HISTORY L -7 : GROWTH OF NEW IDEAS
Q1. Mention one incident which made Buddha leave home in
L – 6 : EARLY STATES
JANAPADS TO MAHAJANPADS
Q1. What geographical advantages made Magadha stronger?
Ans.(i) Rich natural resources like iron ore deposits used to make
agricultural tools and weapons.
(ii) Rivers provide water for irrigation.
(iii) Fertile Soil for production and source of revenue for king.
(iv) Dense forests of Magadha provided timber and elephants for
military.
(v) Empire established mostly on the banks of rivers that led to trade
and prosperity.
Q2. What do you know about the administration of Magadha?
Ans. 1. The king was the supreme head of the state.
2. He became very strong and protected his people.
3. He was assisted by officials like Amatya (minister), Purohita
(Priest) Sangrahitri (treasurer) and Senapati (Chief of army).
4. The head of village (gramini) also helped him in administration.
Q3. Write a note on the society of 6th century BC.
Ans. Society was mainly divided into four main castes: Brahmins,
Kshatriya, Vaishyas and shudras.
Brahmins, Kshatriya and Vaishyas enjoyed high position in the
society, but shudras had to serve them. They do work of cleaning,
sweeping etc. They treated as untouchables. Practice of child
marriage and polygamy were common.
Q4. What do you know about the economy of Magadha?
Ans. Agriculture was the main occupation of the people. They grow
various crops like wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane, vegetables etc.
Artisans and craftsmen produced goods of fine equality. Guilds
formed by craftsmen and merchants. Coins were made of silver and
copper. Early coins were known as punch marked coins.
pg. 1
search of truth?
Ans. One day he saw an old man, sick man and a dead body. He got
disturbed and realized that all men must suffer, grow, old and die.
Another day he saw a calm face. Then he left home at the age of
twenty-nine in search of peace.
Q2. How did Buddha become enlightened?
Ans.Gautam Buddha travelled over vast areas. He reached Gaya
(Bihar) where he sat beneath a peepal tree and stared meditation. He
attained enlightenment and came to be known as Buddha. That tree
known as "Bodhi Tree".
Q3. Who was Mahavira? Where was he born?
Ans.Vardhman Mahavira was 24th Tirthankar. He made popular to
this religion by his teachings and efforts. He was born in 540 BC at
Kundagram near vaishali in Bihar. His father's name was Sidhartha,
mother's name Trishala and she was the sister of Lichhavi ruler
chetak.
Q4. What do you know about the teachings of Mahavira?
Ans. (i) God is creator of universe.
(ii) World is full of sorrow and pain.
(iii) Karma decides the destiny. Karma is the cause of birth and death
of a being.
(iv) Everyone is equal spiritually.
(v) Purpose of life is to attain salvation.
(vi) Five Doctrines- speak truth, posses no property, no stealing, non-
violence, non- attachment.
Q5. Explain the four noble truth preached by Buddha.
Ans. (i) All the world is full of sufferings.
(ii) All sufferings are caused by our desires.
(iii) To end sufferings one must end desires.
(iv) The way to end sufferings is to follow the eight fold path.
Eight fold path:- Right action, right meditation, right speech , right
livelihood, right mindfulness, right intention, right view and right
effort.
Q6. What do you know about Tripitakas?
Ans. The teachings of Lord Buddha are written in Pali language and
the collections of his teachings are known as ' Tripitakas'. It means
three baskets.
a) Rules of Monks.
b) Contains the sermons of Buddha
c) Buddhist system of thought.
L – 8 : THE MAURYAN EMPIRE
Q1. What do you know about the public welfare of Ashoka?
Ans. Ashoka gave up violence after Kalinga war. The public welfare
and Prosperity of people became the goal of his life. Trees were
planted on his life. Trees were planted on roadsides, well were dug,
hospitals for people and animals, rest houses and old age homes were
started during his rule.
Q2. Write a brief note on Mauryan Administration.
Ans. Mauryan administration was run under the guidance of
Chanakya. The king was the supreme head and assisted by a council
of ministers and civil servants. Army and all officials were directly
paid and controlled by the king.
Q3. How was the provinces sub divided in Mauryan Empire?
Ans. The empire was divided into four provinces. Each province
divided into districts. District is divided into a group of villages. The
village is the smallest unit. Amatya, Mahamatya, Adhyaksha,
Purohita, senapti and yuvraj were important officials.
Q4. What were the main characterstics of Ashoka's Dhamma?
Ans. Dhamma means "Religious Duty". Characteristics of
Dhamma:-
(i) People should live in peace and harmony.
pg. 2
(ii) They should respect all religions.
