Chapter 10 IB HL Complex Numbers Worksheet MARKSCHEME

1. METHOD 1
z = (2 – i)(z + 2) M1
= 2z + 4 – iz – 2i
z(1 – i) = – 4 + 2i
− 4 + 2i
z= A1
1− i
− 4 + 2i 1 + i
z= × M1
1− i 1+ i
=–3–i A1

METHOD 2
let z = a + ib
a + ib
=2–i M1
a + ib + 2
a + ib = (2 – i)((a + 2) + ib)
a + ib = 2(a + 2) + 2bi – i(a + 2) + b
a + ib = 2a + b + 4 + (2b – a – 2)i
attempt to equate real and imaginary parts M1
a = 2a + b + 4( ⇒ a + b + 4 = 0)
and b = 2b – a – 2( ⇒ – a + b – 2 = 0) A1
Note: Award A1 for two correct equations.
b = –1;a = –3
z=–3–i A1
[4]

2. METHOD 1
π
r = 2, θ = − (A1)(A1)
3
−3

(
∴ 1− i 3 )−3 ⎛ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π ⎞⎞
= 2 −3 ⎜⎜ cos ⎜ − ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟⎟ M1
⎝ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠
1
= (cos π + i sin π ) (M1)
8
1
=− A1
8
METHOD 2

(1 − i 3 )(1 − i 3 ) = 1 − 2i 3 − 3 (= −2 − 2i 3 ) (M1)A1

(− 2 − 2i 3 )(1 − i 3 ) = −8 (M1)(A1)
1 1
∴ =− A1
(1 − i 3 ) 3
8

IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition 1

 METHOD 3
Attempt at Binomial expansion M1

(1 − i 3 )3 = 1 + 3(−i 3 ) + 3 (−i 3 )2 + (−i 3 )3 (A1)

= 1 − 3i 3 − 9 + 3i 3 (A1)
= −8 A1
1 1
∴ =− M1
(1 − i 3 )
3
8
[5]

3. (a) AB = 12 + ( 2 − 3 ) 2 M1

= 88 − 4 3 A1

= 2 2− 3 A1
(b) METHOD 1
π π
arg z 1 = − , arg z 2 = − A1A1
4 3
π π
Note: Allow and .
4 3
Note: Allow degrees at this stage.
π π
AÔB = −
3 4
π π
= (accept − ) A1
12 12
Note: Allow FT for final A1.
METHOD 2
attempt to use scalar product or cosine rule M1
1+ 3
cos AÔB = A1
2 2
π
AÔB = A1
12
[6]
4. (a) METHOD 1
z+i
=i
z+2
z + i = iz + 2i M1
(1 – i)z = i A1
i
z= A1
1− i
EITHER

IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition 2

 ⎛π⎞
cis⎜ ⎟
z=
⎝2⎠ M1
⎛ 3π ⎞
2cis⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠
2 ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎞
cis⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ or cis⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
z= 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠ A1A1

OR
−1+ i ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
z= ⎜= − + i⎟ M1
2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
2 ⎛ 3π ⎞⎛ 1 ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎞
z= cis⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ or cis⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ A1A1
2 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠

METHOD 2
x + i( y + 1)
i= M1
x + 2 + iy
x + i(y + 1) = –y + i(x + 2) A1
x = –y; x + 2 = y + 1 A1
1 1
solving, x = − ; y = A1
2 2
1 1
z= − + i
2 2
2 ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎞
z= cis⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ or cis⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟ A1A1
2 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠
Note: Award A1 fort the correct modulus and A1 for the correct argument,
but the final answer must be in the form r cis θ.
Accept 135° for the argument.
x + ( y + 1)i
(b) substituting z = x + iy to obtain w = (A1)
( x + 2) + yi
use of (x + 2) – yi to rationalize the denominator M1
x( x + 2) + y ( y + 1) + i(− xy + ( y + 1)( x + 2))
ω= A1
( x + 2) 2 + y 2
( x 2 + 2 x + y 2 + y ) + i( x + 2 y + 2)
= AG
( x + 2) 2 + y 2

x 2 + 2x + y 2 + y
(c) Re ω = =1 M1
( x + 2) 2 + y 2
⇒ x2 + 2x + y2 + y = x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 A1
⇒ y = 2x + 4 A1
which has gradient m = 2 A1

