To The

Physics
Cell Meeting
08-07-2021
Standard 9
Syllabus For
2022
 1. Measurement and Experimentation
(i) International System of Units, the required SI units with correct symbols are
given at the end of this syllabus. Other commonly used system of units – fps
and cgs.
(ii) Measurements using common instruments, Vernier calipers and Micro-metre
screw gauge for length, and simple pendulum for time.
Scope
Measurement of length using, Vernier calipers and micro-metre screw gauge.
Decreasing least-count leads to an increase in accuracy; least-count (LC) of
Vernier calipers and screw gauge), zero error (basic idea), (no numerical
problems on calipers and screw gauge), simple pendulum; time period,
frequency, graph of length l vs. 𝑇 2 only; slope of the graph.
𝑙
Formula T=2. π [no derivation]. Only simple numerical problems.
𝑔
 1. Measurement and Experimentation
Emphasis
• We may focus more on the conversions which are require in the calculations or in
the numericals of standard 9 and standard 10.
• In case of astronomical units we may focus more on light year.
• We can focus more on prefixes is 10−6 (𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑟𝑜) to 106 (𝑚𝑒𝑔𝑎) and 10−9 𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑜
and 10−10 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚.
• Least count of micrometre screw gauge, Vernier Calipers and zero error in these
instruments. Also backlash error in micrometre screw gauge.
• Determination of g from l against 𝑇 2 graph or from 𝑇 2 against l graph.
 2. Motion in One Dimension
Scalar and vector quantities, distance, speed, velocity, acceleration; graphs of
distance-time and speed-time; equations of uniformly accelerated motion
with derivations.
Scope
Examples of Scalar and vector quantities only, rest and motion in one
dimension; distance and displacement; speed and velocity; acceleration and
retardation; distance-time and velocity-time graphs; meaning of slope of the
graphs; [Non-uniform acceleration excluded].
1 2 𝑢+𝑣 𝑡
Equations to be derived: v = u + at; S = ut + a𝑡 ; S= ;
2 2

𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2aS. [Equation for 𝑆𝑛𝑡ℎ is not included]. Simple numerical

problems
 2. Motion in One Dimension
Emphasis
• Understanding and comparison of the following quantities - distance,
displacement, speed, velocity, uniform velocity, non-uniform velocity,
acceleration, uniform acceleration, non-uniform acceleration, instantaneous
speed, instantaneous velocity, average speed, average velocity etc.
• Representation of displacement time and distance time graphs for a straight
line parallel to the time axis, incline line for positive and negative velocity
and non-linear line for non uniform velocity and acceleration. How to use
the slope of the graph to find out the uniform velocity. Transformation of
displacement time graph to velocity time graph.
 2. Motion in One Dimension
Emphasis
• representation of velocity time graph for a straight line parallel to the time
axis incline lines representing positive and negative acceleration and
nonlinear line representing non uniform velocity and non uniform
acceleration. use of the graph to find out the uniform velocity and uniform
acceleration. Also use of the graph to find the displacement and distance
from the area covered by the graph on the time axis. Transformation of this
graph to displacement time graph.

• Derivation of Newton's three equations of motion without using graph as

well as using the graph . Numericals based on these equations
 3. Laws of Motion

(i) Contact and non-contact forces; cgs & SI units.

Scope
Examples of contact forces (frictional force, normal reaction force, tension force
as applied through strings and force exerted during collision) and non-contact
forces (gravitational, electric and magnetic). General properties of non-
contact forces. cgs and SI units of force and their relation with Gravitational
units.
 3. Laws of Motion

(ii) Newton’s First Law of Motion (qualitative discussion) introduction of the

idea of inertia, mass and force.
Scope
Newton's first law; statement and qualitative discussion; definitions of inertia
and force from first law, examples of inertia as illustration of first law.
(Inertial mass not included).
 3. Laws of Motion

(iii) Newton’s Second Law of Motion (including F=ma); weight and mass.
Scope
Detailed study of the second law. Linear momentum, p = mv; change in
momentum ∆ p = ∆ (mv) = m ∆ v for mass remaining constant, rate of
∆p m∆v
change of momentum; = = ma OR
∆t ∆t
𝑃2 −𝑃1 𝑚𝑣−𝑚𝑢 𝑚(𝑣−𝑢)
= = = 𝑚𝑎);Simple numerical problems combining
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
F = ∆ p / ∆ t = ma and equations of motion. Units of force - only cgs and SI.
 3. Laws of Motion

(iv) Newton’s Third Law of Motion (qualitative discussion only); simple

examples.
Scope
Statement with qualitative discussion; examples of action - reaction pairs,
(𝐹𝐵𝐴 and 𝐹𝐴𝐵 ); action and reaction always act on different bodies.
 3. Laws of Motion
(v) Gravitation
Scope

