. This air
can be partially or completely treated before been supplied to the room space.
2. Exhaust Air System: In this system, the bad or unwanted air is removed from the indoor
space to the outdoor environment.
Air-conditioning: It is defined as the process of conditioning or modification of air as per the
indoor conditions like temperature, moisture levels (humidity), dust levels, noise levels and
smell/odor.
 It refers to the cooling and dehumidification of indoor air for thermal comfort.
 Air conditioning systems are designed to stabilize the air temperature and humidity
within an area.
 Excess heat from the circulating air is usually removed by a cooling coil that is supplied
with cold water / refrigerant.
 To decrease relative humidity the circulating air needs to be cooled to a temperature
below the dew point and then heated back to meet the requirement.
 HVAC systems control the temperature, humidity, and quality of air in buildings to a set
of chosen conditions.
 The term ‘Refrigeration’ may be defined as the process of removing heat from a
substance under controlled conditions. It also includes the process of reducing and
maintaining the temperature of a body below the general temperature of its surroundings.
In other words, the refrigeration means a continued extraction of heat from a body whose
temperature is already below the temperature of its surroundings.
The basic motive of designing an HVAC system for the building industry is to maintain the
human comfort conditions inside the building space.
Human Comfort Condition:
- Temperature: 24.4oC / 76oF
- Relative Humidity: 50 %
- Air Quality: Fresh Air for Oxygen, Dust Filtration, Noise Criteria (NC) [25 – 50], Smell /
Odor
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This human comfort conditions is as stated by ASHRAE, which stands for American Society of
Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE standards are followed worldwide for design, drafting and site installation of HVAC
systems.
Air conditioning has got wide range of applications and it is very much essential in these days.
Air conditioning is provided for some of the following reasons:
 To improve productivity in offices and factories by maintaining comfort conditions to the
people.
 To maintain comfortable conditions for working in hotels, labs, etc.
 To avoid malfunctioning of some control panels in Electrical Control Buildings.
 To maintain pressure inside the premises for avoiding outside (dusty) air in to the room.
 To create healthy atmosphere inside the room by supplying fresh and filtered air into the
room.
 To provide clean, filtered, healthy, comfortable conditions in hospitals etc.
Basic Cycle of Refrigeration:

The cycle has four basic components
1. Compressor
2. Condenser
3. Expansion valve (or) device
4. Evaporator
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Compressor: The function of a compressor is to compress the fluid or gas and increase its
pressure and temperature by some mechanical action done.
Compressors are broadly classified as two types:
 Positive Displacement Compressors
 Dynamic Compressors
Condenser: Condensation is a process of change of phase from gas form to liquid form, the
same process happen inside a condenser.
A condenser converts the refrigerant gas at high pressure & temperature into a liquid refrigerant
at nearly high pressure & temperature by releasing the latent heat from the gas.
Condensers are broadly classified as
 Air Cooled
 Water Cooled
 Air and Water Cooled (or) Evaporative Condenser
Expansion Device: The function of expansion device is to decrease the pressure & temperature
of the liquid refrigerant by the process of expansion.
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Types of Expansion Devices:

 Capillary Tubes
 Thermostatic Expansion Valves
 Electronic Expansion Valves
Evaporator: Evaporation is a process of change of phase from liquid to gas form, the same
process happens inside an evaporator.
The evaporator converts the liquid refrigerant at low pressure & temperature into its gaseous
form by absorbing the latent heat from the room air.
Types of Evaporators:
 Air Cooled
 Water Cooled
Refrigerants: Refrigerants are the heat transfer media used in the refrigeration cycle, which
absorb heat from the room air during the process of evaporation at a region of low-pressure &
temperature and releases the heat during the process of condensation at a region of high pressure
& temperature.
Ex: Air, Water, Refrigerants like R-12, R-22, R-134a, R-410a, NH3, LiBr3 (They have very low
boiling point)
Basic Refrigeration Cycle (In Detail)

Principles of Refrigeration:
 Liquids absorb heat when changed from liquid to gas.
 Gases give off heat when changed from gas to liquid.
Working of Refrigeration Cycle:
1. The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low pressure gas, it is compressed and
then moves out of the compressor as a high pressure gas.
2. The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid and gives off its
heat to the outside air.
3. The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the
flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.
4. The low pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is
absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas.
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5. As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle
is repeated.
Components of Refrigeration Cycle:
S.No. Name of Component Function
1 Compressor Increases the pressure and temperature of the gas by
mechanical work done.
2 Condenser Change of phase from Gas to Liquid. Heat is rejected to
atmosphere from the R-gas.
3 Expansion Device Decreases the pressure and temperature of the gas by
expansion.
4 Evaporator Change of phase from Liquid to Gas. Heat is absorbed by
R-gas from the indoor space.
Compressor:
 The purpose of the compressor is to circulate the refrigerant in to the system under
pressure.
 At the compressor, the low pressure gas is changed to high pressure gas.
 The compressor has reed valves to control the entrance and exit of refrigerant gas during
the pumping operation.
Types of Compressors:
1. Positive Displacement
a. Reciprocating – Single-Acting, Double-Acting, Diaphragm
b. Rotary – Lobe, Liquid Ring, Screw, Scroll, Vane
2. Dynamic
a. Centrifugal
b. Axial
Reciprocating Compressor:
 A reciprocating compressor is also known as Piston Compressor.
 The reciprocating compressor uses a piston, which moves inside a cylinder, to compress
the air.
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 When the piston moves down, air is drawn in. When the piston moves up, the air is
compressed.
 We have different types of reciprocating compressors:
1. Single-Acting Compressors:
 These are usually reciprocating compressors which has piston working only in one
direction.
 The other end of the piston is open which does not perform any work.
 The air is compressed only on the top part of the piston.
 The bottom of the piston is open to crankcase and not utilized for the compression of air.
2. Double-Acting Compressors
 These compressors are having two sets of suction and delivery valves on both sides of the
piston.
 As the piston moves up and down, both sides of the piston is utilized in compressing the
air.
 Thus both sides of the pistons are effectively used in compressing the air.
3. Diaphragm Compressors
 Diaphragm Compressor is a kind of displacement compressors driven by electromotor.
 Diaphragm Compressor contains two chambers in each cylinder body, i.e.
1. Hydraulic Oil Chamber
2. Gas Chamber
Rotary Compressors:
 They are different from the reciprocating compressors.
 They does not have any pistons and crankshaft.
 These compressors have Screws, Vanes, Scrolls and other devices which rotate and thus
compress air.
 The rotary compressors are classified into Screw type, Vane type, Lobe type, Scroll type
and other types.
Centrifugal Compressors:
 The centrifugal air compressor which depends on transfer of energy from a rotating
impeller to the air.
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 Centrifugal compressors produce high-pressure discharge by converting angular

momentum imparted by the rotating impeller (dynamic displacement).
 Centrifugal compressors rotate at higher speeds than the other types of compressors.
Axial Flow Compressors:
 An Axial flow compressor is a pressure producing machine. It is a rotating based
compressor in which the working fluid principally flows parallel to the axis of rotation.
 A shaft derives a central drum, retained by bearings, which has a number of annular
airfoil rows attached usually in pairs, one rotating and one stationary attached to a
stationary tubular casing.
 The rotating airfoils also known as blades or rotors, which accelerate the fluid.
Condenser:
 The purpose of the condenser is to receive the high-pressure gas from the compressor and
convert this gas to a liquid.
 Air passing over the condenser coils carries off the heat and the gas condenses.
 The condenser often looks like an engine radiator.
 Condensers used on R-12 and R-134a.
Types of HVAC Condensers:

 There are three types of HVAC condensers that depending on the cooling method that
they used.
 An HVAC condenser is an important part of your cooling system.
 Condensers can either be
1. Water-cooled Condenser
2. Air-cooled Condenser
3. Air and Water-cooled Condenser (Evaporative type)
Water-cooled Condenser:
 A Water-cooled condenser works by moving water through the annular space between
the tubes or coils.
 Water acts as the cooling medium.
 Water-cooled condensers require a constant supply of water to prevent corrosion.
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 Types of Water-cooled Condensers:

a. Double Pipe Condenser
b. Double Tube Condenser
c. Shell and Coil Condenser
d. Shell and Tube Condenser
Cooling Tower:
 Cooling Towers are heat removal devices used to transfer waste heat to the atmosphere.
 Cooling towers are required for recirculation of condenser water.
 The warm water being pumped by the condenser should be cooled with the help of
cooling towers, so that the same water may be re-circulated to the condenser.
 Types of Cooling Towers: According to the method adopted to circulate the air, cooling
towers may be classified as:
a. Natural Draft Cooling Towers – The air is circulated inside the cooling tower by
natural convection. The natural draft cooling towers are further classified as: Spray
Type and Splash Deck Type.
b. Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers:
 The Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers are similar to Natural draft cooling towers, but the
air is circulated inside the tower MECHANICALLY. Propeller fans or centrifugal fans
may be used.
 Mechanical draft cooling towers are much smaller than the natural draft cooling towers.
 They are further classified as:
a. Forced Draft Cooling Towers – A fan is located near the bottom and on the side. This
fan forces the air from bottom to top.
b. Induced Draft Cooling Towers – A fan is located at the top, takes suction from the
tower and discharges it to the atmosphere.
Air-cooled Condenser:
 Cooling medium is ambient air.
 It is used where there is of water scarcity.
 Air-cooled condensers are designed for mostly residential applications and for small
offices.
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 An Air-cooled condenser is designed to move the air over the condenser coil using either
a fan or at times a natural draft.
 Finned coil-copper tubes & aluminum fins.
 Refrigerant is inside the tubes.
 Regular cleanings will greatly improve their efficiency and reduce wear and tear.
Air and Water-Cooled Condenser (Evaporative Condenser):
 Condensers that use a combination of air and water cooling are often referred to as
evaporative condensers.
 These are often used in large commercial cooling units.
 In this condenser, water is sprayed from above onto the coils as air is blown from below.
 This causes a cooling effect that condenses the refrigerant inside the coils.
 Evaporative units generally do not waste water so they are a good choice in areas where
water is scarce.
Expansion Devices (or) Valves:

 Expansion valve which expands the liquid refrigerant to lower its pressure and
temperature before the refrigerant enters the evaporator.
 It also regulates the flow of refrigerant in to the evaporator.
 Expansion valves do not control humidity.
 Expansion valves can be put into three categories:
1. Capillary Tube
2. Thermostatic Expansion Valve (TX valve)
3. Electronic Expansion Valve (EX valve)
Evaporator:
 The evaporator is a kind of heat transfer apparatuses where the heat transfer is done by
forced convection or natural convection.
 In the evaporator, a very large amount of heat is absorbed from surrounding (the indoor
air) causing the liquid refrigerant to boil and turn into a gas phase.
 The gas is passed to compressor to repeat the cycle again until the indoor air be
comfortable and sufficiently cool.
 Types of Evaporators:
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An Evaporator is used in an air-conditioning system to allow the refrigerant such as R-22

to evaporate from liquid to gas while absorbing heat in the process.
In concept, an evaporator is similar to condenser, except an evaporation process occurs in
an evaporator.
1. Shell and Tube Evaporator
a. Shell and Tube with the Refrigerant Boiling in Shell
b. Shell and Tube with the Refrigerant Boiling in Tubes
2. Plate Type Evaporator
REFRIGERANTS:
 ‘’Refrigerant is the fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system that absorbs heat
during evaporation from the region of low temperature and pressure, and releases heat
during condensation at a region of higher temperature and pressure’’.
 Example: Air, Water, Refrigerant gases like R-22, R-134a, R-410a etc.
 HCFC-22 (or) R-22:
Chlorodifluoromethane or difluoromonochloromethane is a hydrochlorofluorocarbon
(HCFC). This colorless gas is better known as HCFC-22 or R-22.
The boiling point of R-22 is -41.3oF (at atmospheric pressure 14.7 psia, 1 bar abs)
 R-134A:
1, 1, 1, 2-Tetrafluoroethane, R-134a, Forane 134a, Genetron 134a, Suva 134a or HFC-
134a. It is a haloalkane refrigerant with thermodynamic properties similar to R-12
(dichlorodifluoromethane) but with less ozone depletion potential. It has the formula
CH2FCF3 and boiling point of -26.3oC (-15.34oF) at atmospheric pressure.
 R-410A:
R-410A, sold under the trademarked names Forane 410A, Puron, Ecofluor R410,
Genetron R410A, and AZ-20, is a zeotropic, but near-azeotropic mixture of
difluoromethane (CH2F2, called R-32) and pentafluoroethane (CHF2CF3, called R-125),
which is used as a refrigerant in air conditioning applications.
The boiling point of R-410A is -55.4oF (at atmospheric pressure 14.7 psia, 1 bar abs)
 NH3:
Ammonia or ozone is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.
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Ammonia as used commercially, is often called anhydrous ammonia, because NH3 boils
at -33.34CC (-28.02oF) at a pressure of 1 atmosphere, the liquid must be stored under high
pressure or at low pressure.
Criteria for Refrigerant Selection:

Some of the desirable characteristics for a widely used refrigerant include:
 Environmental acceptability
 Materials Compatibility
 Chemical Stability
 Refrigeration-cycle performance
 Adherence to nonflammable and nontoxic guidelines
 Boiling Point
Classification of Air Conditioning Systems

Based on the fluid media used in the thermal distribution system, air conditioning systems can be
classified as:
1. All Air Systems
2. All Water Systems
3. Air-Water Systems
4. Unitary Refrigerant Based Systems
All Air Systems:

In this system, air is used as the media that transports energy from the conditioned space to the
A/C plant. In these systems air is processed in the A/C plant and this processed air is then
conveyed to the conditioned space through insulated ducts using blowers and fans.
It is further classified into 2 sub-systems:
1. Single Duct System – It can provide either cooling or heating using the same duct, but
not both heating / cooling simultaneously.
2. Dual Duct System
All Water Systems:

In this systems, the fluid used in thermal distribution system is water i.e. water transports energy
between the conditioned space and the A/C plant. When cooling is required in the conditioned
space then cold water is circulated between the plant & the conditioned space, while hot water is
circulated through the distribution system when heating is required.
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It is further classified into 2 sub-systems:

1. 2 Pipe System – It is used either cooling or heating only application, but cannot be used
for simultaneous cooling and heating.
2. 4 Pipe System – It consists of two supply pipelines – one for cold water and one for hot
water, and two return water pipelines.
Air-Water Systems:
In this system, both air and water are used for providing required conditions in the conditioned
space. The air and water are cooled or heated in a central plant. The air supplied to the
conditioned space from the central plant is called as primary air, while the water supplied from
the plant is called as secondary water. The complete system consists of a central plant for cooling
or heating of water & air, ducting system with fans for conveying air, water pipelines and pumps
for conveying water and a room terminal. The room terminal may be in the form of a FCU, an
induction unit or a radiation panel.
Unitary Refrigerant Systems:

It consist of several separate air conditioning units with individual refrigeration systems. These
systems are factory assembled and tested as per standard specifications and are available in the
form of package units of varying capacity and type. Each package consists of a refrigeration and
/ or heating units with fans, filters, controls etc.
Heat Load Calculation (or) Estimation

Heat – it is a form of energy which can be neither created nor destroyed, but changes its form
from one to another.
Heat can be measured in terms of British Thermal Units (BTU).
BTU – 1 BTU is an amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1oF.
TR – 1 TR is an amount of cooling given by 1 ton of ice kept in a room of dimensions 10’ x 10’
x 10’ in the next 24 hours.
1 TR = 12000 BTU
1 TR = 3.513 KW
1 TR = 3.41 BTU/hr
Heat Load Calculation – It is a mathematical procedure of calculating or determining the
amounts of heat which can get generated inside the building through internal & external sources
of heat. This heat has to be removed from the building space to maintain a set of cooling
conditions or in other words provide cooling to the room space to maintain the indoor conditions.
This is measured in terms of TR (Tons of Refrigeration).
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Sources of Heat:
1. External Sources
a. Sun – Wall, Glass, Roof, Partition
b. Air – Ventilation, Infiltration
2. Internal Sources
a. People
b. Lighting (Watts)
c. Equipment (KW)
Purpose of Load Calculations:

Load calculations can be used to accomplish one or more objectives:
1. Provide information for equipment selection and HVAC system design.
2. Provide data for evaluation of the optimum possibilities for load reduction.
3. Permit analysis of partial loads as required for system design, operation and control.
These objectives can be obtained not only by making accurate load calculations but also by
understanding the basis for the loads, where a brief description of cooling and heating loads is
included.
Building Survey
Principles of Cooling Loads:
In air-conditioning design there are three distinct but related heat flow rates, each of which varies
with time.
1. Heat Gain or Loss
2. Cooling load or Heating load
3. Heat Extraction or Heat Addition Rate
Heat Gain – It is the rate at which heat enters or is generated within a space at a given instant of
time. There are two ways that heat gain is classified. They are the manner in which heat enters
the space and the type of heat gain.
The manner in which a load source enters a space is indicated as follows:
1. Solar radiation through transparent surfaces such as windows.
2. Heat conduction through exterior walls and roofs.
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3. Heat conduction through interior partitions ceilings and floors.

4. Heat generated within the space by occupants, lights, appliances, equipment and
processes.
5. Load as a result of ventilation and infiltration of outside air.
6. Other miscellaneous heat gains.
The types of heat gain are sensible and latent. Proper selection of cooling and humidifying
equipment is made by determining whether the heat gain is sensible or latent.
The sensible cooling load is defined as the rate at which heat must be removed from the space to
maintain the room air temperature at a constant value.
The actual total cooling load is generally less than the peak total instantaneous heat gain thus
requiring smaller equipment than would be indicated by the heat gain.
Heat extraction is the rate at which heat is removed from the conditioned space.
Diversity of Cooling Loads:

Diverting of cooling load results from not using part of the load on a design day. Therefore,
diversity factors are the factors of usage and are applied to the refrigeration capacity of large air-
conditioning systems. These factors vary with location, type, size of applicant based entirely on
the judgement and experience of the engineer.
Generally, diversity factors can be applied on loads from people and lights; there is neither 100%
occupancy nor total lighting at the time of such other peak loads as peak solar and transmission
loads. The reductions in cooling loads from non-use are real and should be accounted for. In
addition to the factors for people and lights, a factor should also be applied to the machinery load
in industrial buildings. It is advisable to measure the power input whenever possible as this will
provide a diversity factor. It is also possible to determine a diversity factor for a large existing
building by reviewing the maximum electrical demand and monthly energy consumption
obtained from the utility bills.
Principles and Procedures for Calculating Heating Load

1. Information Required (Inputs) – Before a cooling or heating load can be properly
estimated a complete survey must be made of the physical data. The more exact the
information that can be obtained about space characteristics, heat load sources, location
of equipment and services, weather data, etc. the more accurate will be the load estimate.
2. Required Input – External Loads – Cooling: For calculation of the outdoor loads, the
input information should include:
a. Orientation and dimensions of building components.
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b. Construction materials for roofs, walls, ceiling, interior partitions, floors and
fenestration.
c. Size and use of space to be conditioned.
d. Surrounding conditions, outdoors and in adjoining spaces.
3. Film Coefficient – In addition to the resistance of the various components of a barrier, we
have to consider one more resistance offered by a film of air (or fluid if the barrier is a
fluid) which clings on to the barrier surfaces. This resistance is more when the air is still
and is relatively less when there is wind velocity.
Outside Film Coefficient (RO) = 0.25
Inside Film Coefficient (RI) = 0.65
4. Storage Effect – Suppose “TO” is the temperature on both sides of the barrier. There will
be no heat transmission through the barrier and the temperature at all points within the
barrier will also be the same. Therefore, no temperature gradient. The walls take about 2
hours approximately to start conducting the heat onto the inside space.
5. Attic Spaces – Whenever a false ceiling is provided in a room, the space enclosed
between the false ceiling and the concrete ceiling is called ATTIIC SPACE. If the attic
space is not ventilated the entire space within the attic will assume an intermediate
temperature which will be more than the room temperature and less than the outside
temperature.
Procedure for Heat Load Estimation

 Collect architect drawings for the building giving all the details and dimensions of walls,
floors, windows, etc. If such drawings are not available, survey the place and get the
particulars.
 For every applications, there are certain things which the ultimate user has to specify.
These are:
a. Temperature & humidity conditions to be maintained inside the space and tolerance.
b. Occupancy – i.e., maximum no. of people likely to occupy the space and the nature of
their activity.
c. Lighting load and other internal source of heat generation.
d. Period of operation – ex: 8 AM to 4 PM or 10 AM to 8 PM etc.
e. For industrial application you require the HP load in the conditioned space and
diversity factor thereon.
f. Minimum ventilation required.
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 Outside Design Conditions:

1. For comfort air conditioning application, use the mean maximum DB temperature &
the WB temperature which occurs simultaneously with the assumed DB.
2. For industrial applications where temperatures and humidity are to be maintained
within very close tolerance through the year, take the maximum DB and the
simultaneously occurring WB temperature.
 For all applications make a second load estimate for monsoon conditions.
 For applications where the conditioned spaces are spread over very vast floor areas,
divide the entire area into convenient zones and make load estimates.
 Occupancy – In certain applications a diversity factor may have to be used even in
respect of occupancy. Examples are: Office areas where a separate conference room is
also provided. The conference room may be designed for a large number of people. But
you must realize that it is mostly the people in the office who go into conferences and
hence any occupancy in the conference room brings about an equal reduction in the
occupancy in other areas of the office.
 Typical Diversity Factors for Largest Buildings:
Type of Application Diversity Factor for People Diversity Factor for Lights
Office 0.75 to 0.90 0.70 to 0.85
Apartment, Hotel 0.40 to 0.60 0.30 to 0.50
Department Storage 0.80 to 0.90 0.90 to 1.0
Industrial 0.85 to 0.95 0.80 to 0.90
Design Conditions of the Project

Outside Design Conditions:
Outside design condition is a combination of the temperature and the relative humidity of the
external environment with respect to the building structure.
Outside Conditions:
Temperature = 106 OF (41 OC)
Relative Humidity = 28%
Tc = (5/9)*(Tf-32)
Where, Tc = Temperature in degree Celsius
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Tf = Temperature in degree Fahrenheit
Inside Design Conditions:

Inside design condition is a combination of the temperature and the relative humidity within the
subjected building structure or the favorable conditions required within the building structure as
per standards / clients.
Inside Conditions:
Temperature = 76 OF (24 OC)
Relative Humidity = 50%
Heat Load Estimation

The basic formula for Heat Load Calculation/Estimation,
Q=UA T
Where, Q = Quantity / Rate of Heat Transfer (Btu/hr)
U = Coefficient of Heat Transfer (Btu/hr Ft2 oF)
A = Area of Cross-section (Sqft)
T = Temperature Difference (oF)
Coefficient of Heat Transfer:

The U-factor for each of the type of wall is calculated according to the thickness of the wall and
its thermal resistance value of each material, using the formula.
U = 1/Sum of All Resistances (R) of materials inbuilt in the wall structure.
Sum of all resistances = RO + X1R1 + X2R2 +................+ XnRn + Ri
Where,
X1 .................Xn are the thickness of the each material
R1 ................ Rn are the resistance of the material
RO = Outside Air Film Coefficient
Ri = Inside Air Film Coefficient
Area Calculations:
The area of each wall or window can be calculated by simple mathematical calculations, and can
be used for the Heat Load Estimate.
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Inputs for Heat Load Calculation:

1. Client Requirements
a. Type of Building – Residential / Commercial
b. Indoor Condition
c. A/C or Non-A/C Rooms (Zones)
2. Civil Specification
a. Civil Plan – Physical Civil Data + Direction
b. Material Specifications – U value for Glass /Walls/ Roof/ Partition
3. Climatic Conditions – T for Glass / Walls / Roof / Partition, DBT, WBT, RH, SH
4. Co-ordination with other Services – Electrical (Lighting, Equipment)
Modes of Heat Transfer

There are three modes of heat transfer:
a. Conduction: It is the transfer of heat from one part of a substance to another in

physical contact with it, without appreciable displacement of molecules forming
the substance.
Conduction takes place in solids, liquids and gases.
b. Convection: It is the transfer of heat within a fluid by mixing of one portion of

fluid with another, there is an appreciable movement of the molecules of the fluid.
Natural convection takes place due to density difference.
Forced convection takes place by doing work (blowers, pumps, etc.)
Convection takes place in gases and liquids.
c. Radiation: It is the transfer of heat in space in form of electro-magnetic waves or

quanta. Radiation does not need medium it can pass thru vacuum.
Psychrometry:
The area of measuring the moisture content of air is termed as Psychrometry.
Psychometrics:
It is a science involving the study of air and the moisture present in the air (properties of air) with
consideration to the human comfort conditions.
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Properties of Air:
1. Dry Bulb Temperature (DBT) – It is a temperature measured by an ordinary, dry
thermometer of a given space.
2. Wet Bulb Temperature (WBT) – It is a temperature measured by a thermometer whose
bulb is covered by a wet wick (or) cloth and kept in a current of rapidly moving air.
3. Dew Point Temperature (DPT) – It is the threshold temperature after which condensing
starts.
4. Relative Humidity (RH) – It is a ratio of actual vapor pressure present in the air to the
saturated water vapor pressure in the air at same temperature.
5. Specific Humidity (SH) / Humidity Ratio (HR) / Moisture Content – It is the weight of
the moisture present in per pound of dry air. It is measured in terms of pounds of
moisture / pound of dry air.
(Or)
Grains of moisture / pound of dry air (Gr/Lb)
1 pound = 7000 grains
Selection of Machines
1. Client Requirement
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2. Building Requirement
a. Window A/C (1 – 2 TR)
- Technically not feasible
- No. of Machines are more / cost is also more
- Maintenance is more
- No fresh air option
- Building look is spoiled
b. Split A/C (1 – 3 TR)
c. Cassette A/C (1.5 – 4 TR)
d. Verticool A/C (2.5 – 4.5 TR)
- Technically feasible
- No. of machines are more
- Maintenance is more
- No fresh air
- Building look is spoiled
e. Package A/C (Roof Top Units – RTUs) [5 – 25 TR]
- No. of machines are less
- Maintenance is less
- Fresh air is available
- Ducting is required
f. VRF/VRV A/C (5 – 150 TR) [R-410 is used]
- No. of machines can be less
- Initial cost is less
- Maintenance cost is more
- Fresh air is possible
- Ducting is optional
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- Piping length: Lmax = 150 m

g. Centralized Chilled Water System (Chiller, FCU/AHU, Pump) [100 – 300 TR &
Above]
- No. of machines are less
- Maintenance is less
- Initial cost is very high
- Fresh air is possible
- Ducting / Piping are required
i) FCU Selection: Fan Coil Unit (1 – 5 TR) depends on Brand
ii) AHU Selection: Air Handling Unit (5 – 100 TR & Above) depends on Brand
iii) Chiller Selection: Depends on Brand
iv) Pump Selection: It can be done only after having the final piping shop drawing.
(Later in the Project).
HVAC System Components:
The basic components in a common central HVAC system are:

1. Fan(s) to circulate the supply air (SA) and return air (RA).
2. Supply air ductwork in which the air flows from the supply fan to the conditioned space.
3. Air devices such as supply air outlets and return air inlets.
4. Return air path or ductwork in which the air flows back from the conditioned space to the
mixed air chamber (Plenum).
5. Outside air (OA) device such as an opening, louver or duct to allow for the entrance of
outside air into the mixed air chamber.
6. Mixed air chamber to receive the return air and mix it with outside air.
7. Filter section(s) to remove dirt and dust particles from the mixed air.
8. Heat exchanger(s) such as hot water coil(s), steam coil(s), refrigerant evaporator(s), or
chilled water coil(s) to add heat to or remove heat from the circulated air.
9. Auxiliary heating devices such as natural gas furnace(s) or electric heating element(s).
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10. Compressor(s) to compress the refrigerant vapor and pump the refrigerant around the
system.
11. Condenser(s) to remove heat from the refrigerant vapor and condense it to a liquid.
12. Fan(s) to circulate outside air across air-cooled condenser(s).
13. Pump(s) to circulate water through water-cooled condenser(s); condenser water pump
(CWP); and condenser water supply (CWS) and return (CWR).
14. Pump(s) to circulate hot water from the boiler(s) through the hot water coil(s) and back or
to circulate chilled water from the chiller(s) through the chilled water coil(s) and back to
the chiller(s).
15. For central systems, water or steam boiler(s) as a central heating source.
16. For central systems, water chiller(s) as a central cooling source.
17. For central systems, cooling tower(s) with water-cooled condenser(s).
18. Controls to start, stop, or regulate the flow of air, water, steam, refrigerant and electricity.
Equipment Submittal:
It is a documented form of all those equipment to be selected along with their technical
specifications and brand to be submitted to the consultant or client for their approval.
The heat load being done will become a supporting document for the selection of machines and
only after the approval of the submittals the procurement process starts.
Equipment Schedule:
It is a tabular representation of all those equipment selected and going to be installed at site along
with their technical, physical and brand specifications submitted along with the drawing to the
client or consultant for their approval.
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FAN BASICS
Fans:
A fan is a power driven rotary machine which causes a continuous flow of air. A fan has rotating
bladed impeller. The blades exert force on the air, raising its pressure and maintaining a
continuous flow.
A fan may be ‘directly driven’ or ‘belt driven’.
AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

DUCT BASICS:
Duct:
A duct can be described as a device used to provide an isolation path to carry an item from one
place to other place without bringing the product in contact with the atmosphere before the
delivery point.
The major purpose of a duct is to carry the air from one point to the other without bringing it in
contact with the outside atmosphere. This can be either supply air or return air.
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Components of Air Distribution System

1. Supply Fan
2. Coil
3. Filter
4. Transition fitting
5. Supply Air Grill
6. Return Air Grill
7. Supply Air Duct
8. Return Air Duct
9. Fresh Air Duct
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10. Supply Air Diffuser

11. Return Air Diffuser
Supply Air:
It is defined as the conditioned air being supplied from the air conditioner outlet. The air is
treated air & contains all the desired qualities as provided by the air.
Return Air:
It is defined as the air being supplied back to the air conditioner from the air conditioned space.
This air is returned back to the air conditioner after being circulated in the conditioned space.
Fresh Air:
It is defined as the ambient air being supplied to the air conditioner inlet from the outside
atmosphere. This air is supplied to the air conditioner inlet from the outside atmosphere after
being initially treated.
Types of Pressure
1. Total Pressure
2. Static Pressure
3. Velocity Pressure
Total Pressure = Static Pressure + Velocity Pressure
 Static pressure is measured perpendicular to the direction of flow of the air. It may be
positive or negative.
 Velocity pressure: The pressure due to velocity of the air flowing in a duct is termed as
velocity pressure. It is always positive and always exerted in the direction of flow.
Velocity Pressure = Total Pressure – Static Pressure
Aspect Ratio:
Aspect Ratio = Long Side of Duct / Short Side of Duct
(Or)
= Width of the Duct / Height of the Duct
Best Aspect Ratio is 1:1
Maximum permissible Aspect Ratio is 4:1
 In Rectangular ducts the best aspect ratio is 1:1 i.e. 1. As the Aspect ratio increases the
friction per running feet of the duct increases due to increase in surface area.
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Advantages & Disadvantages of Various Ducts

Round Duct:
Advantages:
1. Lowest friction
2. Less material required for fabrication
Disadvantages:
1. Height required to install round duct is more
2. Fabrication time is more
Square Duct:
Advantages:
1. Less Friction as compare to rectangular duct
2. Less material required for fabrication as compared to rectangular duct
Disadvantages:
1. Height required to install square duct is more as compared to rectangular ducts.
Rectangular Duct:
Advantages:
1. Height required to install the rectangular duct is less
2. Easy to fabricate at site
Disadvantages:
1. Friction is more in rectangular duct as compared to round & square duct
Plenum:
Plenum is used to convert turbulent flow to laminar flow.
It is to distribute the air.
By using plenum, noise will also reduce.
Transition Ducts (Transformation Pieces)

Transition ducts are part of main duct which are used to connect duct of one size or shape to
another size or shape.
They are two types:
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a. Reducer – Concentric, Eccentric (Flat on Bottom & Flat on Top)

b. Enlarger
Recommended GI Sheet Metal Gauge

Rectangular Duct Gauge Sheet
Size (mm) Thickness
(mm)
Up to 750 24 0.63
750 to 1500 22 0.80
1500 to 2250 20 1.00
More than 2250 18 1.25
For Plenum 18 1.25
Designing of Ducting System

Points to be considered while designing a ducting system:
1. Aspect Ratio = Long Side of Duct / Short Side of Duct [W/H or H/W]
Best Aspect Ratio = 1:1 (450 x 450)
Maximum permissible Aspect Ratio = 4:1 (800 x 200)
2. False Ceiling Height
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3. Economical Design & Fittings
(We try to maintain either Height or Width of the duct constant throughout the length but
not mandatory)
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4. Co-ordination with other services

[ISD – Individual Service Drawing & CSD – Combined Service Drawing]
Duct Designing Methods

1. Velocity Reduction Method – This method considers the velocity (fpm) as constant in a
given ducting system as per service & type (Main Vs Branch) of ducts as per SMACNA.
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2. Equal Friction Method – This method considers the friction loss in ducting system as
constant as per SMACNA. This is most preferred method for duct designing.
Friction/Head Loss = 0.8 pa/m – 1.0 pa/m
(Or)
= 0.098 WG/100ft – 0.123 WG/100ft
WC/WG – Water Column (or) Water Gauge
3. Static Regain Method – It is used for high velocity systems
LEVEL SETTING
It is a procedure to provide or determine the level or height at which each service is going to be
installed within the false ceiling from the reference of Finished Floor Level (FFL).
 These levels for each MEP service will be provided and later on coordinated for zero
clashing requirement to co-exist within the false ceiling.
 These levels form a part of final shop drawing requirements.
 CL – Center Line
 BL – Bottom Level
 BOD – Bottom of Duct
 BOP – Bottom of Pipe
 BOU – Bottom of Unit
 FFL – Finished Floor Level
 FCL – False Ceiling Level
 SL – Soffit Level
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 SSL – Structured Slab Level
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BOD of Branch Ducts