(iii) They should respect and obey their elders.
(iv) They should follow ahimsa.
(v) They should speak truth.
(vi) They should be kind to everyone.
Q5. Write a few lines about the art and architecture of
Maurayan?
Ans.Indian art developed with Mauryans. Five types of architectural
monuments were prevalent at that time:-
(i) Royal Palaces (ii) Stupas (iii) Cave Dwellings
(iv) Mauryan Sculpture (v) Pillars and rock Edicts.
Q6. What are the causes of decline of Mauryan Empire?
Ans. After Ashoka, no ruler was able to rule.
(i) Partition of empire.
(ii) Policy of non- violence.
(iii) Improper rules.
(iv) The war of Kalinga made the army idle and idleness of the army
was responsible for the downfall.
L – 9 : LIFE IN THE TOWNS AND VILLAGES
Q1. Write about growth of trade and town and agriculture?
Ans. (i) Development of Agriculture: - Due to use of iron tools
and irrigation facilities, making of various well, canals led to growth
of production. So it led to development of agriculture.
(ii) Growth of craft and trade:- NBPW found in many sites.
There were weavers, dyers, metal-workers and cloth merchants.
Varanasi and Madhurai were famous centers of cloth manufacturing.
Shrenis were formed. They have their own rules. They help to get
raw material and to sell the finished products.
(iii) Growth of cities:- Increase in agriculture production led to
second urbanization. Important cities of this period are:-
Mathura- Religious centre of Jain, Hindus, Buddhists.
Arikmedu- Important trading center. Coins and pottery found here
belonged to Rome, Italy etc developed trade.
Kosala- Centre of Buddhist monasteries.
Q2. Write a note on life in the villages.
Ans. Every village had headman, usually the large landowner of
village, known as grambhojak. He collect revenue for king. His post
was hereditary.
Small landowners were known as Grihpatis. Landless peasants
known as Dasas.
L – 10 : POST MAURYAN INDIA (200BC-300AD)
Q1. Write a note on Gandhaar and Mathura schools of art?
Ans. Gandhara school of art- It was the combination of Greek and
Roman art and the Indian style. It influences Greek and Roman art on
craftsman who settled in North West region. They sculpted Buddha's
image with sharp features, curly hair and sitting in meditation.
Mathura school of art:- In this school of Art , Buddha showed
typical Indian by the Mahayana sect. They also produced many stone
images of Mahavira. e.g. Statue of Kanishka also had been found in
this style.
Q2. Differentiate between ' Hinayanism and Mahayanism'?
Ans. Hinayanism:- They worshipped Buddha through symbols.
They depict Buddha like tree, bird and animal. No idol worship. Use
Pali language to educate people.
Mahayanism:- They worshipped Buddha as God in various images.
Idol of Buddha like Hindus. More use of Sanskrit language.
Q3. What were the chief characteristics of the Sunga Dynasty?
Ans. (i) Development of art was the main aim.
(ii) Sunga art is integrated and organized art activity of Indian people.
(iii) Sunga period was the period of change and growth of Bhagwat
religion.
(iv) Great Grammarian Patanjali was a contemporary of Pushyamitra.
Q4. What do you know by Sangam Literature?
pg. 3
Ans. Sangam literature refers to the three main ruling families of the
Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas.
It comprises of some earliest work in Tamil which were composed
and complied in Sangams (assemblies) of poets and authorities.
Q5. What was the role of Kanishka to spread Buddhism?
Ans. Kanishka was follower of Buddhism. He convened the Fourth
Buddhist council. The main aim was to collect manuscripts and
commentaries on them. These commentaries engraved on sheets of
copper, enclosed in a stone and covered or deposited in stupa.
Mahayanism also promote Buddhism.
L – 11 : THE GUPTA AND POST GUPTA PERIOD
Answer the following questions:-
Q1. What are the different sources of information about
Gupta dynasty?
Ans. (i) The pillar inscriptions, Allahabad pillar inscription.
(ii) Inscriptions on stones, rocks, caves and copper plates.
(iii) Prashatis, seals, coins.
(iv) Foreign accounts Fa- Xian, Alberuni who visted in gupta's time
period.
(v) Monuments of Gupta period.
Q2. What do you know about the development of science and
technology during Gupta period?
Ans. Several Scientists flourished during Gupta period. In the field
of science Sushruta was a famous Physician. Charaka contribute in
the field of Ayurveda. Aryabhattiya written by Aryabhatta. 'Surya
Siddhanta' is best known work on astronomy in this period.
Iron pillar at Mehrauli in New Delhi is best example of metallurgy.
This period excelled in iron and bronze work.
Q3. What are the causes responsible for the decline of Gupta's?