Universal Law of Gravitation. ( Statement and equation) and its

importance. Gravity, acceleration due to gravity, free fall. Weight and mass,
Weight as force of gravity comparison of mass and weight; gravitational units
of force, (Simple numerical problems), (problems on variation of gravity
excluded)
 3. Laws of Motion
Emphasis
• Meaning of contact and non contact forces. Characteristics of non contact forces
with more focus on inverse square relation. Three main non contact forces. SI and
CGS units of force.
• Newton's first law of motion its applications to be classified under static inertia
and dynamic inertia.
• Newton's third law of motion and its applications. It should be clear to the
students that action and reaction always act on different bodies.
• Newton's second law of motion derivation of F = ma. The condition under which
the law is applicable i.e. when the mass is constant. Need not talk about the mass
changing when the body moves at a speed closer to the speed of light. Inertial
mass concept is not included.
• Concept of cause gravity. Law of universal gravitation. Comparison of mass and
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
gravity. Gravitational units of force. Simple numerical problems on 𝐹 = 2 .
𝑟
 4. Fluids
(i) Change of pressure with depth (including the formula P=hρg); Transmission
of pressure in liquids; atmospheric pressure.
Scope
Thrust and Pressure and their units; pressure exerted by a liquid column P = h ρ g;
simple daily life examples,
1. Broadness of the base of a dam,
2. Diver’s suit etc. some consequences of P = h ρ g ; transmission of
pressure in liquids; Pascal's law; examples; atmospheric pressure; common
manifestation and consequences. Variations of pressure with altitude, (qualitative
only); applications such as weather forecasting and altimeter. (Simple numerical
problems)
 4. Fluids
(ii) Buoyancy, Archimedes’ Principle; floatation; relationship with density; relative density;
determination of relative density of a solid.
Scope
Buoyancy, Upthrust (𝐹𝐵 ); definition; different cases, 𝐹𝐵 >, = or < weight W of the body
immersed; characteristic properties of Upthrust; Archimedes’ principle; explanation of
cases where bodies with density ρ >, = or < the density ρ ' of the fluid in which it is
immersed. RD and Archimedes’ principle. Experimental determination of RD of a solid
and liquid denser than water. Floatation: principle of floatation; relation between the
density of a floating body, density of the liquid in which it is floating and the fraction
𝜌1 𝑉2
of volume of the body immersed; = ); apparent weight of floating object; application
𝜌2 𝑉1
to ship, submarine, iceberg, balloons, etc. Simple numerical problems involving
Archimedes’ principle, buoyancy and floatation.
 4. Fluids
Emphasis
• Basic concept of pressure in solids i.e. pressure directly proportional to the thrust
and inversely proportional to the area.
• characteristics of fluid pressure and their applications
• relation 𝑃 = ℎ𝜌𝑔.
• Pascal's law and its applications. ( No diagram of hydraulic Press or hydraulic
brakes) Questions based on the diagrams can be asked. Numericals on Pascal's
law.
• Atmospheric pressure and factors affecting atmospheric pressure, applications.
aneroid barometer and it's used in weather forecast. Pressure decreases with the
increase in the altitude (graphical relation).
 4. Fluids
Emphasis

• meaning of Upthrust, buoyancy. Archimedes principle. Factors affecting the

Upthrust. SI and gravitational units of Upthrust. Applications.
• Use of Archimedes principle to find out RD of solid heavier than liquid and RD of
𝑊1
liquid. Numericals based on U=vdg, 𝑅𝐷𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = , 𝑅𝐷𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 =
𝑊1 −𝑊2
𝑊1 −𝑊3
𝑊1 −𝑊2
• Floating conditions. Applications, Numericals based on 𝑉1 𝑑1 = 𝑉2 𝑑2, ℎ1 𝑑1 =
𝑑𝑠
ℎ2 𝑑2 , 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = .
𝑑𝑙
 5. Heat and Energy

(i) Concepts of heat and temperature.

Scope
Heat as energy, SI unit – joule, 1 cal = 4.186 J exactly.
 5. Heat and Energy

(ii) Anomalous expansion of water.

Scope
Anomalous expansion of water; graphs showing variation of volume and
density of water with temperature in the 0 to 10 0𝐶 range. Hope’s experiment
and consequences of Anomalous expansion.
 5. Heat and Energy

(iii) Energy flow and its importance:

Scope
Understanding the flow of energy as Linear and linking it with the laws of
Thermodynamics- ‘Energy is neither created nor destroyed’ and ‘No Energy
transfer is 100% efficient.
 5. Heat and Energy
(iv) Energy sources.
Scope
Solar, wind, water and nuclear energy (only qualitative discussion of steps
to produce electricity). Renewable versus nonrenewable sources (elementary
ideas with example). Renewable energy: biogas, solar energy, wind energy,
energy from falling of water, run-of-the river schemes, energy from waste,
tidal energy, etc. Issues of economic viability and ability to meet demands.
Non-renewable energy – coal, oil, natural gas. Inequitable use of energy in
urban and rural areas. Use of hydro electrical powers for light and tube wells.
 5. Heat and Energy

(v) Global warming and Green House effect:

Scope
Meaning, causes and impact on the life on earth. Projections for the future;
what needs to be done. Energy degradation – meaning and examples.
 5. Heat and Energy
Emphasis
• Difference between heat and temperature. SI unit of heat and SI unit of
Temperature. relation between calorie and joule.
• Anomalous expansion of water, its applications, hopes experiment to show
Anomalous expansion of water and corresponding graphs for the two
thermometers used in the experiment.
• Students are expected to know what are primary consumers, secondary consumers
and tertiary consumers. Need to know the two laws of thermodynamics. First law
- energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can be transformed from one
form to another. Second law - when energy is put to work a part of it is always
converted in un-useful form as heat mainly, due to friction and radiation. i.e.
energy degradation.
 5. Heat and Energy
Emphasis
• Renewable and nonrenewable sources of energy. The energy sources – Sun,
flowing water, biomass, tides, OTEC, Ocean waves, geothermal, nuclear fuel are
renewable sources of energy. Students need to know their limitations and
advantages.
• Coal, Petroleum, natural gas are non renewable sources. Students need to know
their limitations and advantages. Judicious use of these resources.
• Scientific definition of greenhouse effect involving wavelength. Global warming
and responsible human activities and causes. Impacts of global warming on the
life on earth. Future predictions too. Ways and measures to minimize global
warming.
 6. Light