1. Concentric Reducer
BOD of Br. Duct = Main Duct Height – Branch Duct Height / 2 + BOD of Main Duct
Ex: 400 – 300 / 2 + 3000 = 3050 mm
2. Eccentric Reducer:
a. Flat on Top
BOD of Br. Duct = (Main Duct Ht. – Branch Duct Ht.) + BOD of Main Duct
b. Flat on Bottom
BOD of Br. Duct = BOD of Main Duct
SECTIONAL DRAWING (OR) SECTIONS

Front View Elevation Drawings
- To clarify any confusion on plan
- To provide additional details
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SCHEMATICS (OR) RISER DIAGRAM

 Schematics are single line representation of the entire flow of a service for the complete
project shown in a single drawing irrespective of any physical / civil variations.
 In HVAC systems, schematics are drawn to represent the flow of air (Supply Air, Return
Air, Fresh Air, and Exhaust Air) and flow of water (Chilled Water Supply / Return) of the
entire project including the equipment used.
 These drawings are also submitted to the consultant or client for the approval.
 In HVAC systems, there are two types of schematics:
a. Ducting Schematics
b. Piping Schematics
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VENTILATION SYSTEMS
It is defined as a process to maintain the indoor air quality as per the people or process comfort
within the building space.
These systems is further classified into 2 sub-systems:
1. Fresh Air System
2. Exhaust Air System
Fresh Air Systems

In this system, fresh ambient air is supplied from the outdoor environment to the indoor space to
maintain the oxygen requirement in the room. This fresh air can be partially or completely
treated before being supplied to the room space. In centralized HVAC systems, the fresh air can
be supplied by multiple procedures.
1. Fresh Air Fan (FAF) System: (Used for Residential)

In this system, fresh ambient air is supplied by fresh air fans (Centrifugal, Inline Fans) from the
outdoor space to the entire building and released behind the FCU through the FAD system (FAD
– Fresh Air Ducting System)
 The terminal device used to release the fresh air behind the FCU is BELL MOUTH.
 This FCU further cools the air and supplied to each room space through Supply Air
Ducting System (SAD).
 Fresh Air = Ventilation (CFM)
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2. AHU System: (Used for Commercial)

In this system, the fresh air is supplied through a terminal device called as FRESH AIR
LOUVER and mixed along with a return air either in the ducting system or in the mixing
chamber of the AHU. The AHU further filters, cools the air & supplied through the SAD system.
3. FAHU System: (Used for Commercial – Hospitals)

In this system, a separate or dedicated AHU called as FAHU (Fresh Air Handling Unit) is used
to supply fresh ambient air to each building space. The FAHU takes the fresh air, filters and
cools it and supply to the each room space through FAD system having separate fresh air
diffusers.
 The FAHU systems is used for precise supply of fresh air, it is an independent system.
 The selection and capacity of the FAHU is depend on the entire fresh air load of the
project.
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Exhaust Air Systems

 In this system, the bad or unwanted air is been removed from the indoor spaces like
kitchens, washrooms & toilets, and exhausted to the outdoor environment. This air may
or may not be reused for any kind of heat recovery options depending on the efficiency &
savings.
 Toilets & Washrooms
1. As per Fixtures
Water Closet (WC)  50 CFM (As per Fixture)
Urinal (URN)  50 CFM (As per Fixture)
2. As per Room Area  2.15 cfm/sqft
 Kitchen
1. Residential
ACH = 10 times
= Volume of Room X ACH X 1/60
2. Commercial Kitchen Ventilation (CKV) System
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Types of Hoods (Based on Location)

a. Wall Canopy
b. Island Canopy
Based on Working Duty
a. Low Duty (100 CFM)
b. Medium Duty (150 CFM)
c. Heavy Duty (200 CFM)
Kitchen Hood Calculation:

1. Stove Size: l x w x h
2. L, W of Hood
L – Equivalent Length = l + 0.8h
W – Equivalent Width = w + 0.8h
Perimeter of Hood
P = 2L + W (for Wall Canopy)
P = 2L + 2W (for Island Canopy)
Exhaust Air (CFM) = P X Duty
Fresh Air (CFM) = 85% of Exhaust Air (EA)
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 As per SMACNA, we maintained Air Velocity in Commercial Kitchen is between 1500 –

2000 FPM.
 We are providing 85% of fresh air in the commercial kitchen to maintain negative
pressure (80 – 85%)
Static Pressure Loss Calculation:
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CHILLED WATER PIPING SYSTEM

Equipment:
1. Pumps
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2. Chillers
3. FCU / AHU
4. Diffusers
Transport Systems:
1. Piping
2. Ducting
Refrigeration:
1. Vapor Absorption System
2. Vapor Compression System
It is further classified as
a. DX Systems [Refrigerant  Air (Single Stage)]
b. Chilled Water Systems [Refrigerant  CHW/Brine  Air (Double Stage)]
Central Hydronic Air Conditioning System:
What should be chilled water of refrigerant temperature?
Classification as per ASHRAE
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 Low temperature heating system up to 250 oF

 Chilled Water System 40 oF to 45 oF supply
 Dual temperature water system
Hot or Chilled Water through Common Piping:
Cooling = 40 oF (4.4 oC) to 45 oF (7.2 oC) supply
Heating = 100 oF (37.7 oC) to 150 oF (65.5 oC) supply
Temperature limits are based on performance
COOLING:
For a space temperature of
- 76 oF & 50% RH
- Dew Point Temperature is 55 oF
- Return Water Temperature should be below 55 oF
- Lowest practical temperature of water (safe from freezing) is 40 oF
- Chilled Water Range is 40 oF – 55 oF
- Similarly, refrigerant temperature should be between 40 oF to 45 oF for Coil Air leaving
of 54 oF
COILS:
1. Prime Surface – They are constructed of bare tubes, used primarily for heat transfer
where the solution may deposit solids on outside of coil. Ex: Freezing of Ice cleaning
benefit of a smooth surface is obvious.
2. Extended Surface Coils – It is used in Air Cooling Applications. Primary Surface area is
of Tubes. Secondary Surface area is provided by Fins, Mechanically bonded to tubes.
- In effect provide significant higher heat exchange per unit area of coil exposed to air, thus
making the coil compact.
CHILLERS:
1. Air Cooled Chillers
2. Water Cooled Chillers – Cooling Tower is required
It is depend on which type of Condenser we used either Air Cooled or Water Cooled.
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COOLING TOWERS:
 Similar concept as evaporative condensers
 Condenser water ‘’Open’’ in the tower
 Some water evaporates, requiring make-up water
 Some systems eliminate the fan requirement
PIPING SYSTEM:
 A pipe is a cylindrical conduit used for the transportation of fluids and solids from one
place to another under pressure.
 Fluids: Liquids (Ex: Water) & Gas (Ex: Steam)
 Solids: Ex. Powder & Pellets
 Semi-solids: Ex. Slurry
- The piping system in centralized HVAC system is a closed type. The closed systems are
made up of two components:
a. A supply system that ends at a terminal air conditioning equipment unit.
b. A return system that starts at the terminal equipment
 Designation of Pipe Size: Nominal Pipe Size (NPS)
[ND of pipe in inches – provides OD as per standard]
 Designation of Pipe Thickness: Schedule Number (Wall thickness of pipe in inches)
 Pipe length are commercially provided in as,
1. Single Random Length = 20 ft. or 6 m
2. Double Random Length = 40 ft. or 12 m
3. Customized Length = As per Customer Requirement
 During the procurement of piping system, we have consider these three facts of pipe:
1. Designation of pipe size
2. Designation of pipe thickness
3. Pipe length
Pipe Manufacturing Methods:

1. Seamless (Not Welded)
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2. ERW (Electric Resistance Weld)

3. EFW (Electric Fusion Weld)
4. FBW (Fusion Butt Weld)
5. SAW (Submerged Arc Weld)
6. DSAW (Double Submerged Arc Weld)
7. Spiral Weld
Pipe Ends:
1. Threaded / Screwed ends
2. Plain ends
3. Beveled ends (Angle 30 – 35o)
Pipe Joining Methods:

1. Threaded joining method
2. Socket weld method
3. Butt weld method
4. Flanged joining method
Types of Valves:
1. Globe Valve (Used for Throttling)
2. Gate Valve (Used for Isolation Only)
3. Butterfly Valve (Used for Isolation as well as Throttling)
4. Strainer Valve (Used to remove foreign particles from the water, which can damage the
pump)
5. Non-Return Valve / Check Valve (Used for preventing reverse flow)
Types of Piping in HVAC:
Piping System Velocity

of Water
Roof Piping 10 FPS
Riser Piping 8 FPS
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Floor Piping 6 FPS
Pipe Sizing:
 The pipe sizing for a line can be done with following values:
For Water: Volume Flow Rate (GPM) & Velocity (FPS)
Formula:
GPM = 2.4 x TR
 FPS is calculated basing on number of hours of operation per year.
Ex: @HYD operating for 5 months per year = 5 months x 30 days x 24 hrs. = 3600 hrs. /year
PUMPS
 A pump is a device which imparts energy and thus pressurizes the water to maintain flow
in a HVAC system.
 HVAC System: Need pump for circulating water / brine

Major Applications are:
1. Condenser & Cooling Tower System
2. Chilled / Brine & Hot Water System
3. Air Washer / Evaporative Cooling
4. Make up Water System
5. Boiler feed water & Condensate pumps
6. Gear Oil Pumps
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HVAC Pumps:
1. Positive Displacement: It is good for viscous fluids fuel oil for Boiler & VAM. Ex: Gear
Oil Pumps etc.
2. Centrifugal Pump: Mostly all pumps used in HVAC system are Centrifugal. Fluids is
Water or Brine Solution.
Types of Pumps:
1. Horizontal Split Case
2. End Suction Pumps:
a. Water enters axially and is discharged radially perpendicular to shaft.
b. The casing is vertically split.
c. These pumps take less space than horizontal split case.
d. Coupling are spacer type.
e. These are single suction.
3. Inline Pumps:
a. Water enters & leaves in the same line.
b. It can be mounted directly on pipe line.
c. It saves floor space.
d. It mostly available for smaller capacity
Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps:

 Pump performance is rated on six parameters:
1. Head
2. Flow Rate
3. Speed
4. Efficiency
5. Horse Power
6. Impeller Diameter
HEAD:
 It is a measure of the pressure a pump develops.
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 It describes capability of the pump to handle the resistance to flow expressed in ‘ft.’
water column.
 1.03 kg/m2 = 10 m of water = 14.7 psia
(Or)
100 Ft of Water = 44.78 psia
PUMP LAWS:
Flow rate, Q is directly proportional to Pump Speed (RPM)
Head, H is directly proportional to Pump Speed (RPM)2
Power, P is directly proportional to Pump Speed (RPM)3
 Control of pump RPM to vary flow rate can provide lot of energy saving.
 At reduced load, 50% reduction in flow rate will translate to 87.5% reduction in power.
Pump Selection:
Pump selection is based on two factors:
1. GPM (Volume Flow Rate of Water)
2. HEAD (psi / ft. of water)
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BILL OF QUANTITY (BOQ)

BOM – Bill of Materials
MTO – Material Take off
 BOQ – It is a list (or) tabular representation of all the materials along with their technical
& physical specifications and quantity prepared as per the final shop drawings for a given
MEP service.
 These BOQs will be further submitted along with shop drawings to the consultant or
client for their final approval.
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 BOQs also help in the process of estimation, costing and procurement for a given project.
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Site Installation Procedures