Ans. (i) Frequent wars of succession led top partition of the empire.
(ii) Faulty land system.
(iii) Weakness of central authority.
(iv) Neglect of borders of Empire.
(v) Weak rulers on throne, Gupta army became negligent.
(vi) Foreign invasions by the huns.
Q4. Write a note on administration of Guptas?
Ans. (i) The king was head of administration.
(ii) Power shared with ministers.
(iii) Post of king was hereditary.
(iv) Empire divided into provinces which were sub-divided into
Vishayas.
(v) Smallest unit of administration was village.
Q5. Write a note on Chandargupta II Vikramaditya.
Ans. Chandragupta II was one of the ablest and greatest king of
Indian history. He conquest Sakas, Bengal and many republics to the
south of the Gupta Empire.
He was a lover of art, education and literature. Kalidasa was one of
the nine gems of his court. He was tolerant to all religions. He
adopted the tittle of ' Vikramaditya'. He was known for his great
sense of justice Fa- Xian visited India during his reign.
Q6. Write a detailed note on post Gupta period.
Ans. Disintegration of Gupta empire divide it into smaller
kingdoms.
(i) Kanauj (ii) Chalukya (iii) Pallavas
(i) Kanauj:- Harshvardhana was most powerful king. He took the
title of ' Rajaputra'. His empire extened over the whole of north
except Kashmir.
(a) Administartion:- A Council of ministers assited in the
administration. Kingdom divided to provinces, provinces to districts
and district to villages.
(b) Religion and art:- He patronized Mahayana Buddhism. He was
himself the author of three Sanskrit plays- Ratnawali, Priyadarshika
and Nagananda.
(c) Hiuen Tsang visited India during this period.
pg. 4
(ii) Chalukyas- Pulkeshin II was the greatest ruler of the dynasty. He
was a Hindu but tolerant towards Buddhism and Jainism.
(iii) Pallavas- Pallavas established their rule over the whole of
modern
Tamil Nadu after Satavahana. Pallavs also defeated the Cheras,
cholas and Pandyas to establish their supremacy.
L – 12 : CULTURE AND SCIENCE
Q1. Write a brief note on four Vedas.
Ans. Vedas are divided into four parts.
a) Rigveda:- Rigveda composed in old Sanskrit about 3500 years
ago. It contains 1028 hymns.
b) Samveda:- It contains the hymns that sung by special class of
priest at the same time of sacrifice .
c) Yajurveda:- It means ' Yujana'. It gives information about
religious and social life of the people.
d) Atharvaveda:- It is the collection of songs, spells, magical
charms for evil spirits.
Q2. What do you know about Sangam Literature?
Ans. Sangam literature refers to the three main ruling families of the
Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas.
It comprises of some earliest work in Tamil which were composed
and complied in Sangams (assemblies) of poets and authorities.
Q3. Write in brief about the about the architecture of ancients
period of India?
Ans. Architecture:-1.Town planning of Harappan cities, public
bath and great grainary of Mohenjodaro are good example of
architecture.
2. Many monuments during Guptas and Mauryan are in the form of
Temples, Stupas, Viharas, Rock cut caves, Pillars etc.
3. Ashoka pillar, Mehrauli in Delhi is best example of Indian
metallurgy.
4. Rath temple and Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram and Kailashnath
Temple at Kanchipuram are beautiful creation of the Pallavas.
Art:- In ancient India, art also reached at height. The Indus seals
and toys are the earliest pieces of ancient sculpture stone pillars were
also made during mauryan period. Mathura and Gandhara school of
art also introduces that time.
Q4. What do you know about the advancement of different field
of science during ancient period?
Ans. Indians had made great advancement in the field of science,
mathematics and astronomy during ancient period. Aryabhatta,a great
mathematician and astrologer. He declared earth revolves around its
own axis and calculate the position of planets and movements of
stars.
Indian people had developed calendars. Medical science also
developed during this period. In Atharvaveda some disease are
mentioned like fever, cough, diarrhoea etc. The remedies for these
disease were prayers to Gods and magical charms. Charaka and
Sushruta was other important Ayurvedic Acharyas of this period.
GEOGRAPHY
L – 5 : MAJOR DOMAINS OF THE EARTH
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:-
Q1. What are the four domains of the earth?
Ans. Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere Biosphere.
Q2. What is Lithosphere?
Ans.The surface of the earth made up of land or solid rock and soil
is known as the lithosphere. (In Latin Litho means rock or stone). It
includes large areas called continents, wide oceans, river basins and
islands.
Q3. What are continents?
