Chapter 3

Integration
Example 1
(a) Complete the table below to show the relation between differentiation and integration.

Differentiation Integration
𝑑
(i) 2𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 3
(ii) 𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 3
(iii)
න 10𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 5 + 𝑐

𝑑
(iv) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

(b) By using the integration symbol “‫”𝑥𝑑 … ׬‬, write each of the following as the inverse of differentiation.
𝑑
(i) 5𝑥 3 + 4 = 15𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 7 14
(ii) 4𝑥 − −8 =4+
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3
Example 2
4 𝑑𝑦
(a) Given 𝑦 = and = 𝑔(𝑥), find ‫ ׬‬3𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
2𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑦 8𝑥 4𝑥
(b) Given 𝑦 = and = , find ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥.
3 −4𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 3 − 4𝑥2 2 3 − 4𝑥2 2
Example of HOTS Question
1 1 1
Given that 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 , 𝐺 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3 and 𝐻 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + π.
4 4 4
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(a) Determine 𝐹(𝑥) ; 𝐺(𝑥) and 𝐻(𝑥) .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(b) What is the relationship between the results in (a) with the functions given?
𝑑 𝑑
(c) Suggest another function 𝑄(𝑥) such that 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝐹(𝑥) .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 3
Copy and complete the following table to derive the indefinite integral formula for ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑘 ׬‬, where 𝑘 is a constant.
[𝑐 is the constant of integration.]

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
න 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

(a) 𝑥 + 𝑐 1
න 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐

(b) 2𝑥 + 𝑐 2
න 2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐

(c) 3𝑥 + 𝑐 3
න 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐

. . .
. . .
. . .
𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐
න 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
Example 4
Copy and complete the following table to derive the indefinite integral formula for ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑛 𝑥 ׬‬, where 𝑛 is an integer
and 𝑛 ≠ 1.
[𝑐 is the constant of integration.]
g(𝑥) g′(𝑥)
න 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑥
(a) 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 1
2 න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
2
1
(b) 𝑥 3 + 𝑐 𝑥2
3 න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐

1
(c) 𝑥 4 + 𝑐 𝑥3
4 න 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐

. . .
. . .
. . .
1
𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑐 න 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑛−1
Example 6
Integrate each of the following with respect to 𝑥.
(a) 4𝑥 3 (b) 3𝑥 −4
1 5
(c) (d) −
𝑥3 6𝑥 2
SPM TIPS:
1
Write 𝑛 as 𝑥 −𝑛 to ease the integration.
𝑥
Example 7
Determine the integral for each of the following.
(a) ‫ ׬‬2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 5 𝑑𝑥 (b) ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 − 1 2𝑥 − 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 + 6 𝑥2 − 4
(c) ‫𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑑𝑥 (d) ‫𝑥 ׬‬−2 𝑑𝑥
Example 8
Find the integrals for each of the following.
(a) ‫ ׬‬3𝑥 + 2 5 𝑑𝑥
4
(b) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
7(2𝑥 + 5)2
Example 9
The gradient function of a curve is given by 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 6𝑥(𝑥 − 1). Find the equation of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) that
passes through the point (1, -5).
Example 10
𝑑2𝑦
A curve is such that = 6𝑥 − 18 and the gradient of the curve at the point 𝐴(1, −11) is −13. Express 𝑦 in
𝑑𝑥 2
terms of 𝑥.
SPM TIPS:
In example 10,
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
• Since = ,thus = ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
Hence, we have to integrate 2 twice to obtain
the equation of the curve.
𝑑𝑥
• When performing the integration process, the two constants arise should be represented by two different symbols, 𝑐1
and 𝑐2 . Hence, we need two conditions to determine the values of 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 .
Example 11
Evaluate the following definite integrals.
5 10 2 1 2
(a) ‫׬‬2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (b) ‫׬‬1 𝑥+ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
−1 2𝑥 4 + 1 4 4
(c) ‫׬‬−2 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 (d) ‫׬‬2 𝑑𝑥
(5 − 𝑥)2
Example 12
Find the value of 𝑘 in each of the following definite integrals, where 𝑘 is a constant.
3 1 2
(a) ‫𝑘׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥2 3
1 𝑘
(b) ‫׬‬−1 𝑑𝑥 = 4
(3 − 2𝑥)2
Example 14
4 6
Given that ‫׬‬1 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 and ‫׬‬4 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2, find
1
(a) ‫׬‬4 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6
(b) ‫׬‬1 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4
(c) ‫׬‬1 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫׬‬6 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example 15
5 7
Given that ‫׬‬2 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬5 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3, find
5
(a) ‫׬‬2 3𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
(b) ‫׬‬2 [𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
7
(c) ‫׬‬2 [1 − 2𝑔 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
7
(d) evaluate 𝑘 if ‫׬‬2 𝑔 𝑥 − 2𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 8.
Example 16
The diagram below shows a shaded region under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 that is bounded by the 𝑥-axis, the straight lines
𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = 2.

