‫سم الله الرحمن الرح م‬

Language

Sentences

Fragments

Words

‫اسم‬ ‫فعل‬ ‫حرف‬

Status Gender Number Type

Status:
An ISM will have one of the three statuses:
1. ‫رفع‬
2. ‫نصب‬
3. ‫جر‬
How to tell status:
1. Ending Sound 2. Ending Combination
Flexibility:
Fully Flexible (‫ف‬ )

Partly Flexible (‫ف‬ )

Non Flexible ( )

1. Fully Flexible (‫ف‬ )

This is the default state for a word.
Shows all the three statuses in normal way.
2. Partly Flexible (‫ف‬ )

 Can only take and

 Can never take
Can be made fully flexible by adding ‫ ال‬or by
making it a ‫ف‬
Eg: Colors, Non – Arab Names, Feminine Names, Names of places
ُ َ َ
ِ‫ء‬
َ َ َ
ِ‫ء‬
َ َ َ
ِ‫ء‬

3. Non Flexibe ( )
  Can never show their status/always remain the same

Eg: Pronouns ( ) Pointers (‫) ا‬

Eg: ٰ ,ٰ , ‫ز‬, ‫ً ي‬

PRONOUNS:
Independent Pronouns: ( ‫)ر‬
Attached Pronouns: (‫ب‬ or ‫ور‬ )

GENDER: (MASCULINE VS FEMININE)

Masculine:

The default in Arabic is masculine. If there is no sign

of the word being feminine, then it’s masculine.

Feminine:
‫ﱞ‬ ٌ ْ
1. Biologically Feminine: Eg: ،‫ أم‬،‫ أخت‬،‫م م‬

2. Endings: ‫ اء الف ممدوده‬، ‫ ي‬، ‫ة‬

ٌ َ ْ َ ٌ َ َْ
Eg: ‫ رحمة‬، (fan) ‫ِمروحة‬
 ٰ ‫ ُص ْغ‬، ‫سلمي‬
‫ شري‬،‫ري‬ ٰ

‫ َع ْم َ ُاء‬، ‫َص ْح َر ُاء‬

3. Non – Human Plurals: Book - ‫تاب‬ ٌ ‫ك‬

ِ
ُ ٌ
Eg: Books - ‫كت ٌب‬, Cars - ‫َس ﱠ َارات‬

4. Feminine because Arabs said so:

َ ٌ
 Body parts in pairs: Eg: (eye)‫ ع ْﻴ ٌن‬،(leg) ‫( ر ْج ٌل‬hand) ‫َ د‬
ُْ
 Names of Places: Eg: ‫ ِم ْﺼ ُر‬, ‫ ال ِهند‬, ‫ِدل ِهي‬
َ ‫ﱠ‬
 Names of Hell: Eg: ‫ َج ِح ْ ٌم‬، ‫ َس ِع ْﻴ ُر‬، ‫ َسق ُر‬، ‫َج َهن ُم‬
ٌ ْ ُ ْ ُ ٌ َ َ
 Names for alcohol: Eg: ‫ خرطوم‬، ‫خمر‬

Some more examples: (sun) ‫ﺲ‬ ٌ ‫ َﺷ ْم‬،(sky)‫ َس َم ٌاء‬، (fire) ،

َ َ
‫( ن ٌار‬house) ‫ د ٌار‬، (war) ‫ َح ْر ٌب‬، ‫ض‬
ٌ ‫أ ْر‬

ْ
Number: Singular / Pair – ‫ اين‬- ‫ ا ِن‬/ Plural
The singular and dual are straightforward, so we will
focus on plural.

Plural categories:
 ُ
1. Masculine Plural – ‫ جمﻊ مﺬكر سالم‬- ‫ِﻳن‬ ‫◌ون‬

ٌ
2. Feminine Plural – ‫ات – جمﻊ مﺆنﺚ سالم‬
ٍ ‫ات‬

‫جمﻊ ﱠ‬
3. Broken Plural – ‫مﻜسر‬

Book – Books

Tooth – Teeth

 Human Broken Plural – ‫رس ْو ٌل – ج – ُر ُس ٌل‬

ُ , ‫عال ٌم ج علماء‬
ِ
 Non Human Broken Plural
(Gramatically treated as singular feminine – she)
 ٌ ‫قل ٌم ج ْأق‬
ٌ ‫ك‬, ‫ َم ْسج ٌد ج َم َساج ُد‬, ‫ﻼم‬
ٌ‫تاب ج ك ُتب‬
ِ ِ ِ
ٌ ٌ ْ َ
4. Plural by meaning – People – ‫قوم – ناس‬

Type: (Common or Proper) A book vs The book

‫ نكﺮه‬- ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻪ‬
The default is common. ‫ فرس‬، ‫ قلم‬، ‫كتاب‬
In Arabic there are SEVEN ways a word is made proper.
1. Specific names – ،‫فاروق‬
2. Pronouns - ‫ﻫو ﻫما ﻫم‬
3. Pointers – This, That, These, Those – ‫ ذلك‬- ‫ﻫﺬا‬
4. ‫ مضاف‬is proper if the ‫ مضاف ال ه‬is proper
5. Words with ‫ال‬
6. The one being called
ٌ
7. ‫الم ْو ُص ْولة‬
َ ‫الﺬي – الﺬﻳن – اﻷسماء‬