Ans.The large areas of lithospheres are called continents. There are
seven continents in the world. (i) Asia (ii) Africa (iii) North America
(iv) South America (v) Europe (vi) Australia (vii) Antarctica.
pg. 5
Q4. What is biosphere? How is it important?
Ans. Life exists only in a narrow zone where land, water and air
come in contact. This narrow zone is called biosphere. Biosphere
derived from Greek word 'Bios' which means Life.
Living Organisms of the biosphere
Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom
(30,000 Varieties) (10, 00,000)
Biosphere is important because
1. All forms of life humans, plants and microorganisms are
interdependent on each other.
2. If anyone changes, other one also change.
3. If the balance from these get disturbed, the entire cycle of life
affected.
4. Size of organisms are different.
e.g.: Due to humans needs, deforestation take place, it affects the
birds and other animals also. That's why many species have been lost
their habitat.
Q5. What is the composition of the atmosphere?
Ans. Atmosphere is mainly composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% Oxygen
and 1% consisting of argon, carbon dioxide and other gases.
Q6. State the importance of following gases in the atmosphere.
Ans. a) Nitrogen:- The nitrogen present in the air is the source of
proteins in living organism.
b) Oxygen:- It is used for breathing.
Q7. What is Ecosystem?
Ans: The interaction of all living organisms with each other and their
physical and chemical factors of environment form an eco-system.
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING:- GIVE REASONS:-
(i) OCEAN AND SEA (i) Africa was called the 'Dark Continent'?
OCEAN SEA Ans. For a long time not much was known about Africa due to its
Oceans are vast stretches of water Seas are large water body of saline unfriendly climate and inhabitable terrain. Hence, it was called the
which extends thousands of water that may be connected with 'Dark Continent'
kilometers. ocean.
e.g.: Pacific oceans, Atlantic Ocean e.g.: Mediterranean sea, Arabian sea (ii) Atmospheric pressure decrease as we go higher.
Ans. As we go climb a higher region the air gets thinner and higher
(ii) MOUNTAIN AND PLATEAU: atmospheric pressure is released. Temperature falls 10C at the height
Ans. Mountain:- of 165 meter.
1. A hill is a mass of land on height.
2. A hill over 600 m high is called a mountain. (iii) Antarctica is called the ' Frozen Continent'?
Plateau:- Ans. Centered around the south pole, Antarctica is permanently
1. A large area on elevation of land. covered with a thick sheet of snow and ice. It is thus, often called
2. It is table flat land. 'white continents' or the ' frozen continent'.

(iii) SIMA AND SIAL (iv) Earth is the only planet that supports life.
Ans. Crust has two different layers. Ans. Our earth is unique because it is the only planet which
supports life. Because three realms that sustain life on earth are- land,
water and air only present on the earth.
Sial Sima
L – 6 : MAJOR LANDFORMS OF THE EARTH
Stands for silica and Stands for silica and
Aluminum. magnesium. Answer the following questions:-
The continents are present in the sial layer. Underlying the
continental sial, the crust is called Sima. It is the denser layer than the Q1. How are the land forms created?
sial layer. Ans. Landforms are the natural features of the landscape. These
landforms are created by the materials of the earth’s crust by certain
(iv) WAVES AND OCEAN CURRENTS natural process.
Ans. A wave is rising and falling of the surface water. It is pushing Q2. What are the landforms of the first order second order?
action of winds. Ans. Land form of the first order
Ocean currents are big stretches or streams of water flowing
regularly. It moves in definite direction. .
Continents Ocean basins

pg. 6
Land form of the Second order The energy of such movements is generated inside the earth. Internal
process lead to upliftment, sinking of the earth's surface at several
places.
External process:- These processes take place on the surface of the
Mountains Plateau Plains earth and include the action of agents like rivers, winds, sea waves,
underground water and weathering. The external process work very
Q3. What are the different types of mountains? slowly.
Ans. These are three types of mountains:-
a) Fold mountains b) Block Mountains c) Volcanic Mountains Distinguish between the following:-
Fold Mountains:- When the two tectonic plates crash, their edges (i) Mountains and plateau
get compressed under pressure, causing them to fold and crumple Ans. Mountains:- A hill is a mass of land Considerably higher than
forming mountain ranges. Upfold is Anticlines, downfolds are the surrounding area. A steep sided hill over 600 m high is called a
Synclines. mountain.
Block mountains:- These mountains are formed when the surface of Plateau:- A Plateau is a broad and rather level or table flat land.
the earth is cracked. As the tectonic plates move away from each
other. It causes cracks or faults in the rocks. (ii) Old fold mountains and young fold mountains
Volcanic Mountains:- These mountains are formed when molten YOUNG FOLD MOUNTAINS OLD FOLD MOUNTAINS
rock from deep in the earth erupts and piles up on the surface. 1. They have been formed 1. They have been formed
recently. long ago.