(d) EITHER

IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition 3

 π
arg (z) = ⇒ x = y (and x, y > 0) (A1)
42
2 x + 3x i(3x + 2)
+
ω = ( x + 2) 2 + x 2 ( x + 2) 2 + x 2
3x + 2
⇒ tan θ =
if arg(ω) = θ 2 x 2 + 3x (M1)
3x + 2
=1
2 x 2 + 3x M1A1

OR
π
arg (z) = ⇒ x = y (and x, y > 0) A1
4
π
arg (w) = ⇒ x2 + 2x + y2 + y = x + 2y + 2 M1
4
solve simultaneously M1
x2 + 2x + x2 + x = x + 2x + 2 (or equivalent) A1
THEN
x2 = 1
x = 1 (as x > 0) A1
Note: Award A0 for x = ±1.
│z│ = 2 A1
Note: A1low FT from incorrect values of x.
[19]

5. (a) 1 + i 3 = 2 or 1 − i = 2 (A1)

(
arg 1 + i 3 = ) π
3
or arg (1 − i) = −
π
4
⎛ 7π ⎞
⎜ accept ⎟
4 ⎠
(A1)
⎝
z1 = 2 m A1
n
z2 = 2 A1

π
arg (z1) = m arctan 3 = m A1
3
−π ⎛ 7π ⎞
arg (z2) = n arctan (−1) = n ⎜ accept n ⎟ A1 N2
4 ⎝ 4 ⎠

n
(b) 2 m = 2 ⇒ n = 2m (M1)A1

π −π
m =n + 2 πk , where k is an integer M1A1
3 4
π π
⇒ m + n = 2 πk
3 4

IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition 4

 π π
⇒ m + 2m = 2 πk (M1)
3 4
5
mπ = 2 πk
6
12
⇒m= k A1
5
The smallest value of k such that m is an integer is 5, hence
m = 12 A1
n = 24. A1 N2
[14]
1
6. (a) z= (1 − i) 4
Let 1 – i = r(cos θ + i sin θ)
⇒r= 2 A1
π
θ= − A1
4
1
⎛ ⎛ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π ⎞⎞⎞ 4
z = ⎜⎜ 2 ⎜⎜ cos⎜ − ⎟ + isin ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎟⎟ M1
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠⎠
1
⎛ ⎛ ⎛ π ⎞ ⎛ π ⎞⎞⎞ 4
= ⎜⎜ 2 ⎜⎜ cos⎜ − + 2nπ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − + 2nπ ⎟ ⎟⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠⎠
1
⎛ ⎛ π nπ ⎞ ⎛ π nπ ⎞ ⎞
= 2 8 ⎜⎜ cos⎜ − + ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − + ⎟ ⎟⎟ M1
⎝ ⎝ 16 2 ⎠ ⎝ 16 2 ⎠ ⎠
1
⎛ ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π ⎞⎞
= 2 8 ⎜⎜ cos⎜ − ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ 16 ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠ ⎠
Note: Award M1 above for this line if the candidate has forgotten to
add 2π and no other solution given.
1
⎛ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎞
= 28 ⎜⎜ cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ 16 ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠ ⎠
1
⎛ ⎛ 15π ⎞ ⎛ 15π ⎞ ⎞
= 28 ⎜⎜ cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ 16 ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠ ⎠
1
⎛ ⎛ 9π ⎞ ⎛ 9π ⎞ ⎞
= 2 8 ⎜⎜ cos⎜ − ⎟ + i sin ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟⎟ A2
⎝ ⎝ 16 ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠ ⎠
Note: Award A1 for 2 correct answers. Accept any equivalent form.

(b)

IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition 5

 A2
Note: Award A1 for roots being shown equidistant from the origin
and one in each quadrant.
A1 for correct angular positions. It is not necessary to
see written evidence of angle, but must agree with the diagram.