(i) Reflection of light; images formed by a pair of parallel and perpendicular

plane mirrors.
Scope
Laws of reflection; experimental verification; characteristics of images
formed in a pair of mirrors, (a) parallel and (b) perpendicular to each other;
uses of plane mirrors.
 6. Light
(ii) Spherical mirrors; characteristics of image formed by these mirrors. Uses of
concave and convex mirrors. (Only simple direct ray diagrams are required).
Scope
Brief introduction to spherical mirrors - concave and convex mirrors, centre
and radius of curvature, pole and principal axis, focus and focal length;
location of images from ray diagram for various positions of a small linear object
on the principal axis of concave and convex mirrors; characteristics of images.
f = R/2 (without proof); sign convention and direct numerical problems using the
mirror formulae are included. (Derivation of formulae not required) Uses of
spherical mirrors.
Scale drawing or graphical representation of ray diagrams not required.
 6. Light
Emphasis
• Plane surface reflection, its laws, characteristics of the image formed by a plane
mirror, corresponding Ray diagrams ( diagrams for object distance is equal to
image distance, Lateral inversion of image)
• When Mirrors are placed at an angle the concept should be clear that when the
rays are reflected from the first mirror the image formed by the first mirror
becomes the object for the second mirror. To be done with only two cases
1. Mirror parallel to each other.
2. Mirrors placed at right angles to each other. (with ray diagrams)
 6. Light
Emphasis
• Students need to understand that every spherical mirror is a part of certain
complete sphere and its focal length is half of the radius of curvature. Students
should be aware of the basic terminologies such as principal Axis, Pole, principal
focus, radius of curvature, focal length, focal plane, aperture etc.
• Students are expected to know the paths of reflected rays of the incident rays
which are parallel to the principal axis, which are passing through the focus and
which are passing through the centre of curvature.
• Six cases of concave mirror Ray diagrams and one case of convex mirror ray
diagram with characteristics of the images formed. Uses of the spherical mirrors.
• Mirror formula derivation is not required. Sign convention. Simple numerical
problems base on this formula.
 7. Sound
(i) Nature of Sound waves. Requirement of a medium for sound waves to travel;
propagation and speed in different media; comparison with speed of light.
Scope
Sound propagation, terms – frequency (f), wavelength ( λ ), velocity (V),
relation V = f λ . (Simple numerical problems) effect of different factors on
the speed of sound; comparison of speed of sound with speed of light;
consequences of the large difference in these speeds in air; thunder and
lightning.
 7. Sound

(ii) Infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic frequencies and their applications.

Scope
Elementary ideas and simple applications only. Difference between ultrasonic
and supersonic
 7. Sound
Emphasis
• Even though it is not there in the syllabus I think the students should be given
concept of a wave motion which is required in understanding the latter parts.
Definitions of wavelength, velocity, frequency, time period, amplitude of a wave
1
and the relations between them. Simple numericals on the relations 𝑓 = , 𝑉 =
𝜆 𝑑 𝑇
𝑓𝜆, 𝑉 = , 𝑉 = .
𝑇 𝑡
• Sound is a mechanical wave, sound requires material medium, speed of sound in
solid, liquids, gases and why is it different in these media. Comparison of speed
of sound with the speed of light and consequences of the large difference of speed
between them.
• Factors affecting the speed of sound.
• Sonic, infrasonic, ultrasonic frequencies and their applications.
• Difference between supersonic and ultrasonic.
 8. Electricity and Magnetism
(i) Simple electric circuit using an electric cell and a bulb to introduce the idea of current
(including its relationship to charge); potential difference; insulators and conductors;
closed and open circuits; direction of current (electron flow and conventional)
Scope
Current Electricity: brief introduction of sources of direct current - cells, accumulators
(construction, working and equations excluded); Electric current as the rate of flow of
electric charge (direction of current - conventional and electronic), symbols used in circuit
diagrams. Detection of current by Galvanometer or ammeter (functioning of the meters
not to be introduced). Idea of electric circuit by using cell, key, resistance wire/resistance
box/rheostat, qualitatively.; elementary idea about work done in transferring charge
through a conductor wire; potential difference V = W/q. (No derivation of formula) simple
numerical problems.
 8. Electricity and Magnetism

Social initiatives: Improving efficiency of existing technologies and

introducing new eco-friendly technologies. Creating awareness and building
trends of sensitive use of resources and products, e.g. reduced use of
electricity
 8. Electricity and Magnetism
(ii) Induced magnetism, Magnetic field of earth. Neutral points in magnetic
fields.
Scope
Magnetism: magnetism induced by bar magnets on magnetic materials;
induction precedes attraction; lines of magnetic field and their properties;
evidences of existence of earth’s magnetic field, magnetic compass. Uniform
magnetic field of earth and non-uniform field of a bar magnet placed along
magnetic north-south; neutral point; properties of magnetic field lines.
 8. Electricity and Magnetism
Emphasis
• Concept of potential( Not in Std 9 syllabus). Types of cells primary and secondary and their
comparison. The understanding of potential difference, current and resistance. Symbols of
different components used in an electrical circuit. Using electrical components open and closed
circuits (Diagrams. Mainly using cell, plug key, tap key, rheostat, ammeter, voltmeter, resistor,
𝑊 𝑄
variable resistor.) Numerical on relation 𝑉 = , 𝐼= .
𝑄 𝑡

• Basic concept of magnetism. Magnetic lines of force and its relevance with strong and weak
magnetic field. Properties of magnetic lines of force. Polarity with respect to the Earth's
magnetic field. Uniform and non uniform magnetic field. What are the neutral points. Obtaining
neutral points with the help of two magnets and with the help of a magnet and Earth's magnetic
field corresponding diagrams.
Standard 10
Syllabus For
2020
 1. Force, Work, Power and Energy
(i) Turning forces concept; moment of a force; forces in equilibrium; centre of gravity;
[discussions using simple examples and simple numerical problems].
Scope
Elementary introduction of translational and rotational motions; moment (turning
effect) of a force, also called torque and its cgs and SI units; common examples -
door, steering wheel, bicycle pedal, etc.; clockwise and anti-clockwise moments;
conditions for a body to be in equilibrium ( translational and rotational); principle
of moment and its verification using a metre rule suspended by two spring balances
with slotted weights hanging from it; simple numerical problems; Centre of gravity
(qualitative only) with examples of some regular bodies and irregular lamina.
 1. Force, Work, Power and Energy

(ii) Uniform circular motion.