Q4. Why river plains are thickly populated?
2. They are higher than the old 2. They are lower than the
Ans. River plains are thickly populated because rivers bring and
fold mountains. young fold mountains.
deposit silt, sand and their gravel, called alluvial along their courses.
Due to this area near about the rivers are very fertile and rivers also 3. They have pointed peaks. 3. They have rounded peaks.
provide water for irrigation. Therefore, rivers plains are thickly
populated. 4. They have more rugged 4. They have gentle slopes.
features like steeper slopes.
Q5. Why mountains are are thinly populated? 5. Andes, Alps and the 5. Urals, Aravalis, and the
Ans. Slopes are steepless land available for farming on mountains. Himalayas are example of Appalachians are examples
Farming is not possible due to thin layer of soil and harsh climate. young fold mountains. of old fold mountains.
The rugged terrain of the mountains makes transportation difficult.
Therefore, mountains are thinly populated.
L - 7: OUR COUNTRY INDIA
Answer the following questions:-
Q6. What is the difference between an internal and an external
Q1. Explain the geographical location of India?
process?
Ans. India lies entirely in the northern and eastern hemispheres. It
Ans. Internal process:- These processes are associated with the
is centrally located in south Asia at the head of the Indian Ocean. It
movement of the crustal, plates, volcanic eruption and earthquake.
pg. 7
stretches from 8º4' N to 37º6' N latitudes. The tropic of cancer (23 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING:-
º30' N) passes at most halfway through the country. India extends (i) The Himadri and the Himachal
between 68 º7' E and 97 º25' E longitudes. Himadri Himachal

Q2. Name the major physical divisions of India. 1. This range is the highest of 1. Himachal is not so high as
Ans. India can be broadly divided into the following five Himalayans with an average Himadri. Its avarge height is
physiographic divisions:- height of 6000 meters. between 3700 and 4500 meters.
a) The Great Himalayas 2. This range contains loftiest 2. This range contains hill
b) The Northern Plains. peaks. Example: station. Example: Shimla and
c) The Peninsular Plateau Kanchenjunga and Nanda Nainital.
d) The Coastal Plains Devi
e) The Island Groups. 3. This range always covered 3. It Snows here in winter.
with snow.
Q3. What is the Indian sub- Continent?
Ans. A Sub- Continent is the big geographical area. India with its (ii) The western Ghats and Eastern Ghats:
vast area occupies a major part of Asia. The Himalayas separate India The Western Ghats :
from rest of Asia.India, Pakistan Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal are 1. They are located on the west coast of India.
the Countries of the Indian Sub- Continent. 2. They are less wide.
3. They are unbroken.
Q4. Name the seven countries that share land border with India? 4. The highest peak is Anaimudi.
Ans.Pakistan and Afghanistan to the west, Nepal, Bhutan and China 5. They are source of river like Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri.
to the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. The Eastern Ghats:
1. They are located on the east coast of India.
Q5. What is Delta? Name the delta formed by The Ganga and 2. They are much wide.
the Brahmaputra. 3. They are broken by small and fast flowing rivers.
Ans. A delta is triangular in shape. It is an area of land formed at the 4. The highest peak is Mahendragiri.
mouth of the river before draining to sea. Ganga and Brahmputra 5.No major river originates from Eastern Ghat.
make the world's largest and most fertile delta called the sunderbans.
(iii) THE WESTERN AND THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN
The Western Coastal Plains The Eastern Coastal Plain
Q6. Name the main tributaries of the Ganga.
Ans. The Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gomati, Gandak, Kosi and Tista are 1. It is located between the 1. It is located between the
the tributaries in north and Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Son, Damodar and Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats and the Bay
Sind are southern tributaries. Arabian Sea Coast. of Bengal.

pg. 8
 2. It is narrow plain with an 2. It is comparatively Q3. Name the different seasons of India.
average width of about 64 broader plain with average Ans. On the basis of monsoon winds there are four seasons in
km. width of around 80-100 km. India. They occur in the fixed sequence to form an annual cycle.
3. No big delta is formed. 3. Large delta is found. These are:
The cold weather season (Winter):- December, January and February.
4. There are several lagoons. 4. Very few lagoons are The hot weather season( Summer):- March to May
formed. The South West Monsoon season( Rainy):- June to September
The season of Retreating Monsoon (Autumn):- October and
5. Kandla, Mumbai, Cochin 5. Vishakhapatnam,
November
are the main ports. Chennai are the major ports
on the eastern Coast.