Divide the shaded region into five rectangles such that the width of each rectangle is 0.2 unit. Hence, estimate the
area of the shaded region under the curve, in unit2, by finding the total area of all the rectangles.
Example 17
The diagram below shows the curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3).

2 3
(a) Find ‫׬‬0 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 and ‫׬‬2 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥. Comment on the values obtained from these two
answers based on the region enclosed in the diagram.
(b) Determine the area of the shaded region.
SPM TIPS:
A sketch of a curve able to show whether the curve crosses the 𝑥-axis. If it does, calculate the area of the regions above
and below the 𝑥-axis separately. Ignore the negative sign for the area below the 𝑥-axis and add it with the area above the
𝑥-axis to get the total area.
Example 18
In the diagram below, the straight line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 7 intersects the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 1 at point 𝑃.

Find
(a) the coordinate of point 𝑃,
(b) the area of the shaded region.
Example 19
Determine the area of the shaded region in the diagram below.
Example 20
Find the area of the shaded region bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑦(𝑦 − 1)(𝑦 − 3) and 𝑦-axis as shown in the
diagram below.
Example 21
12
The diagram below shows part of the curve 𝑦 = , the straight lines 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑦 = 3.
𝑥2

Determine the area of the shaded region bounded by the curve, the lines 𝑥 = 4 and 𝑦 = 3.
Example 22
Find the area of the shaded region bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 3𝑥 and the straight line 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6 = 0 as shown in
the diagram below.
Example 23
Find the area of the shaded region bounded by the curves 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2 and 𝑦 = −3𝑥 2 + 6 as shown in the diagram
below.

SPM TIPS:
𝑏
The formula ‫ 𝑥 𝑓[ 𝑎׬‬− 𝑔 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥 that is use to find area between two curves will not be
0
affected by the position of the 𝑥-axis. For example, in Example 23, if we translate −7 to
both graphs such that the shaded region lies totally below the 𝑥-axis, the area of the shaded
region remain unchanged. Hence, the problems related to negative values for the area below
the coordinate axis do not occur. Integration can be done directly.
Example 24
Find the generated volume when the shaded region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑥-axis and the lines 𝑥 = −1
and 𝑥 = 1 is rotated through 360° about the 𝑥-axis.
Example 25
Find the generated volume when the shaded region bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 𝑥, 𝑦-axis and the line 𝑦 = 2 is
revolved through four right angles about the 𝑦-axis.

SPM TIPS:
The statement ‘four right angles’ is used to replace 360 ° to illustrate the complete revolution about the 𝑥-axis or 𝑦-axis.
Example 26
4
The diagram below shows the shaded region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = , the coordinate axes, the lines 𝑥 = 4 and
𝑥
𝑦 = 4.

The shaded region is revolved through 360° about the 𝑥-axis. Calculate the generated volume.
Example 27
𝑥 𝑦
The diagram below shows part of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 and the straight line − = 1.
2 3

Calculate the generated volume when the shaded region is revolved through 360° about the 𝑦-axis.