Scope
As an example of constant speed, though acceleration (force) is present.
Differences between centrifugal and centripetal force.
1. Force, Work, Power and Energy(Simple Machines)
Emphasis
• Concept of moment(torque). Factors affecting the torque, SI unit. Sign convention
for clockwise and anticlockwise moment. Concept should be clear that when an
applied force changes its direction on a body at a point the torque arm changes and
hence the torque changes. Couple, moment of couple. Couple is nothing but sum
of the moments of the two forces about the point of rotation.
• Concept of centre of gravity on the basis of moments. Factors on which the CG of
a body depends. CG can lie inside or outside the body. Principle of moments.
Numericals on moments and principle of moments.
• Uniform circular motion. The student should be aware that for uniform circular
motion Centripetal force is necessary and centrifugal force is present with rotating
frame of reference(non inertial). It should also be clear That centrifugal force is
not a reaction force. In different examples of uniform circular motion students
should be able to identify the centripetal force.
 1. Force, Work, Power and Energy
(iii) Work, energy, power and their relation with force.
Scope
Definition of work. W =FS cos θ ; special cases of θ = 00 , 900 . W= mgh.
Definition of energy, energy as work done. Various units of work and energy
and their relation with SI units.[erg, calorie, kW h and eV]. Definition of
Power, P=W/t; SI and cgs units; other units, kilowatt (kW), megawatt (MW)
and gigawatt (GW); and horse power (1hp=746W) [Simple numerical
problems on work, power and energy].
 1. Force, Work, Power and Energy
(iv) Different types of energy (e.g. chemical energy, Mechanical energy, heat
energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, sound energy, light energy).
Scope
Mechanical energy: potential energy U = mgh (derivation included)
gravitational PE, examples; kinetic energy K= ½ m𝑣 2 (derivation
included); forms of kinetic energy: translational, rotational and vibrational
- only simple examples. [Numerical problems on K and U only in case of
translational motion]; qualitative discussions of electrical, chemical, heat,
nuclear, light and sound energy, conversion from one form to another;
common examples.
 1. Force, Work, Power and Energy
Emphasis
• Definition of work, It’s SI unit, other units such as erg, watt hour, kilowatt hour,
electron-volt. Relation between the SI unit and these units. W = FScosθ or FS.
• Work energy theorem.
• Factors on which the work done depends. The conditions under which the work done is
zero. What is the meaning of positive work and negative work done. Discussion of
examples.
• Definition of power, factors affecting the power. SI unit of power and other unit H.P.
𝑊 𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑚𝑣 2
•𝑃= ,𝑃 = 𝐹 × v, 𝑃 = ,𝑃 = .
𝑡 𝑡 2𝑡
 1. Force, Work, Power and Energy
Emphasis

• Different forms of energies. Energy conversions. Derivations of 𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ and

1
K= 𝑚𝑣 2 .
2

• Principle of conservation of energy. It’s application to an oscillating pendulum and

freely falling body. Derivation for mechanical energy being constant during a free
fall of a body.

• Numericals based on all the formulae.

1. Force, Work, Power and Energy(Simple Machines)
(v) Machines as force multipliers; load, effort, mechanical advantage, velocity
ratio and efficiency; simple treatment of levers, pulley systems showing the
utility of each type of machine.
Scope
Functions and uses of simple machines: Terms- effort E, load L,
𝐿 𝑉𝐸 𝑑 𝐸
mechanical advantage MA = , velocity ratio VR = = , input (𝑊𝑖 ),
𝐸 𝑉𝐿 𝑑 𝐿

output (𝑊𝑜 ), efficiency ( η ), relation between η and M.A, V.R. (derivation

included); for all practical machines η<1; M.A. < V.R.
1. Force, Work, Power and Energy(Simple Machines)

Lever: principle. First, second and third class of levers; examples: MA and
VR in each case. Examples of each of these classes of levers as also found in
the human body.
1. Force, Work, Power and Energy(Simple Machines)

Pulley system: single fixed, single movable, block and tackle; MA, VR and η
in each case.
1. Force, Work, Power and Energy(Simple Machines)
Emphasis
• Definition of a machine. Its functions.
• The related definitions off the terms such as load, effort, displacement of a load,
displacement of effort, Mechanical advantage, Velocity ratio, Efficiency.
𝐿 𝑑𝐸 𝑉𝐸
• The expressions 𝑀. 𝐴. = , 𝑉. 𝑅. = = , 𝑊. 𝑂. = 𝐿 × 𝑑𝐿 , 𝑊. 𝐼. = 𝐸 × 𝑑𝐸 ,
𝐸 𝑑𝐿 𝑉𝐿
𝑃.𝑂 𝑊.𝑂. 𝑀.𝐴.
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = = =
𝑃.𝐼 𝑊.𝐼. 𝑉.𝑅.