Q4. What is October Heat?
Ans. In India in October the heat remains oppressive as the ground
GIVE REASONS:- is still moist and the sky remains clear. It makes the weather
(i) The Northern plains of India support large number of uncomfortable. This Phenomenon is called the 'October Heat'.
Population.
Ans. The Northern Indian plain lies to the south of the Himalayas.
Q5. What are 'Western Disturbance'?
They are generally level, flat and low lying regions of alluvial
Ans. During cold weather season parts of Jammu and Kashmir,
deposits by the river system- The Indus, The Ganga, The
Punjab, Haryana and Delhi get rain by western disturbances which
Brahamputra . These river plains provide fertile land for cultivation.
Originate in the Mediterranean region. These showers are beneficial
That is the reason for high population in these plains.
for the wheat crop (Rabi Crops).
(ii) The Brahmaputra river is called the 'Red River'.
Q6. What is natural vegetation?
Ans. Because during the floods the water of the Brahmaputra looks
Ans. Natural Vegetation is a vegetation which grows without any
reddish in color after mixing with the red soil of Assam.
interference or help from human beings. Amount of rainfall and relief
of land determine this type of vegetation.
L – 8 : INDIA: CLIMATE, VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE
Answer the following questions:-
Q7. Name the different types of vegetation found in India?
Q1. What do you understand by the term 'monsoon'? Ans. Tropical evergreen forests.
Ans. Monsoon is derived from Arabic word 'mausim' which means
Tropical deciduous forests
Season.
Thorn and Scrub forests
Q2. What is the role of Himalayas in the climate of India? Tidal forest
Ans. (i) Himalayas give a sub- tropical touch to the climate of India.
Mountain Vegetation
(ii) The Himalayas protect India in the winters from the cold winds
of North Asia.
(iii) The Himalayas form a barrier which effects the climate of India.

pg. 9
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE FOLLOWING:-
(i) SUMMER MONSOON AND THE WINTER MONSOON
Summer Monsoon Winter Monsoon
1. They blow during the 1. They blow during the month of
months of June to December to February.
September
2. These bring rain to the 2. These bring a little rain only to
greater parts of India. the Tamil Nadu Coast.
3. These blow from the high 3. These blow from the low
pressure area on the sea to pressure area on the land to the
the low pressure area on the high pressure area on the sea.
land.
(ii) Equable Climate and Extreme Climate
Equable Climate Extreme Climate
This is a type of climate where In this climate Summers
summers are not very hot and are very hot and winters
winters are not very cold. are very cold.
GIVE REASONS:-
(i) Tamil Nadu gets rainfall in winter.
Ans. The Deccan Plateau remains moderately warm as it is close
to the tropic of cancer. There is high pressure over the northern plains
and so off-shore winds starts blowing towards low pressure over the
Indian Ocean. These prevailing winds called northeast monsoons.
However, its branch picks up moisture as it blows over the Bay of
Bengal and give rainfall to Tamil Nadu.
(ii) Tropical rainforests are called evergreen forests.
Ans. Tropical evergreen forests occur in areas which have annual
rainfall of 200 to 300 cm or more and high temperature. They are
also called rainforests. These forests are dense with trees and thick
undergrowth. Many species of trees are found in these forests which
shed their leaves at different times of a year. As a result, they always
appear green. That is why they are called evergreen forests.
pg. 10
(iii) Many Species of wildlife are facing extinction.
Ans. Many Species of the birds and animals are becoming extinct
because their number is decreasing. This is due to hunting and
destruction of their natural habitats. Wildlife is our duty to pressure
its every species.
CIVICS
L – 5 : PANCHAYATI RAJ
Answer the following questions:-
Q1. What do you mean by local government?
Ans. Local government constituted to solve local problems and to
provide amenities to the people of villages, towns and people living
in rural areas.
Q2. What is Panchayti Raj?
Ans. A system of local self government in which the panchayat form
the base. People participate in their own government.
Q3. Write a note on gram Sabha.
Ans. Gram Sabha- All adult members of the village form gram sabha.
All meetings of gram sabha presided over by ' Sarpanch'.
Q4. How is Gram Panchayat formed? Describe its functions.
Ans. Panchayat area is divided into words. Each word elected
representatives called panch. There are the members of gram
panchayat and its head called 'Sarpanch'.
Composition of Gram Panchayat:-
(i) 7 to 17 members. (ii) Elected for 5 years.
(iii) Reservation for SC, ST and women.
Functions of Gram Panchayat:-
(i) Collection of taxes.
(ii) Welfare of children, primary schools and liberaries.
(iii) Providing knowledge to farmers about new techniques.
(iv) Organizing fairs.