Construction Industry:
1. Civil
a. Architectural
b. Structural
2. MEP
a. Mechanical
b. Electrical
c. Plumbing
MEP Industry:
1. Mechanical
a. HVAC
b. Fire Fighting
c. Garbage Handling
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d. LPG
2. Electrical
a. Lighting
b. Power
c. BMS
d. FAS
e. Security
3. Plumbing
a. Water Supply
b. Drainage
c. Storm Water
d. Irrigation
Workflow Procedures:
1. Client:
a. Owner / Sponsor of the project
b. Provides requirements / supervises till final handover
2. Consultant:
a. Design Expert & Lead; Civil / MEP
b. Designs & Approves all the technical requirements
3. Contractor:
a. Prepares final shop drawings
b. Executes the project work at site
c. Project hand over to client
4. Sub-contractor:
a. Supports the contractor for site installation
Stages of Project Completion:

1. Project Initiation  Starting of the project with finalization of consultants.
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2. Project Design  Consultants prepares all the design drawings & calculations of the
project.
3. Project Drafting  Contractor prepares and gets approval for all the shop drawings of the
project.
4. Project Installation  Contractors goes for site installation as the approved drawings.
5. Project Handover  Project Handover to client after commissioning of the project.
MEP Departments:
1. Estimation Department
2. Design Department
3. CADD Department
4. Procurement Department
5. Documentation Department
6. Site Department
7. QA / QC Department
8. Testing & Commissioning Department
Site Installation Department:

1. Engineering Department:
a. Civil
b. MEP
2. Labor Department:
a. Helper
b. Labor
c. Charge Hand
d. Foreman
e. Supervisor
3. Site Staff Department:
a. Site Engineer
b. Project Engineer
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c. Department Manager
d. QA / QC Engineer
e. Project Manager
f. Project Director
4. Supporting Departments:
a. Design Department
b. Procurement Department
c. Store Department
d. Logistic Department
e. Safety Department
f. Scaffolding Department
g. QA / QC Department
h. Testing & Commissioning Department
Site Installation Procedure:

1. Drawing Analyzing
2. BOQ – Bill of Quantity
3. Duct & Pipe Support Installation
4. Duct & Pipe Installation
5. Duct Leakage Test
6. Pipe Pressure Test
7. Duct & Pipe Insulation
8. FCU Installation
9. AHU Installation
10. CAV & VAV Installation
11. Chilled Water Pump Installation
12. Air Cooled Chillers Installation
13. Vibration isolator installation
14. Motors & Gauges Installation
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Steps for Site Installation:

To plan and prepare for the installation of residential and commercial air conditioning and
heating systems
 Planning the Installation
 Installation Tasks
 Startup of Installation
 Installation Requirements (3Ms)
 Safety Requirements
 Inspection & Testing
 Client Handover
Planning the Installation:

Reliable system installations do not happen by accident; they require careful planning.
1. Equipment Planning
2. Material Planning
3. Manpower
4. Permits & Codes
5. Select Equipment Location(s)
6. Prepare Equipment Site(s)
7. Schedule Job/Coordinate with other trades
Installation Tasks:
The installation of any system or component should always be performed as recommended by
the manufacturer’s specific installation instructions or as per approved project specifications.
1. Equipment Installation
2. Run Ducting with Final Connection
3. Run Piping with Final Connection
4. Electrical Hookup
HVAC System:
1. Equipment Installation
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a. Chillers
b. AHUs
c. FCUs
d. Pumps
2. System Installation
a. Ducting System & Accessories
b. Piping System & Accessories
Ducting Installation:
 Ensure that all shop drawings; material submittals are approved for installation of the
ducting system, hangers & supports.
 Check all the building work openings are as per approved drawings.
 Fix the hangers and supports as per the shop drawing.
 Join the ducting pieces as per the requirements to form a run of ducting system.
 Install the ducting on the supports and provide the final connections.
 Install the required accessories like Volume Dampers, Fire Dampers, Access Doors,
Sound Attenuators, and Variable Air Volumes (VAV) etc.
 Ensure that HVAC ductwork connections to the equipment will be with flexible
connection and flanged joint completed with nuts, bolts and gaskets as well for ducting
system.
 The ducting system will be finally insulated with thermal insulation as per the project
specifications after performing the testing adjusting and balancing operations.
 The Site Staff will go with their routine checkup for all kinds of snags and corrections as
guided by the consultants for the final approval of the ducting system.
Piping Installation:
 Ensure that all the shop drawings; material submittals are approved for installation of the
piping system, hangers & supports.
 Check all the building work openings are as per approved drawings.
 Fix the hangers and supports as per the shop drawing.
 Join the pipe lengths as per the requirements to form a run.
 Install the piping on the supports and provide the final connections.
P a g e 69 | 74
 Install the required accessories like Gauges and Valves for monitoring and control.
 Ensure all connections to the equipment are as per specified.
 Insulation and final checkup is required.
Installation Requirements (3Ms):

1. Material
2. Manpower
3. Machinery
Safety Requirements:
Safety requirements have to be followed for persons involved with the installation, operation,
and maintenance of HVAC equipment that may be potentially dangerous.
- Constructional Safety Specifications
- Safety Awareness
- Safety Tags & Check ups
- Fire Extinguisher
- PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
PPE:
1. Head Protection – Hard Hats
2. Body Protection – Safety Jackets
3. Hearing Protection – Ear Muffs
4. Leg Protection – Safety Shoes
5. Hand and Arm Protection – Leather, Canvas or Metal Mesh Gloves
6. Eye & Face Protection – Laser Safety Glass
Scaffolding:
It is temporary structure constructed to work on heights in the construction industry.
Inspection & Testing:

The inspection, Testing & Commissioning procedures covers the activities like preliminary test
& inspections, functional performance tests and the commissioning of newly completed
installations.
P a g e 70 | 74
- To approve the inspection & testing procedures including commissioning of the project
proposed and submitted by the contractor for the MEP installation.
- To witness T & C procedures as specified; and
- To accept the T & C certificates and other supporting data.
Duct Leakage Test:

- Air Pressure Test
- Smoke Test
- Light Test
Pipe Leakage Test:

- Hydro Test
Testing, Adjusting & Balancing (TAB) is done as per final handover requirements.
Testing, Adjusting & Balancing (TAB) operation:

The phrase testing, adjusting and balancing (TAB) has become popular. As a description of what
is commonly called balancing.
Testing is the process of operation & checking the performance of equipment.
Balancing is the process of proportioning the correct flow of air & water throughout the system.
Such as through mains, branches, equipment & terminal units.
Adjusting is the process of regulating & setting the variable so that a balance system is achieved.
The variable may be speed, temperature, pressure, flow rate, etc. Some devices that control a
variable for example, a valve may be regulated to adjust flow rate in the process of balancing.
Instrumentation:
The success of the TAB operation depend on accurate instrumentation. These instrument are
used for measuring temperature, pressure, velocity, flow rates, speed, heat flow & electrical
energy.
Instrument have varied degree of accuracy. For TAB work as accuracy within 5% of the true
value is more than sufficient and is usually available in the market.
Instrument should be always calibrated before each use.
Measurement of Temperature:
Thermometer with an accuracy of + (or) – 0.5oC or + (or) – 1oC are suitable for HVAC work.
Measurement of Pressure:
P a g e 71 | 74
Manometer are simple and accurate pressure measuring instrument which utilize the pressure
that will lift a column of liquid. Water or mercury are the two common liquid used. The U-Tube
Manometer is the simplest arrangement. One end of the manometer is connected to the location
where pressure is to be measured, and other is usually open to the atmosphere. The reading on
the manometer is therefore gauge pressure.
Bourdon Pressure Gauge: It is a most commonly used type for installation in pipeline & in
vessels. This type of gauge is rugged & reliable and relatively in-expensive. It is not suitable for
reading very small pressure differences.
Measurement of Velocity:
For very approximate air velocity steady smoke can be use. The smoke generated by a
mechanical device or candles (smoke emitters) is injected in the air stream and absorb more
practical use of smoke is to examine the air distribution pattern in a room & to find air leakages
in ducts.
Silicon sealant is used to close the duct leakage.
Anemometer & Pilot Tube are most frequently used for measuring air velocities.
Client Handover:
Project handover to client after commissioning of the project, as per project specifications.
- As Built Drawings
- Inspection Request (IR) close out
- Site Instructions (SI) close out
- Engineer’s Instructions (EI) close out
- Operation & Maintenance ( O & M) manuals
International HVAC Standards

 SMACNA – Sheet Metal Air Conditioning Contractor’s National Association [HVAC
Duct construction standard, Metal & Flexible, second edition – 1995]
 NFPA – National Fire Protection Association [Standard for the installation of Air
Conditioning and Ventilating Systems]
 UL – Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. [UL-555 Fire Dampers & Ceiling Dampers]
 ARI – Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute [ARI 650 – Standard for Air Outlets
& Inlets]
 ASHRAE – American Society of Heating Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Engineers
[Handbook, Systems and Equipment Volume]
P a g e 72 | 74
Heat Load Calculation:

Working With HAP:
1. Weather Data: SELECT A CITY
To define the climatic conditions and the solar heat gain of a project as per the
geographical location.
2. Spaces Tab: DEFINE THE SPACE
To define & provide the space data for all the heat gain as per internal & external sources
of heat of each space.
3. System Tab: DEFINE A HVAC SYSTEM
To define & provide all the HVAC system requirement and select a given equipment
system for the project.
Run the system to generate reports.
4. Plant Tab: DEFINE A PLANT SYSTEM
It is used to size the chiller plant only in case of a chilled water system.
Run to generate reports.
Air Conditioning System:

1. CAV (Constant Air Volume) air flow is constant.
2. VAV (Variable Air Volume) temperature is constant.
3. VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow).
4. Dual Duct System.
Constant Air Volume (CAV) System:
In this system, the air quantity delivered from the air handling unit for each zone remain
constant. The temperature of this air supply is change to maintain appropriate room temperature.
Variable Air Volume (VAV) System:
In this system, the air quantity delivered from the air handling unit for each zone varies. The
temperature of this air supply is constant to each zone to maintain the approximate room
temperature.
The basic VAV system arrangement consist of a box damper & sensor.
Dual Duct System:
P a g e 73 | 74
In this system, the arrangement separate hot & cold main duct are run. From heating & cooling
coils. In the air handling unit, mixing boxes are provided in each zone, tapping air from the hot
& cold duct damper in the mixing box respond to a room thermostat to mix the proper proportion
of hot & cold air delivered to the zone.
Note:-
1. New refrigerant R-410a is used in VRF system.
2. Benefits of using R-410a refrigerant:
a. Zero ozone depleting potential
b. Significant increase in energy efficiency
c. Reduced pressure loss for improved performance
P a g e 74 | 74
REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING SEMINAR TOPIC
Refrigerants
Advantages of Air Refrigerated System:-
1. Air is easily available and is cheap.

2. Air is non-toxic and harmless.
3. Leakage of air doesn’t affect the human health.
4. Initial investment is less.
5. Air is nonflammable and hence no danger of fire.
6. The weight of air refrigeration system per ton of refrigeration is low.
Disadvantages of Air Refrigeration System:-
1. COP of air refrigeration system is less compared to other systems.