• Principle of lever. Types of lever. MA and VR in each case. Identification of

𝐸𝐴
different types of levers.𝑀𝐴 = Numericals on levers.
𝐿𝐴
1. Force, Work, Power and Energy(Simple Machines)
Emphasis
• Single fixed pulley.
• Single movable pulley.
• Block and tackle system of pulley.
• Relation between load and effort and tension in each strand. In case of block and tackle
system velocity ratio is equal to the number of strands of supporting the load and is
equal to the number of pulleys, if the direction is convenient.
• Understanding of how MA increases with the increase in the number of strands
supporting the load.
• Numericals on pulley.
1. Force, Work, Power and Energy(Simple Machines)

(vi) Principle of Conservation of energy.

Scope
Statement of the principle of conservation of energy; theoretical verification
that U + K = constant for a freely falling body. Application of this law to
simple pendulum (qualitative only); [simple numerical problems].
 2. Light
(i) Refraction of light through a glass block and a triangular prism - qualitative treatment of
simple applications such as real and apparent depth of objects in water and apparent
bending of sticks in water. Applications of refraction of light.
Scope
Partial reflection and refraction due to change in medium. Laws of refraction; the effect on speed
(V), wavelength ( λ ) and frequency (f) due to refraction of light; conditions for a light ray to pass
un-deviated. Values of speed of light (c) in vacuum, air, water and glass; refractive index µ = c/V,
V = f λ . Values of µ for common substances such as water, glass and diamond; experimental
verification; refraction through glass block; lateral displacement; multiple images in thick glass
plate/mirror; refraction through a glass prism simple applications: real and apparent depth of
objects in water; apparent bending of a stick under water. (Simple numerical problems and
approximate ray diagrams required).
 2. Light
(ii) Total internal reflection: Critical angle; examples in triangular glass prisms;
comparison with reflection from a plane mirror (qualitative only). Applications of
total internal reflection.
Scope
Transmission of light from a denser medium (glass/water) to a rarer medium (air) at
different angles of incidence; critical angle (C) µ = 1/sinC. Essential conditions for
total internal reflection. Total internal reflection in a triangular glass prism; ray
diagram, different cases - angles of prism (60º,60º,60º), (60º,30º,90º), (45º,45º,90º);
use of right angle prism to obtain δ = 90º and 180º (ray diagram); comparison of total
internal reflection from a prism and reflection from a plane mirror.
 2. Light
Emphasis
• Definition of refraction, laws of refraction, definition of refractive index
in terms of sin i and sin r, speeds of light in the two media, wavelengths
of light in the two media. Factors on which refractive index depends.
• Notation 𝑎 𝜇 𝑏.
• Absolute refractive index.
• Path of light when the ray is incident normally and the other conditions
under which the light enters a separate medium without bending.
• Relation between 𝑎 𝜇 𝑏 and 𝑏 𝜇 𝑎 .
 2. Light
Emphasis

• Refraction through a rectangular glass slab keeping in mind that the

student should be able to apply this knowledge in any situation where
opposite surfaces are parallel. Lateral displacement and factors affecting
the lateral displacement. The students are expected to know that during
this refraction 𝑖 = 𝑒 and 𝑟1 = 𝑟2 and 𝑑1 = 𝑑2 .
 2. Light
Emphasis

• Refraction through a triangular prism keeping in mind that the student

should be able to apply this knowledge in any situation where opposite
surfaces are not parallel. Angle of deviation, factors affecting the angle
of deviation. The relation 𝑖 + 𝑒 = 𝐴 + δ. During minimum deviation
𝑖 = 𝑒. δ against i graph.
 2. Light
Emphasis

• Applications of refraction such as object present in a denser

medium when view through a rarer medium appears raised. Relation
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
𝜇= . Objects seen through a triangular prism appears to
𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

be displaced towards its apex, multiple images seen in a thick plane

mirror, stick partially immersed in water appears bend. etc. In fact
maximum possible applications should be discussed.
 2. Light
Emphasis
• Critical Angle, factors affecting the critical angle.
• Total internal reflection. Conditions for total internal reflection.
1
Relation 𝜇 = . Applications of TIR such as deviation of light
sin 𝑐
through 900 by isosceles right prism, its use in periscope, deviation of
light through 1800 , inversion without deviation through a total
reflecting prism. TIR through 300 600 900 prism. Glittering of
diamonds, mirage, optic fibers, silvery appearance of inner surface of
water etc.
• Students are expected to know the critical angle and refractive indices
of common materials such as water, glass and diamond.
 2. Light
(iii) Lenses (converging and diverging) including characteristics of the images formed (using ray
diagrams only); magnifying glass; location of images using ray diagrams and thereby
determining magnification.
Scope
Types of lenses (converging and diverging), convex and concave, action of a lens as a set of
prisms; technical terms; centre of curvature, radii of curvature, principal axis, foci, focal
plane and focal length; detailed study of refraction of light in spherical lenses through ray
diagrams; formation of images - principal rays or construction rays; location of images from
ray diagram for various positions of a small linear object on the principal axis;
characteristics of images.
Sign convention and direct numerical problems using the lens formula are included
(derivation of formula not required).
 2. Light
Emphasis
• Types of lenses, convex and concave, difference between them. Lenses as a combination of
triangular prism and rectangular glass block.
• Related terms such as principal Axis, focal length, optical centre, optical plane, focal plane,
principal focus etc.
• Factors affecting the focal length.
• Paths of specific rays such as rays parallel to the principal axis, rays passing through the
focus and the rays passing through the optical centre. Students should also be aware that
any parallel beam passing through the lens meets on the focal plane or appear to meet on the
focal plane.
• 6 cases of convex lenses with ray diagrams and one case of concave lens with ray diagram.
• Uses of lenses
• Determination of focal length by U-V method, distant object method and by auxiliary plane
mirror method
• Magnifying power of a lens
• Magnification, power of a lens, and lens formula with sign convention. Numerical on them.
 2. Light
(iv) Using a triangular prism to produce a visible spectrum from white light;
Electromagnetic spectrum. Scattering of light.
Scope
Deviation produced by a triangular prism; dependence on colour
(wavelength) of light; dispersion and spectrum; electromagnetic
spectrum: broad classification (names only arranged in order of increasing
wavelength); properties common to all electromagnetic radiations; properties
and uses of infrared and ultraviolet radiation. Simple application of
scattering of light e.g. blue colour of the sky.
 2. Light
Emphasis
• Polychromatic and monochromatic beam of light.
• Dispersion of light through a triangular prism. cause of dispersion.
• introduction of invisible spectrum with special reference two infrared
radiations and ultraviolet radiations
• for infrared radiations and Ultraviolet radiations students are expected
to know the method of detection common properties similar to visible
radiations and different from visible radiations. prisms used to obtain
these radiations and uses of these radiations .
• the students are expected to know the remaining electromagnetic
spectrum with corresponding methods of detection and uses.
 3. Sound