(v) Maintenance of streets and roads.
(vi) Safe drinking water and maintain sanitation.
(vii) Run Public health centers.
Q5. What are the sources of income of Gram Panchayat?
Ans. (i) Grant received from government.
(ii) Taxes from fair and shops.
(iii) Donation from community.
(iv) Income from sale of property.
(v) Fees on purchase and sale of cattle.
Q6. How is Panchayat samiti constituted? Describe its function?
Ans. Panchayat Samiti have elected directly by people living in a
block. It works as a link between the Gram Panchayat and Zila
Parishad. It has members of Parliament and Legislative Assembly. It
elects a Chairperson and Deputy Chairperson to look after the
functions of Samiti.
Functions:-
1. To get money for development programmes in block.
2. To arrange good quality seeds, fertilizers for better production.
3. To develop poultry, fisheries and dairy farming.
4. To register births and death of unclaimed bodies.
5. To regulate fairs and festivals (cattle Fairs)
6. To work for welfare of women and children, SC and ST's.
Q7. How is Zila Parishad formed? Describe functions and
sources of income.
Ans. Zila means District. This is the third and top level of
Panchayati Raj system. It makes plans for development of entire
district. It acts as link between Block Samiti and State Government.
Zila Parishad has following members:-
Head of blocks.
MP's and MLA's , MLC's of district.
Chairpersons.
SC, ST and women representatives.
pg. 11
Secratory appointed by State Government.
District commissioner is the Chief Executive Officer of Zila
Parishad.
Functions:- (i) Responsible for overall supervision of all works in
the district.
(ii) It makes developmental plans for the district.
(iii) It forward recommendation to the state government regarding
development.
(iv) Give training to farmers, organize fairs.
(v) It regulates the fund allotments to the block.
Sources of Income:- (i) Grant from state Govt.
(ii) Donation or gifts.
(iii) Fines, taxes on property and fairs.
(iv) Grants from financial institutions for development of small scale
industry.
Q8. How does government exercise its control over Panchayti
Raj Institutions?
Ans. Government exercises its control over Panchayati Raj
institutions in following ways:-
1. State government has the power to frame rules and regulations
2. for Panchayati Raj.
3. To implement grants for development.
4. Secretary appointed by state government acts as a link between
Panchayat and state government.
5. State Govt. can dissolve Panchayati Raj institutions before 5
years if not satisfy.
Q9. What is the significance of Panchayati Raj?
Ans. Panchayati Raj system is a unique system that has evolved in
our country over time. India is a big country and large section of our
society is still uneducated. In such conditions, Panchayati Raj is
useful. There has been great development in the field of agriculture
after establishment of Panchayati Raj. This system is very close to
common person because members are elected from Gram Sabha.
Condition of villagers has been improved by the efforts of L- 6 : RURAL ADMINISTRATION
Panchayat. Answer the following questions:-
Q1. Who is the highest official in a district? Describe any of
Q10. What is difference between Gram Sabha and Gram three responsibilities?
Panchayat? Ans. District Collector or Deputy Commissioner (DC).
Ans. Responsibilities:-
GRAM SABHA GRAM PANCHAYAT 1. To maintain law and order.
1. All adults of a village are 1. Gram Panchayat is 2. To maintain land records and collection of revenue.
its member. committee whose members 3. To provide civil amenities.
are elected by Gram Sabha
from own members. Q2. Who is responsible for the maintenance of law and order in
2. Its meetings are presided 2. Its meetings are presided by district? Name three officials who assist him in this work.
by Sarpanch. Sarpanch. Ans. Deputy Commissioner, assisted by SP, DSP, inspectors, sub-
3. Plans are made for 3. Plans are implemented. inspector, constables and head constables.
welfare.
Q3. Write a note on Judicial Administration in a district.
Q11. Briefly describe the structure of Panchayati Raj system. Ans. To resolve disputes between people to people or people to
Ans. Panchayati Raj system government judicial administration is separated from district
administration. Two types of courts are established:-

Village level Block level District level CIVIL COURTS CRIMINAL COURTS
1. Civil courts handles at 1. Session courts handle at
Gram Sabha, Panchayat Samiti, Zila arishad district level. district level.
Gram Panchayat Block Samiti 2. Cases related to money 2. Cases are related to theft ,
Nyaya Panchayat matters and property. murder and kidnapping
3. District judge is incharge. 3. Session judge is incharge.
All adults are members link between Block Samiti
Gram Panchayat and Q4. Write a note on Hindu Succession Amendment Act 2005.
and Zila Parishad. State Govt. Ans. Hindu Succession Amendment act was passed by Parliament in
G.P. members elected 2005. It came into force on 9 Sept, 2005. Highlight of this act are:-
from G.S. (i) Equal Right to a daughter in property.