1
⎛⎛ 15π ⎞ ⎛ 15π ⎞ ⎞
28 ⎜⎜ ⎜ cos ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
z2 ⎝⎝ 16 ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠ ⎠
(c) = 1
M1A1
z1 ⎛⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎛ 7π ⎞ ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎜ cos ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
28
⎝⎝ 16 ⎠ ⎝ 16 ⎠ ⎠
π π
= cos + i sin (A1)
2 2
=i A1 N2
( ⇒ a = 0, b = 1)
[12]

1 2iθ
e
2
7. (a) z= (M1)
e iθ
1 iθ
z= e A1 N2
2

1
(b) │z│ = A2
2
│z│< 1 AG

a
(c) Using S∞ = (M1)
1− r
e iθ
S∞ = A1 N2
1
1 − e iθ
2

e iθ cisθ
(d) (i) S∞ = = (M1)
1 1
1 − e iθ 1 − cisθ
2 2

IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition 6

 cos θ + i sinθ
(A1)
1
1 − (cos θ + i sinθ )
2
1 2iθ 1 3iθ
Also S∞ = eiθ + e + e + ...
2 4
1 1
= cis θ + cis2θ + cis3θ + ... (M1)
2 4
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
S∞ = ⎜ cos θ + cos 2θ + cos 3θ + ... ⎟ + i⎜ sinθ + sin 2θ + sin 3θ + ... ⎟ A1
⎝ 2 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 4 ⎠

(ii) Taking real parts,

⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
1 1 ⎜ cos θ + i sin θ ⎟
cos θ + cos 2θ + cos 3θ + ... = Re A1
2 4 ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎜ 1 − (cos θ + i sinθ ) ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎜ 1 − cos θ + i sinθ ⎟
⎜ (cos θ + i sinθ ) 2 2 ⎟
= Re⎜ × M1
⎛ 1 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎜1 − cos θ − i sinθ ⎟ ⎜1 − cos θ + i sinθ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎠
1 1
cos θ − cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 2
= 2
A1
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
⎜1 − cos θ ⎟ + sin θ
2

⎝ 2 ⎠ 4
⎛ 1⎞
⎜ cos θ − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
= A1
1
1 − cos θ + (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
4
(2 cos θ − 1) ÷ 2 4(2 cos θ − 1)
= = A1
(4 − 4 cos θ + 1) ÷ 4 2(5 − 4 cos θ )
4 cos θ − 2
= A1AG N0
5 − 4 cos θ
[25]

8. EITHER
changing to modulus-argument form
r=2
π
θ = arctan 3 = (M1)A1
3
n ⎛ nπ nπ ⎞
⇒ 1 + 3 = 2 n ⎜ cos + isin ⎟ M1
⎝ 3 3 ⎠
nπ
if sin = 0 ⇒ n = {0, ±3, ±6,...} (M1)A1 N2
3
OR

IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition 7

 π
θ = arctan 3 = (M1)(A1)
3

M1
nπ
∈ ⇒ = kπ, k ∈
n 3 M1
⇒ n = 3k , k ∈
A1 N2
[5]

9. (a) any appropriate form, e.g. (cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos (nθ) + i sin (nθ) A1

(b) zn = cos nθ + i sin nθ A1

1
= cos(–nθ) + i sin(–nθ) (M1)
zn
= cos nθ – i sin (nθ) A1
1
therefore zn – n = 2i sin (nθ) AG
z

5 2 3 4 5
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ 4 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ 3 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 5⎞ 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ z − ⎟ = z + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ z ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ z ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ z ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ z ⎜ − ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟
5
(c)
⎝ z⎠ ⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ z ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ z ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ z ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ z ⎠ ⎝ z ⎠
(M1)(A1)
10 5 1
= z5 – 5z3 + 10z – + 3 − 5 A1
z z z