(i) Reflection of Sound Waves; echoes: their use; simple numerical

problems on echoes.
Scope
Production of echoes, condition for formation of echoes; simple
numerical problems; use of echoes by bats, dolphins, fishermen,
medical field. SONAR.
 3. Sound

(ii) Natural vibrations, Damped vibrations, Forced vibrations and

Resonance - a special case of forced vibrations.
Scope
Meaning and simple applications of natural, damped, forced vibrations
and resonance.
 3. Sound

(iii) Loudness, pitch and quality of sound:

Scope
Characteristics of sound: loudness and intensity; subjective and
objective nature of these properties; sound level in db (as unit only);
noise pollution; interdependence of: pitch and frequency; quality and
waveforms (with examples).
 3. Sound
Emphasis
• Reflection of sound, echo, conditions required for an echo to take
𝑑 2𝑑
place. Applications of echo. Numericals based on 𝑣 = ,𝑣 = .
𝑡 𝑡
• Differences between free and forced vibrations. Corresponding
examples. Resonance as a special case of forced vibrations.
Applications of resonance.
• Comparison of sound on the basis of three characteristics pitch,
loudness and quality and their subjective nature.
• Definition of pitch. Its relation with frequency
 3. Sound
Emphasis
• Definition of loudness. Corresponding measurable quantity is
intensity. Factors affecting the intensity of sound such as area of
vibrating body, amplitude, density of the medium, distance between the
source of sound and the listener.
• Definition of quality. Corresponding measurable quantity is number of
overtones which affects waveform.
1
• Vibrations in an air column and 𝑓 ∝ .
𝑙
 4. Electricity and magnetism
(i) Ohm’s Law; concepts of e.m.f, potential difference, resistance; resistances in series
and parallel, internal resistance.
Scope
Concepts of pd (V), current (I), resistance (R) and charge (Q). Ohm's law:
statement, V=IR; SI units; experimental verification; graph of V vs I and
resistance from slope; ohmic and non-ohmic resistors, factors affecting resistance
(including specific resistance) and internal resistance; super conductors,
electromotive force (emf); combination of resistances in series and parallel and
derivation of expressions for
equivalent resistance. Simple numerical problems using the above relations.
[Simple network of resistors].
 4. Electricity and magnetism
(ii) Electrical power and energy.
Scope
Electrical energy; examples of heater, motor, lamp, loudspeaker, etc.
Electrical power; measurement of electrical energy, W = QV = VIt from
the definition of p.d. Combining with ohm’s law W = VIt = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡 =
𝑉 2𝑡 𝑊 𝑉2
and electrical power P = ( ) = VI = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = . Units: SI and
𝑅 𝑡 𝑅
commercial; Power rating of common appliances, household
consumption of electric energy; calculation of total energy consumed
by electrical appliances; W = Pt (kilowatt × hour = kW h), [simple
numerical problems].
 4. Electricity and magnetism
(iii) Household circuits – main circuit; switches; fuses; earthing; safety
precautions; three-pin plugs; colour coding of wires.
Scope
House wiring (ring system), power distribution; main circuit (3 wires-
live, neutral, earth) with fuse / MCB, main switch and its advantages -
circuit diagram; two-way switch, staircase wiring, need for earthing,
fuse, 3-pin plug and socket; Conventional location of live, neutral and
earth points in 3 pin plugs and sockets. Safety precautions, colour
coding of wires
 4. Electricity and magnetism
Emphasis
• Basic concept of resistance potential difference and current.
• Good conductors, bad conductors and superconductors.
• Factors affecting the resistance including specific resistance or resistivity.
𝑄 𝑛𝑒
• Definition of current and relations 𝐼 = = .
𝑡 𝑡
• Concept of potential difference.
• Ohm's law connecting the relation between V,I and R. Limitations of the Ohm's law, its graphical
representation. Ohmic and non-Ohmic resistors and their examples.
• Characteristics of series and parallel combination of resistors. Calculation of equivalent resistance of
1 1 1
different combinations. Derivations of 𝑅 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 … 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = + … . .
𝑅 𝑅1 𝑅2