2. The moisture present in the air may freeze when the temperature
reduced to below 0 oC, thereby clogging the coils.
3. System occupies more space.
4. The weight of air required is more compared with refrigerant in other
systems.
5. Cost of running is more.
Desirable Properties of Refrigerant:-
The essential properties and desirable properties of a good refrigerant are as

follows:
(a) Physical Properties:-

 Low specific volume of vapor
 Low specific heat of liquid refrigerant and high specific heat of
vapor refrigerant.
 High thermal conductivity
 High di-elective strength
 Low viscosity
(b) Thermodynamic Properties:-
 Low boiling and freezing point
 High critical temperature and low critical pressure
 High thermal conductivity
 High latent heat of vaporization
 High COP
Page 1|6
(c) Chemical Properties:-

 It should be nonflammable, non-explosive and should be chemically
inert.
 Non-Corrosiveness
 Non-Toxic
 Chemical stability
 It should not cause any harmful effect on stored products
 Non-irritating
(d) Other Properties:-
 A refrigerant should have a distinct odor
 Power required per ton of refrigerant should be less
 It should be available easily at lesser cost
 Easy to find leakage
 Easy of handling
Nomenclature of Refrigerant:-
Most of the refrigerants of methane and ethane series are designated by their
number instead of their chemical names. A commonly used number system
was developed. The refrigerants are internationally designated as R11, R12
etc.
 A refrigerant followed by a two digit number indicates that it is derived
from methane base and that by three digit number represents ethane
base.
 The method of number system is as follows:
(a) The first digit on the right is the number of fluorine (F) atoms in the
refrigerant.
(b) The second digit from the right is one more than the number of
hydrogen (H) atoms presents.
(c) The third digit from the right is one less than the number of carbon
(C) atoms, but when this digit is zero, it is omitted.
(d) The number of chlorine (Cl) atoms is found by subtracting the sum
of fluorine and hydrogen atoms from the total number and they can
be attached to carbon. With one carbon, the total number of attached
atoms is four. With two carbons, the total number is six.
(e) In some cases, instead of chlorine atoms, bromine atoms are used
with letter B.
(f) The azeotropic refrigerants are designated by 400 or 500 series.
(g) Hydrocarbon refrigerants except butane and isobutene are included
in the 600 series.
(h) Organic refrigerants are included in the 600 series whereas inorganic
refrigerants are in 700 series.
Page 2|6
(i) When two or more inorganic compounds have same molecular

weights, the letter A, B, C etc. are used to distinguish among them.
 The general chemical formula for the refrigerant either for methane or
ethane base is given as
CmHnFpClq
Where, m – Number of carbon atoms

n – Number of hydrogen atoms
p – Number of fluorine atoms
q – Number of chlorine atoms and
n+p+q = 2m+2
Commercially, the refrigerants are designated as R (m-1) (n+1) P
E.g.:- (I) CCl3F
Here,
m=1, n=0, p=1, q=3
Its commercial name = R (m-1) (n+1) P
= R (1-1) (0+1)1
= R11
(II) C2Cl2F4
Here,
m=2, n=0, p=4, q=2
Commercial name = R (m-1) (n+1) P
= R (2-1) (0+1)4
= R114
Functions of Expansion Valve:-
 Expansion valve reduces the high pressure liquid refrigerant to low

pressure liquid refrigerant before being fed to the evaporator.
 Expansion valve maintains the desired pressure difference once
between the high and low pressure sides of the system, so that the
liquid refrigerant vaporizes at the designed pressure in the evaporator.
 Expansion valve controls the flow of refrigerant according to the load
on the evaporator.
Few Common Refrigerants and Their Properties:-

 Ammonia (NH3) R717:-
Page 3|6
 It has boiling point of -33 oC and freezing point of -78 oC

 Cheaper and easily available.
 Low specific volume in vapor state.
 High refrigerating effect.
 Inflammable and toxic.
 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) R764:-
 It was widely used in domestic refrigerator and in small commercial

units. The boiling point of SO2 is -10 0C and freezing point is -75.5 oC
 Merits:-
I. It is non-corrosive and non-explosive.

II. It causes less effect on the viscosity of oil.
III. In liquid state, it is heavier than oil.
IV. It is non-flammable.
 Demerits:-
I. Highly toxic
II. High specific volume
III. Refrigerating effect is less
IV. Have effect on food stuff, when it comes in contact with it.
 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) R744:-
 It has a boiling point of -78 oC and freezing point -57 oC
 Merits:-
I. It is odorless, non-toxic, non-corrosive, non-flammable, non-

poisonous and non-explosive.
II. It is chemically stable.
III. It is immiscible with lubricating oil.
IV. Its boiling point and specific volume is less.
V. It is an excellent fire extinguishing agent.
 Demerits:-
I. Requires heavy piping when operating at high pressures.

II. Requires high power per ton of refrigeration.
III. Requires low temperature coolant in the condenser.
Page 4|6
 Monochloro-Difluro Methane (CHClF2) R22:-
 It is generally used in large units such as package units and central air
conditioning plant. It has a boiling point of -40.76 oC and freezing point
of -160 oC… Now a day, it is widely used in domestic applications.
 Merits:-
I. It has good solubility of oil

II. It is a safe refrigerant
III. The solubility of water is 3 times greater than Freon-12
IV. It is non-toxic, non-corrosive and non-irritating.
 Demerits:-
I. Its discharge temperature is high.

II. Special drives are used for removing the moisture
 Dichloro Difluro Methane (CCl2F2) R12:-
 It is the most widely used refrigerant. Its boiling point is -30 o

C and
freezing point is -158 0C.
 It is non-toxic, non-flammable, non-explosive and non-corrosive.
 It is highly stable and condenses at moderate pressures.
 It is colorless and odorless liquid.
 It has good miscibility with oil.
 Tetrafluoroethane (CF3CH2F) R134a:-
 R134a has fairly good dielectric properties as it has high thermal

stability, low boiling point, and chemical inertness against the
construction materials used; and is non-toxic and non-flammable. . A
dielectric substance in its gaseous state can be used to prevent electric
discharges.
 It is non-toxic, non-flammable, and non-corrosive.
 Its boiling point is -26 oC
 The R134a is used in most home refrigerators as it is very effective and
convenient for high-temperature applications.
Page 5|6
 (CHF2CF3) R410a:-
 R-410A, sold under the trademarked names AZ-20, EcoFluor R410,

Forane 410A, Genetron R410A, Puron, and Suva 410A, is a zeotropic
but near-azeotropic mixture of difluoromethane (CH2F2, called R-32)
and pentafluoroethane (CHF2CF3, called R-125) that is used as a
refrigerant in air conditioning applications. R-410A cylinders are
colored rose.
 R-410A is not flammable at ambient temperatures and atmospheric
pressure.
 Its boiling point is -48.5 oC
 Its melting point is -155 oC
 This refrigerant is a non-toxic, non-flammable gas that lacks odor
Page 6|6
PROJECT REPORT HVAC HEAT LOAD CALCULATIONS
Project Report
HVAC Designing for a Function Hall
Heat Load Estimation (or) Calculation
Purpose of Heat Load Estimation:
 Provide information for equipment selection and HVAC system design.
 Provide data for calculation of the optimum possibilities for load reduction.
 Permit analysis of partial loads as required for system design, operation and control.
Heat Load Estimation:
The basic formula for Heat Load Calculation/Estimation is
Q = U x A x Temperature Difference ( oF )
Where,
Q = Quantity/Rate of Heat Transfer in BTU/hr
U = Coefficient of Heat Transfer (BTU/hr Ft2 oF)
A = Area of the Surface (Sqft)
Coefficient of Heat Transfer:
The U-factor for each of the type of wall is calculated according to the thickness of the wall and
its thermal resistance value of each material, using the formula.
U = 1/Ro + Ri + X1R1 + X2R2 + .................. + XnRn
Where,
R1........Rn = Resistances of Materials inbuilt in the wall structure
Ro = Outdoor Air Film Coefficient
Ri = Indoor Air Film Coefficient
X1 ....... Xn = Thickness of the each Material
Area Calculation:
The area of each wall or window can be calculated by simple mathematical calculations and can
be used for the Heat Load Estimate.
P a g e 1 | 49
 Square = S x S
 Rectangle = L x B
 Triangle = ½ bh
Temperature Difference: Refer Table – 15 for Solar Heat Gain through Glasses
S.No. Direction Temperature
Difference
1 North 23
2 Northeast 138
3 East 163
4 Southeast 85
5 South 14
6 Southwest 85
7 West 163
8 Northwest 138
9 Horizontal 251
 Temperature Difference for Glass depends on

i. Orientation of Building
ii. Latitude of the Project
iii. Peak Timing (Month of Year/Time of Day)
 Temperature Difference for Walls & Roofs is given by a formula:
TD for Walls & Roofs = Equivalent Temperature + Correction Factor
(Equivalent Temp. for Walls, Refer Table – 19)
(Equivalent Temp. for Roofs, Refer Table – 20)
(Correction Factor for Walls & Roofs, Refer Table – 20a)
Equivalent Temperature for Walls & Roofs depends on
i. Orientation of the Building
ii. Weight Density of Walls & Roofs (lb/sqft) [Refer – Table 21]
P a g e 2 | 49
From Table – 21,

Weight of 8 inch Wall [Solid Brick (Face & Common)] is 87 lb/sqft. But we had
taken as 100 lb/sqft.
Weight of 6 inch Roof [Medium Concrete] is 40 lb/sqft
iii. Peak Timing
Correction Factor depends on
i. Daily Range (oF) = Outside DBT – Outside WBT = 106 – 78 = 28 oF
ii. Difference between Outside & Inside DBT = 106 – 76 = 30 oF
Temperature Difference Table for 8 inch Wall:
S.No. Direction Equivalent Correction Temperature
Temp. Factor Difference ( ETD +
CF) [oF]
1 North 4 11 15
2 Northeast 16 11 27
3 East 25 11 36
4 Southeast 19 11 30
5 South 16 11 27
6 Southwest 14 11 25
7 West 12 11 23
8 Northwest 6 11 17
Temperature Difference Table for 6 inch Roof:

S.No. Direction Equivalent Correction Temperature
Temp. Factor Difference
1 Exposed to Sun 38 11 49
Temperature Difference for Partition Wall is given as

= (Outside DBT – Inside DBT) – 5 oF
P a g e 3 | 49
Inputs for Heat Load Estimation:

1. Client Requirement:
a. Type of Building – Residential
b. Indoor Condition – Human Comfort
c. A/C & Non-A/C Zones – 2 A/C Zones
2. Civil Specification:
- Civil Plan
- Material Specification
Civil Plan:-
Latitude of the Project (Hyderabad) = 17.3667 oN (We had taken as 20 oN)