5
⎛ 1⎞ 5 1 ⎛ 3 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
(d) ⎜ z − ⎟ = z − 5 − 5⎜ z − 3 ⎟ + 10⎜ z − ⎟ M1A1
⎝ z⎠ z ⎝ z ⎠ ⎝ z⎠
5
(2i sin θ) = 2i sin 5θ – 10i sin 3θ + 20i sin θ M1A1
16 sin5 θ = sin 5θ – 5 sin 3θ + 10 sin θ AG

(e) 16 sin5 θ = sin 5θ – 5 sin 3θ + 10 sin θ

5
⎛ π⎞
LHS = 16⎜ sin ⎟
⎝ 4⎠
5
⎛ 2⎞
= 16⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 4 ⎞
= 2 2 ⎜⎜ = ⎟⎟ A1
⎝ 2⎠

IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition 8

 ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛π⎞
RHS = sin ⎜ ⎟ − 5 sin ⎜ ⎟ + 10 sin ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝4⎠
2 ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ ⎞
= − − 5⎜ ⎟ + 10⎜ 2 ⎟ M1A1
2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Note: Award M1 for attempted substitution.
⎛ 4 ⎞
= 2 2 ⎜⎜ = ⎟⎟ A1
⎝ 2⎠
π
hence this is true for θ = AG
4

π π
1
(f) ∫
0
2 sin 5 θdθ =
16 ∫ 0
2 (sin 5θ − 5 sin 3θ + 10 sin θ )dθ M1
π
1 ⎡ cos 5θ 5 cos 3θ ⎤2
= ⎢ − + − 10 cos θ ⎥ A1
16 ⎣ 5 3 ⎦0
1 ⎡ ⎛ 1 5 ⎞⎤
= ⎢0 − ⎜ − + − 10 ⎟⎥ A1
16 ⎣ ⎝ 5 3 ⎠⎦
8
= A1
15

π
8
(g) ∫
0
2 cos 5 θdθ =
15
, with appropriate reference to symmetry and graphs.A1R1R1

Note: Award first R1 for partially correct reasoning e.g. sketches

of graphs of sin and cos.
Award second R1 for fully correct reasoning involving sin5 and cos5.
[22]

3
3 ⎛ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎞
10. (a) (i) ω = ⎜⎜ cos⎜ ⎟ + isin ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠
⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞
= cos⎜ 3 × ⎟ + isin ⎜ 3 × ⎟ (M1)
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
= cos 2π + i sin 2π A1
=1 AG

⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞
(ii) 1 + ω + ω2 = 1 + cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟ + cos⎜ ⎟ + i sin ⎜ ⎟ M1A1
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
1 3 1 3
= 1 + − +i − −i A1
2 2 2 2
=0 AG

⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞
i⎜ θ + ⎟ i⎜ θ + ⎟
iθ
(b) (i) e +e ⎝ 3 ⎠
+e ⎝ 3 ⎠

IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition 9

 ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 4π ⎞
i⎜ ⎟ i⎜ ⎟
= e iθ + e iθ e ⎝ 3 ⎠ + e iθ e ⎝ 3 ⎠ (M1)
⎛ ⎛ ⎛ 2π ⎞
i⎜ ⎟ i⎜ ⎟ ⎞ ⎞
⎛ 4π ⎞
⎜ iθ ⎜ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎟⎟
e
= ⎜ ⎜ 1 + e ⎝ 3 ⎠
+ e
⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠
= eiθ(1 + ω + ω2) A1
=0 AG

IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition 10

 (ii)

A1A1
Note: Award A1 for one point on the imaginary axis and another
point marked with approximately correct modulus and argument.
Award A1 for third point marked to form an equilateral triangle
centred on the origin.

(c) (i) attempt at the expansion of at least two linear factors (M1)
(z – 1)z2 – z(ω + ω2) + ω3 or equivalent (A1)
use of earlier result (M1)
F(z) = (z – 1)(z2 + z + 1) = z3 – 1 A1

(ii) equation to solve is z3 = 8 (M1)

z = 2, 2ω, 2ω2 A2
Note: Award A1 for 2 correct solutions.
[16]

IB Questionbank Mathematics Higher Level 3rd edition 11