• Meaning of e.m.f, terminal voltage, potential drop and internal resistance. 𝐸 = 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟)
• Numericals based on different circuit diagrams.
 4. Electricity and magnetism
Emphasis
• Heating effect of current. Factors affecting the heat generated in an
electrical appliance.
• Meaning of Power rating of an electrical appliance.
𝑉 2𝑡
• The relations 𝐸 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡 = = 𝑃 × 𝑡. Numericals based on
𝑅
these formulae.
𝑉2
• The relations 𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅 = 𝑉𝐼 = .
Numericals based on these
𝑅
formulae.
• Relation between kilowatt-hour and joule.
• Calculation of electrical energy consumed.
 4. Electricity and magnetism
Emphasis
• Meaning of live, neutral and earth wire and use of each wire in the
circuit. Their colour coding.
• Basic knowledge of power transmission. Why power is transmitted at
very high voltage?
• Ring system of wiring with diagram. Use of switch, fuse, MCB,
earthing, 3 pin top and 3 pin socket.
• How earthing prevents electric shock in the circuit. How earththing is
useless if fuse is not present in the live wire.
• Why fuse and switch are always present in live wire?
• Staircase wiring and diagram.
 4. Electricity and magnetism
(iv) Magnetic effect of a current (principles only, laws not required);
electromagnetic induction (elementary); transformer.
Scope
Oersted’s experiment on the magnetic effect of electric current; magnetic field
(B) and field lines due to current in a straight wire (qualitative only), right
hand thumb rule – magnetic field due to a current in a loop; Electromagnets:
their uses; comparisons with a permanent magnet; Fleming’s Left Hand Rule,
the DC electric motor- simple sketch of main parts (coil, magnet, split ring
commutator and brushes); brief description and type of energy transfer
(working not required)
 4. Electricity and magnetism

Scope continued
Simple introduction to electromagnetic induction; frequency of AC in
house hold supplies , Fleming’s Right Hand Rule, AC Generator -
Simple sketch of main parts, brief description and type of energy
transfer(working not required). Advantage of AC over DC. Transformer-
its types, characteristics of primary and secondary coils in each type
(simple labelled diagram and its uses).
 4. Electricity and magnetism
Emphasis
• Magnetic effect of current. Oersted’s experiment.
• Characteristics of magnetic field produced around the current carrying
straight conductor. Effect when the conductor is bent to form a coil
(solenoid).
• Difference between solenoid and electromagnet. Factors affecting their
strength.
• Right Hand Thumb Rule for finding the direction of magnetic field around
the current carrying conductor.
• Examples of the appliances which work on this principle.
• Electric bell.
 4. Electricity and magnetism
Emphasis
• Effect on a conductor carrying current being present in the magnetic
field. Lorentz Force.
• Use of Fleming left hand rule to find out the direction of this current.
• Factors affecting the magnitude of the Lorentz Force. 𝐹 = 𝐵𝐼𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
• Principle of a D.C. motor, its simple diagram and functions of different
parts.
• Applications of D.C. motor. Factors affecting the speed of rotation of
the coil in the motor.
 4. Electricity and magnetism
Emphasis
• Concept of magnetic flux and its change by causing motion between a magnet and a
conductor. Electromagnetic induction. Faraday's laws or laws of electromagnetic
induction.
• Fleming's left hand rule and Lenz's law to find out the direction of induced current.
• Why induced e.m.f opposes the change in the magnetic flux?
• AC generator, functions of different parts. Factors affecting the magnitude of induced e.m.f.
in an A.C. generator.
• Concept of change in the magnetic flux by changing the strength in the magnetic
field. Difference between A.C. and D.C. and how does the magnetic field changes around
them.
• Transformers and its types. Diagrams of step up and step down transformer. Different parts
of the transformer and their function.
 5. Heat
(i) Calorimetry: meaning, specific heat capacity; principle of method of mixtures;
Numerical Problems on specific heat capacity using heat loss and gain and the
method of mixtures.
Scope
Heat and its units (calorie, joule), temperature and its units ( 0𝐶 , K); thermal (heat)
capacity C' = Q/ ∆ T... (SI unit of C): Specific heat Capacity C = Q/m ∆T (SI
unit of C) Mutual relation between Heat Capacity and Specific Heat capacity,
values of C for some common substances (ice, water and copper). Principle of
method of mixtures including mathematical statement. Natural phenomenon
involving specific heat. Consequences of high sp. heat of water. [Simple numerical
problems].
 5. Heat

(ii) Latent heat; loss and gain of heat involving change of state for fusion
only.
Scope
Change of phase (state); heating curve for water; latent heat; specific
latent heat of fusion (SI unit). Simple numerical problems. Common
physical phenomena involving latent heat of fusion.
 5. Heat
Emphasis
• Difference between heat and temperature.
• SI units of heat and temperature.
• Factors affecting the heat absorbed or released.
• Definition of specific heat capacity. Its SI unit. Factors on which the specific
heat capacity depends.
• Thermal capacity or heat capacity. Its SI unit. Factors affecting the thermal
capacity.
• Expressions 𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑡 and numericals based on them.
• Definition of calorimeter. What is done to minimize the heat losses in a
calorimeter.
• Material used for calorimeter and reason for selecting the material
• Principle of calorimetry or principle of mixtures. Numericals based on the
principle.
 5. Heat
Emphasis
• Definition of latent heat, specific latent heat of fusion. Factors affecting
the latent heat and specific latent heat.
• Heating curve for water. Student should be able to apply the knowledge
to draw the sketch of this curve for other substances.
• Applications of high specific heat capacity of water and high specific
latent heat of fusion of ice.
• Numerical based on 𝐻 = 𝑚𝑙
• Numericals on the of four five types.
 6. Modern Physics
(i) Radioactivity and changes in the nucleus; background radiation and safety
precautions
Scope
Brief introduction (qualitative only) of the nucleus, nuclear structure, atomic
number (Z), mass number (A). Radioactivity as spontaneous
disintegration. α , β and γ - their nature and properties; changes within
the nucleus. One example each of α and β decay with equations showing
changes in Z and A. Uses of radioactivity - radio isotopes. Harmful effects.
Safety precautions. Background radiation.
 6. Modern Physics

Scope continued
Radiation: X-rays; radioactive fallout from nuclear plants and other
sources.
Nuclear Energy: working on safe disposal of waste. Safety measures to
be strictly reinforced.
 6. Modern Physics

(ii) Nuclear fission and fusion; basic introduction and equations.