Area of Function Hall = 120 Feet X 125 Feet
P a g e 4 | 49
= 15000 Sqft
Height = 15 Feet (Ceiling Level)
Volume of the Floor = 15000 Sqft x 15 Feet = 225000 Cuft
Capacity of People = 600
Ventilators = 6 (Area of Ventilator = 3l X 1l)
Doors = 5 (Including 1 Double Door)
Doors with Window = 2 ( Area of Window = 2l X 2l )
Windows = 18 (9 on Each Side) ( Area of Window = 4l X 3l )
Glass wool is being used in the false ceiling for absorption of the heat.
Glass Wool:
Density = 16 kgs/m3
Thickness = 50 mm
Size = 50 m X 1.2 m
Area = 24 m
Window Glass = Heat Absorbing Glass with Inside Venetian Blind of Medium Color
Ventilator Glass = Ordinary Glass
West Direction:-
Area of the Wall = 125 feet X 15 feet (Height)
= 1875 Sqft
(Since, Area of Window1 or W1 = 4’ X 3’ = 12 Sqft)
Therefore, W1 are in 9 Numbers. So, the sum of all windows area is
AWindows = 12 * 9 = 108 Sqft
But, We have a Door with a window of Area = 2’ x 2’ = 4 Sqft
 Overall Area of Windows is
= 108 + 4 = 112 Sqft
The Area of the Wall is taken as
= 1875 Sqft – 112 Sqft
AWall (West) = 1763 Sqft
P a g e 5 | 49
East Direction:-
Area of the Wall = 125 feet X 15 feet (Height)
= 1875 Sqft
(Since, Area of Window2 or W2 = 4’ X 3’ = 12 Sqft)
Therefore, W2 are in 9 Numbers. So, the sum of all windows area is
AWindows = 12 * 9 = 108 Sqft
But, we have a Door with a window of Area = 2’ X 2’ = 4 Sqft
 Overall Area of Windows is
= 108 + 4 = 112 Sqft
The Area of the Wall is taken as
= 1875 Sqft – 112 Sqft
AWall(East) = 1763 Sqft
South Direction:-
Area of the Wall = 120 Feet X 15 Feet (Height)
= 1800 Sqft
(Since, Area of the Ventilator = 3’ X 1’ = 3 Sqft)
Therefore, Ventilators are in 6 Numbers. So, the sum of all Ventilators Area is
=3*6
AVentilator = 18 Sqft
Therefore, the Area of the Wall is taken as
= 1800 – 18
AWall(South) = 1782 Sqft
Material Specification:
A) Coefficient of Heat Transfer (U) value for Glasses:
UWindow Glass = 0.59 (For 50% Heat Absorbing Glass of Medium Color, Refer Table – 16)
UVentilator Glass = 1 (For Ordinary Glass, Refer Table – 16)
B) Coefficient of Heat Transfer (U)value for Walls & Roof:
 8 inch Wall
P a g e 6 | 49
 4 inch Partition Wall

 6 inch Roof
U value for 8 inch Wall:

Thickness – X1, X2, X3 = ½ inch plaster, 8 inch wall, ½ inch plaster
P a g e 7 | 49
Resistances – R1, R2, R3 = 0.12, 0.20, 0.12 (From Table)

Ro = 0.25, Ri = 0.65 (From Table)
Sum of Resistances = Ro + Ri + X1R1 + X2R2 + X3R3
= 0.25 + 0.65 + ½ * (0.12) + 8 * (0.20) + ½ * (0.12)
= 0.25 + 0.65 + 0.06 + 1.6 + 0.06
= 2.62
U = 1 / Sum of All Resistances
U = 1 / 2.62
U = 0.38
U value for 4 Inch Partition Wall:
Sum of All Resistances = 0.25 + 0.65 + ½ * (0.12) + 4 * (0.20) + ½ * (0.12)
= 0.25 + 0.65 + 0.06 + 0.8 + 0.06
= 1.82
U = 1 / 1.82
U = 0.54
U value for 6 inch Roof:
R2 (For Concrete = 0.08)
Sum of All Resistances = 0.25 + 0.65 + ½ * (0.12) + 6 * (0.08) + ½ * (0.12)
= 0.25 + 0.65 + 0.06 + 0.48 + 0.06
= 1.5
U = 1 / 1.5
U = 0.66
3. Climatic Conditions: Summer (HYDERABAD)
Design DBT WBT RH SH

Conditions (oF) (oF) (%) (gr/lb)
Ambient 106 78 28 100
Room 76 63.5 50 68
Difference 30 14.5 -22 32
P a g e 8 | 49
- Temperature Difference for Glass / Wall / Roof / Partition

4. Co-ordinate with other Services – Electrical
Lighting:-
Lighting = W x 3.41
(or)
= Area x W/Sqft x 3.41
Range of W/Sqft is 0.5 – 3.0
So, we are assuming 3.0 for our requirement.
Lighting = Area x 3.0 x 3.41 (With Respect to Area)
Equipment:-
Equipment = KW x 3.41 x 1000
HDR – Heat Dissipation Rate (40 – 70%)
So, we are taking 0.7 KW for our requirement except kitchen
Equipment = 0.7 x 3.41 x 1000
By-pass Factor = 0.2 (For Residence, Refer Table – 2.2)

Contact Factor = 0.8 ( Since, B.F + C.F = 1 => C.F = 1 – B.F)
Air Change Per Hour (ACH)
For Banquet Halls,
ACH = 4 (Refer Table)
E-20 Form (Calculations)

ROOM HEAT
ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT:
Solar Gain:-
West Direction:
Area of the Window1 = 4’ X 3’ = 12 Sqft
P a g e 9 | 49
U = 0.59
Temperature Difference = 163 (Refer Table – 15)
Q1 = U * A * Temperature Difference
= 0.59 x 12 x 163 = 1154.04 Btu/hr
Since, all windows in West direction have same area. So, the heat transfer rate is also same for
remaining windows.
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6 + Q7 + Q8 + Q9
Q = 1154.04 * 9
QWindow = 10386.36 Btu/hr
But, we have a door with window of area = 2’ X 2’ = 4 Sqft
UDoor Glass = 0.59
A = 4 Sqft
Temperature Diff. = 163
Q = 0.59 x 4 x 163 = 384.68
QDoor = 384.68 Btu/hr
Q = QWindow + QDoor
Q = 10386.36 + 384.68
Q = 10771 Btu/hr
East Direction:
Area of the Window2 = 4’ X 3’ = 12 Sqft
U = 0.59
= 0.59 x 12 x 163 = 1154.04 Btu/hr
Since, all windows in East direction have same area. So, the heat transfer rate is also same for
remaining windows.
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6 + Q7 + Q8 + Q9
Q = 1154.04 * 9
QWindow = 10386.36 Btu/hr
P a g e 10 | 49
But, we have a door with window of area = 2’ X 2’ = 4 Sqft

UDoor Glass = 0.59
A = 4 Sqft
Temperature Diff. = 163
Q = 0.59 x 4 x 163 = 384.68
QDoor = 384.68 Btu/hr
Q = QWindow + QDoor
Q = 10386.36 + 384.68
Q = 10771 Btu/hr
South Direction:
Area of the Ventilator = 3’ X 1’ = 3 Sqft
A = 3 Sqft
U = 1 (For Ordinary Glass, Refer Table – 16)
Q1 = 1 x 3 x 14
Q1 = 42 Btu/hr
Since, All Ventilators in South Direction have same area. So, the heat transfer rate is also same
for remaining ventilators.
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 + Q6
Q = 42 + 42 + 42 + 42 + 42 + 42
Q = 252 Btu/hr
Solar & Transmission Gain – Walls & Roof:-
Walls:
Q = U * A * Temperature Difference
Where,
U = Conductance Factor
A = Area of the Wall / Roof
P a g e 11 | 49
Temp. Difference = Heat Gain from Walls & Roofs

West Direction:
U = 0.38
Area of the Wall = 1763 Sqft
Temp. Difference = 23 (Refer Table – 19, 20, 20A)
Q = 0.38 x 1763 x 23
Q = 15409 Btu/hr
East Direction:
U = 0.38
Q = 0.38 x 1763 x 36
Q = 24118 Btu/hr
South Direction:
U = 0.38
Temp. Difference = 27
Q = 0.38 x 1782 x 27
Q = 18283 Btu/hr
North Direction:
Area of the Wall = 120 Feet X 15 Feet (Height) = 1800 Sqft
U = 0.38
Temp. Difference = 15
Q = 0.38 x 1800 x 15
Q = 10260 Btu/hr
Roof:
Area of the Roof = 15000 Sqft
U = 0.66
P a g e 12 | 49

Q = 0.66 x 15000 x 49
Q = 485100 Btu/hr
Transmission Gain except Walls & Roof:-
i) All Glasses:-
West Direction:
Area of Window W1 = 4’ X 3’ = 12 Sqft
Therefore, W1 are in 9 numbers. So, the sum of all windows area is 108 Sqft.
And One Door with Window whose Area is 2 X 2 = 4 Sqft.
A = AWindow + ADW = 108 + 4 = 112 Sqft
East Direction:
Area of Window W2 = 4’ X 3’ = 12 Sqft
Therefore, W2 are in 9 numbers. So, the sum of all windows area is 108 Sqft.
And One Door with Window whose Area is 2 X 2 = 4 Sqft.
A = AWindow + ADW = 108 + 4 = 112 Sqft
South Direction:
Area of Ventilator = 3’ X 1’ = 3 Sqft
Therefore, Ventilators are in 6 numbers. So, the sum of all ventilators area is
AVentilator = 3 * 6 = 18 Sqft
A = AWindow1 + AWindow2 + AVentilator
A = 112 + 112 + 18
A = 242 Sqft
U = 0.59
Temp. Difference = Outside Temperature – Room Temperature = 106 – 76 = 30
Q = U * A * Temp. Diff
Q = 0.59 x 242 x 30
Q = 4283 Btu/hr
ii) Partition:-
P a g e 13 | 49
A = 1680 Sqft
U = 0.54 (4 inch wall)
Temp. Diff = [(106 – 76) – 5] = 25 oF
Q = U * A * Temp. Diff
Q = 0.54 x 1680 x 25
Q = 22680 Btu/hr
Infiltration & By-Passed Air:-
Ventilation:
Ventilation = CFM Ventilation x Temp. Diff x B.F x 1.08
CFM Ventilation:-
By People:
= No. of People x CFM/Person (Refer Table – 45)
= 600 x 30 = 18000 CFM
By Area:
= Area of Surface x CFM/Sqft (Refer Table – 45)
= 15000 x 0.33 = 4950 CFM
By Volume:
ACH = 4
= Volume x ACH (Refer Table)
= 225000 x 4 x 1/60
= 15000 CFM
Therefore, CFM Ventilation = 18000 CFM (We have to take maximum value of ventilation)
Ventilation = CFM Ventilation x Temp. Diff x B.F x 1.08
= 18000 x 30 x 0.2 x 1.08
= 116640 Btu/hr
Infiltration:
Infiltration = CFM Infiltration x Temp. Diff x 1.08
CFM Infiltration:-
P a g e 14 | 49
Crack Method:
= Length of Crack x CFM/Ft of Crack (Refer Table – 44b)
= (252 + 18) x 0.53
= 270 x 0.53
= 143 CFM
Infiltration = 143 x 30 x 1.08
= 4636 Btu/hr
Internal Heat:-
People:
= No. of People x Btu/hr per Person (Sensible) [Refer Table – 48]
= 600 x 245 = 147000 Btu/hr
Lighting:
= Area x W/Sqft x 3.41 = 15000 x 3 x 3.41
= 153450 Btu/hr
Equipment:
= KW x 3.41 x 1000 = 0.7 x 3.41 x 1000
= 2387 Btu/hr
ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT (Sub Total) = 1026041 Btu/hr
Safety Factor [10%] = 102604 Btu/hr (10% of Room Sensible Heat Sub Total)
EFFECTIVE ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT = 1026041 + 102604
ERSH = 1128645 Btu/hr
ROOM LATENT HEAT:
Ventilation:
= CFM Ventilation x Diff in SH x B.F x 0.68
= 18000 x (100 – 68) x 0.2 x 0.68
= 78336 Btu/hr
Infiltration:
= CFM Infiltration x Diff in SH x 0.68
P a g e 15 | 49
= 143 x (100 – 68) x 0.68