 6. Modern Physics
Emphasis
• Basics of atomic structure done in chemistry.
• Reason for emission of radioactive radiations.
• Examples of the substances emitting these radiations. Radioisotopes.
• Emission of Alpha Beta and Gamma radiations.
• It is expected that students will remember at least one equation for each type of
reaction otherwise they should be able to complete the general equation for each
type of reaction.
• Conditions under which these radiations are given out.
• Comparison of the properties of Alpha Beta and Gamma radiations.
• Uses of these radiation.
 6. Modern Physics
Emphasis

• Precautions to be taken in handling radioactive materials.

• Background radiations.
• Types of nuclear reactions. Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. Major differences
between them.
• Use of nuclear fission in power generation. Corresponding equation for chain
reaction. Safe disposal of used radioisotopes.
 Internal assessment of practical work.
Candidates will be asked to carry out experiments for which instructions will
be given. The experiments may be based on topics that are not included in the
syllabus but theoretical knowledge will not be required. A candidate will be
expected to be able to follow simple instructions, to take suitable readings and
to present these readings in a systematic form. He/she may be required to
exhibit his/her data graphically. Candidates will be expected to appreciate and
use the concepts of least count, significant figures and elementary error
handling.
 Internal assessment of practical work.

Note: Teachers may design their own set of experiments, preferably related to
the theory syllabus. A comprehensive list is suggested below.
 Internal assessment of practical work.
1. Lever - There are many possibilities with a meter rule as a lever with a
load (known or unknown) suspended from a point near one end (say
left), the lever itself pivoted on a knife edge, use slotted weights
suspended from the other (right) side for effort. Determine the mass of a
metre rule using a spring balance or by balancing it on a knife edge at
some point away from the middle and a 50g weight on the other side.
Next pivot (F) the metre rule at the 40cm, 50cm and 60cm mark, each
time suspending a load L or the left end and effort E
 Internal assessment of practical work.

near the right end. Adjust E and or its position so that the rule is
balanced. Tabulate the position of L, F and E and the magnitudes of L
and E and the distances of load arm and effort arm. Calculate MA=L/E
and VR = effort arm/load arm. It will be found that MA <VR in one
case, MA=VR in another and MA>VR in the third case. Try to explain
why this is so. Also try to calculate the real load and real effort in these
cases.
 Internal assessment of practical work.

2. Determine the VR and MA of a given pulley system.

3. Trace the course of different rays of light refracting through a
rectangular glass slab at different angles of incidence, measure the
angles of incidence, refraction and emergence. Also measure the lateral
displacement.
4. Determine the focal length of a convex lens by (a) the distant object
method and (b) using a needle and a plane mirror.
 Internal assessment of practical work.
5. Determine the focal length of a convex lens by using two pins and
formula f = uv/(u+v).
6. For a triangular prism, trace the course of rays passing through it,
measure angles𝑖1 , 𝑖2 , A and δ. Repeat for four different angles of
incidence (say 𝑖1 =400 , 500 , 600 and 700 ). Verify 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 =A+δ and A =
𝑟1 + 𝑟2 .
7. For a ray of light incident normally (𝑖1 =0) on one face of a prism, trace
course of the ray. Measure the angle δ. Explain briefly. Do this for
prisms with A=600 , 450 and 900 .
 Internal assessment of practical work.
8. Calculate the sp. heat of the material of the given calorimeter, from the
temperature readings and masses of cold water, warm water and its
mixture taken in the calorimeter.
9. Determination of sp. heat of a metal by method of mixtures.
10. Determination of specific latent heat of ice.
11. Using as simple electric circuit, verify Ohm’s law. Draw a graph, and obtain
the slope.
12. Set up model of household wiring including ring main circuit. Study the
function of switches and fuses.
 Internal assessment of practical work.
Suggestion of some experiments (Std 9)
1.Reflection at plane surface.
2.Rotation of a plane mirror.
3.Use of Vernier Callipers and Screw Gauge
4.Simple pendulum.
5.Verification of Archimedes principle.
6.Law of floatation.
7.To determine density and relative density of a given solid denser than water and also to
find the RD of a given liquid.
8. Comparison of Celsius and Fahrenheit.
 Internal assessment of practical work.
Suggestion of some experiments (Std 9)
8. Focal length of a concave mirror.
9. Focal length concave mirror by removing parallax between object
and the pin.
10. Current electricity (Use of voltmeter)
11. Magnetism 1(Location of poles, length of magnet and earths
magnetic field)
12. Magnetism 2 (Location of neutral points and surrounding magnetic
field)
 Internal assessment of practical work.
Suggestion of some experiments (Std 10)
1. Refraction through a rectangular glass block.
2. Total internal reflection.
3. Refraction through a triangular prism.
4. Focal length of a convex lens by u-v method.
5. Focal length of a convex lens by Auxiliary plane mirror method.
6. Principle of moments.
7. Pulley
8. Specific heat capacity of calorimeter.
 Internal assessment of practical work.
Suggestion of some experiments (Std 10)
9. Specific latent heat of fusion.
10. Specific latent heat of vaporization.
11. Cooling curve.
12. Sound - Resonance.
13. Relation between length of conductor and current through the
conductor./ Relation between potential difference across a metal wire
and its length – to determine the potential gradient of the given metal wire.
14. Verification of Ohm’s law.
 Internal assessment of practical work.

Teachers may feel free to alter or add to the above list. The students may
perform about 10 experiments. Some experiments may be demonstrated.