= 3114 Btu/hr
People:
= No. of People x Btu/hr per Person (Latent) [Refer Table – 48]
= 600 x 205
= 123000 Btu/hr
ROOM LATENT HEAT (Sub Total) = 204450 Btu/hr
Safety Factor [5%] = 10222 Btu/hr
EFFECTIVE ROOM LATENT HEAT = 204450 + 10222
ERLH = 214672 Btu/hr
EFFECTIVE ROOM TOTAL HEAT = ERSH + ERLH
= 1128645 + 214672
= 1343317 Btu/hr
OUTSIDE AIR HEAT (OAH):
Sensible = CFM Ventilation x Temp. Diff x C.F x 1.08
= 18000 x 30 x 0.8 x 1.08 = 466560 Btu/hr
Latent = CFM Ventilation x Diff. in SH x C.F x 0.68
= 18000 x 32 x 0.8 x 0.68
= 313344 Btu/hr
OUTSIDE AIR TOTAL HEAT = SENSIBLE + LATENT
= 466560 + 313344
= 779904 Btu/hr
GRAND TOTAL HEAT = ERSH + ERLH + OAH
= 1128645 + 214672 + 779904
GTH = 2123221 Btu/hr
1 TR = 12000 Btu/hr
TR = GTH / 12000
TR = 2123221 / 12000
P a g e 16 | 49
TR = 176.93
According to E-20 Form Calculations,
Supply CFM from Machine:-
EFFECTIVE SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR (ESHF) = ERSH / ERSH + ERLH = 1128645 /
1128645 + 214672
ESHF = 0.84
Dehumidified Rise in Temperature = (Room DBT – ADP) x C.F
 Selected ADP is taken from the Table – 66 with respect to Room Temperature and ESHF.
 ADP = 53 oF (Refer Table – 66)
Dehumidified Rise = (76 – 53) x 0.8 = 18.40 oF
Dehumidified Air Quantity (DAQ) = ERSH / Dehumidified Rise x 1.08
DAQ = 1128645 / 18.4 x 1.08
DAQ = 56796 CFM (Total Air)
= 56796 X 0.47
DAQ = 26694 L/S
P a g e 17 | 49
HEAT LOAD ESTIMATE
PROJECT Function Hall Project FLOOR Ground Floor

LOCATION Hyderabad SPACE REFERENCE Function Hall
CLIENT KG MECH AREA ( SqFt) 15000
CONSULTANT Syed Height (Ft) 15.000
Date 6/2/2015 Volume (CuFt) 225000
Area or Sun Gain or Estimate for Summer
Item Factor Btu/Hour W
Quantity Temp. Diff. Design Conditions DB (F) WB (F) RH (%) SH Gr/Lb
ROOM HEAT Ambient 106 78 28 100
ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT Room 76 63.5 50 68
Solar Gain - Glass Difference 30 14.5 -22 32
Glass - N SqFt x 23 F x 0.59 0
Glass - NE SqFt x 138 F x 0.59 0
Glass - E 112 SqFt x 163 F x 0.59 10771 By Pass Factor (BF) = 0.20
Glass - SE SqFt x 85 F x 0.59 0 Contact Factor (CF = 1 - BF) = 0.80
Glass - S 18 SqFt x 14 F x 1.00 252 CFM Ventilation
Glass - SW SqFt x 85 F x 0.59 0 CFM Per Person 600 No = 30 = 18000
Glass - W 112 SqFt x 163 F x 0.59 10771 CFM Per SqFt 15000 Sqft x 0.33 = 4950
Glass - NW SqFt x 138 F x 0.59 0 Air Change Per Hour (CFM) = 4
Skylight SqFt x 251 F x 0.59 0 CFM Cu.ft 225,000 x 4.0 x1/60 = 15000
Solar & Transmission Gain - Walls & Roof CFM Infiltration
Wall - N 1800 SqFt x 15 F x 0.38 10260 Swinging x cfm/door = -
Wall - NE SqFt x 27 F x 0.38 0 Revolving Doors (Peop le) x cfm/door = -
Wall - E 1763 SqFt x 36 F x 0.38 24118 Open Doors x cfm/door = -
Wall - SE SqFt x 30 F x 0.38 0 Crack (feet) 270 x 0.53 cfm/ft = 143.10
Wall - S 1782 SqFt x 27 F x 0.38 18283 143.10
Wall - SW SqFt x 25 F x 0.38 0 Supply CFM from Machine
Wall - W 1763 SqFt x 23 F x 0.38 15409 Effective Room Sensible Heat Factor =
Wall - NW SqFt x 17 F x 0.38 0 Effective Room Sensible Heat/Eff Room Total Heat = 0.8402
Roof 15000 SqFt x 49 F x 0.66 485100 Apparatus Dew Point (ADP)
Transmission Gain - Except Walls & Roof Indicated ADP (F) =
All Glass 242 SqFt x 30 F x 0.59 4283 Selected ADP (F) = 53.0
Partition 1680 SqFt x 25 F x 0.54 22680 Dehumidified Rise
Ceiling SqFt x F x 0 (Room DB - ADP) x CF = 18.40
Floor SqFt x F x 0 DEHUMIDIFIED AIR QUANTITY
INFILTRATION AND BY PASSED AIR Effective Room Sensible Heat = 56796 CFM
Infiltration 143 CFM x 30 T.Diff x 1.08 4636 Dehumidified Rise x 1.08
Ventillation 18000 CFM x 30 T.Diff x BF x 1.08 116640
Internal Heat = 26694 L/s
People 600 Nos. x 245 Btu/Hour Per Person 147000 TOTAL HEAT CAPACITY
Lighting 15000 SqFt x 3.0 W/SqFt x 3.41 153450 Grand Total Heat = 176.94 TR
Lighting & S. P. SqFt x W/SqFt x 3.41
Equipment 0.70 kW x 3410 2387
Sub Total 1026041
Factor 5-10% 102604
Effective Room Sensible Heat 1128645 SENSIBLE HEAT CAPACITY
ROOM LATENT HEAT Grand Sensible Heat = 94.05 TR
Infiltration 143 CFM x 32 Gr/Lb x 0.68 3114 12000
Outside Air 18000 CFM x 32 Gr/Lb x BFx0.68 78336 = 1128.64 MBH
People 600 Nos. x 205 Btu/Hour Per Person 123000
Sub Total 204450
Factor 2.5 - 5% 10222 = 330.13 kW
Effective Room Latent Heat 214672 Check Figures:
EFFECTIVE ROOM TOTAL HEAT 1343317 SqFt Per TR = 85
OUTSIDE AIR HEAT Btu/Hour Per SqFt = 142
Sensible 18000 CFM x 30 F(TD) x CF x 1.08 466560 Dehumidified CFM Per SqFt = 3.79
Latent 18000 CFM x 32 Gr/Lb x CF x 0.68 313344 Dehumidified CFM Per TR = 321
OUTSIDE AIR TOTAL HEAT 779904
GRAND TOTAL HEAT 2123221 KG MECH Electro-Mechanical Pvt. Ltd.
Sub Total ECIL | SANTHOSHNAGAR | MASAB TANK
Hyderbad, A.P, INDIA
TONS=GRAND TOTAL HEAT/12000 176.94 E-mail: info @kgmech.com | URL: www.kgmech.com
R-VALUE FOR TYPICAL BUILDING MATERIALS

THERMAL RESISTANCE h ft2 oF / Btu [R / inch]
Concrete 0.10
Stone 0.05...0.10
Brick 0.10...0.35
Hardwood 0.90
Softwood / plywood 1.25
Particle board 0.85...1.85
Insulating board 2.30...2.60
Sidings 0.80...1.00
Asphalt shingles 0.44
Wood shingles 0.94
Built-up roofing 0.70...0.90
Rock wool 3.20...3.70
Mineral wool or fiber batt 2.90
Cellulose 3.20...3.70
Lightweight aggregate concrete 1.00...2.00
Cement board 1.50...2.30
Stucco / plaster 0.20
Gypsum / plaster board 0.90
Fiberglas 3.16
Fiberboard 3.45
Polystyrene extruded 5.00...5.40
Polystyrene expanded 3.85...4.35
Polyurethane foam 5.80...7.70
Building paper / felt 0.06
Cork 2.00
Ceramic tile 0.15
Vinyl / linoleum / rubber tile 0.64
Synthetic carpet (level loop) 3.50...5.90
Synthetic carpet (plush) 2.40...4.50
Wool carpet 4.50
Fiber / hair / jute cushion 3.88
Flat rubber cushion 2.72
Rippled rubber cushion 1.82
Prime urethane cushion 4.44
Bonded urethane cushion 3.96
Solid wood door 1.56
Single glass window 0.89
Insulating double glass 1.89
Energy plus double glass 4.50
THERMAL TRANSMISSION Imperial: 1 = Btu/h ft2 oF

R
Metric: 1 x 5.678 = W/m2 oC
R
R-VALUE FOR AIR SPACE
R-Value for Reflective Foil Reflective Foil No reflective

Air Space on both sides on one side surfaces
3/4" 4" 3/4" 4" 3/4" 4"
Flat roofs 1.8 2.2 1.6 1.9 0.9 1.0

45o Sloping roofs 2.2 2.5 1.9 2.1 1.0 1.0
Floors 3.4 8.1 2.6 4.6 1.2 1.4
Walls 3.0 2.8 2.4 2.3 1.1 1.1
 STEP WARMFLOORTM
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HVAC Basic Guide

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MOHAMMED ABDUL RAZZAK HVAC CLASS NOTES

Heating Ventilation and Air-conditioning (HVAC)

Basic Cycle of Refrigeration:

Types of Expansion Devices:

Basic Refrigeration Cycle (In Detail)

 Centrifugal compressors produce high-pressure discharge by converting angular

Types of HVAC Condensers:

 Types of Water-cooled Condensers:

Expansion Devices (or) Valves:

An Evaporator is used in an air-conditioning system to allow the refrigerant such as R-22

Criteria for Refrigerant Selection:

Classification of Air Conditioning Systems

All Air Systems:

All Water Systems:

It is further classified into 2 sub-systems:

Unitary Refrigerant Systems:

Heat Load Calculation (or) Estimation

Purpose of Load Calculations:

3. Heat conduction through interior partitions ceilings and floors.

Diversity of Cooling Loads:

Principles and Procedures for Calculating Heating Load

Procedure for Heat Load Estimation

 Outside Design Conditions:

Design Conditions of the Project

Tf = Temperature in degree Fahrenheit

Inside Design Conditions:

Heat Load Estimation

Coefficient of Heat Transfer:

Inputs for Heat Load Calculation:

Modes of Heat Transfer

a. Conduction: It is the transfer of heat from one part of a substance to another in

Conduction takes place in solids, liquids and gases.

b. Convection: It is the transfer of heat within a fluid by mixing of one portion of

Convection takes place in gases and liquids.

c. Radiation: It is the transfer of heat in space in form of electro-magnetic waves or

- Piping length: Lmax = 150 m

HVAC System Components:

The basic components in a common central HVAC system are:

AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Components of Air Distribution System

10. Supply Air Diffuser

Advantages & Disadvantages of Various Ducts

Transition Ducts (Transformation Pieces)

a. Reducer – Concentric, Eccentric (Flat on Bottom & Flat on Top)

Recommended GI Sheet Metal Gauge

Designing of Ducting System

3. Economical Design & Fittings

4. Co-ordination with other services

Duct Designing Methods

3. Static Regain Method – It is used for high velocity systems

 SSL – Structured Slab Level

BOD of Branch Ducts

SECTIONAL DRAWING (OR) SECTIONS

SCHEMATICS (OR) RISER DIAGRAM

Fresh Air Systems

1. Fresh Air Fan (FAF) System: (Used for Residential)

2. AHU System: (Used for Commercial)

3. FAHU System: (Used for Commercial – Hospitals)

Exhaust Air Systems

Types of Hoods (Based on Location)

Kitchen Hood Calculation:

 As per SMACNA, we maintained Air Velocity in Commercial Kitchen is between 1500 –

Static Pressure Loss Calculation:

CHILLED WATER PIPING SYSTEM