(ii) Equal treatment in all respects, no discrimination.
Seats are reserved for women ,SC,STs (iii) If daughter who is married died, her share of property goes to her
children.
(iv) This act has brought the women equal legally.

pg. 12
Q5. Describe the importance of revenue collection in a district. DGP: Director General of Police.
Name the official who collects land revenue in district.
Ans. Collection of revenue in district is important because it is the L – 7 : URBAN ADMINISTRATION
main source of income of government at rural level land records are Answer the following questions:-
important for determining the right owner of land. Q1. How is Municipal Council formed? Discuss its functions.
At district level in this work, DC is assisted by SDO, Tehsildar, Naib Ans. The members of Municipal Council are elected directly by the
Tehsildar, Kanungos and Patwari. people living in the municipal area on the basis of universal adult
Pitawri is responsible for collecting revenue from farmers. franchise.
Main official at district level is Deputy Commissioner. Functions:-
1. Supply of drinking water and electricity.
Q6. List two things that the works of a Patwari include. 2. Construction and maintenance of streets.
Ans. Measuring of land and keeping its record is the main work of 3. Lighting and Cleaning of Public places.
patwari. 4. Maintenance of drains and latrines etc.
He is responsible for maintaining a record of crops grown on land. 5. Establishment of hospitals and child welfare centers.
He is responsible for taking care of public land.
He is responsible for giving the information regarding HYV seeds, Q2. In what way is a Municipal Corporation different from a
Fertilizers, pesticides to farmer. Municipal Committee?
Ans.
Q7. How do women benefit under the Hindu Succession MUNICIPAL MUNICIPAL COMMITTEE
Amendment Act 2005? CORPORATION
Ans. Hindu Succession Amendment act was passed by Parliament in 1. Established in big cities. 1. Established in towns and small
2005. It came into force on 9 Sept, 2005. Women benefited under this cities.
act in the following ways:-
2. Population over 10 lakhs. 2. Population more than 20,000.
(i) They have equal right in property.
3.Members appointed by State 3. Members appointed by State
(ii) They have equal treatment in all respects, no discrimination.
Legislature on the basis of Government .
(iii) If daughter who is married died, her share of property goes to her
U.A.F.
children.
4. Deals directly with State 4. Deals firstly to district
(iv) This act has brought the women equal legally.
Government. administration later State
Government.
IMPORTANT ABBREVATIONS
5. Tenure: 5 years 5. Five years.
DC: District Collector, Deputy Commissioner
IAS: Indian Administrative services.
SP: Superintendent of Police Q3. Who presides over the meetings of Municipal Corporation?
CMO: Chief Medical Officer How is he/she elected?
DEO: District Education Officer. Ans. Mayer presides over the meetings of Municipal Corporation.
SHO: Station House Officer ( Inspector) He is elected by the members from amongst themselves.

pg. 13
Q4. How is Municipal Corporation formed? What functions
does it perform?
Ans. Members of the Municipal Corporation are elected through
Universal Adult franchise. City is divided into wards and one
councilor is elected from each ward. Some seats are reserved for SC,
ST and women.
Functions:-
1. To make plans for development.
2. To give relief to poor people.
3. To maintain and cleaniness in city.
4. To take measures from prevention of diseases.
5. Construction of Public parks, Libraries, Stadium and Museums
etc.
Q5. What are the main sources of revenue of a Municipal
Corporation/ Municipal Council?
Ans. (i) Grants from government.
(ii) Income from approving housing plans.
(iii) Income from tax on property, advertisement, toll tax etc.
(iv) License fee, supply of electricity, entertainment tax.
Q6. How does Government exercise its control over Urban Local
bodies?
Ans. Control through Government Officials:- Executive officers
and Secretaries of urban local bodies control through Municipal
Corporation and Municipal Committee. Deputy Commissioner can
recommend controlling all responsibilities.
Financial Control: - Government can check the accounts of urban
local bodies through its auditor and check regularities committed by
them.
Legislative Control:- Urban bodies are set by the laws passed in
legislature but government can bring changes in organization.
Q7. Distinguish between a Councilor and Alderman.
Ans. Councilor:- Member of Municipal Corporation elected by the
people on the basis of U.A.F.
pg. 14
Alderman:- Councilor select well known prominent citizen who is
experienced and intelligence in social work.
Q8. List four ways in which the work of Municipal Corporation/
Municipal Council affect the life of a city dweller?
Ans. (i) Registration of births and deaths.
(ii) Construction and maintenance of streets, lighting and cleaning of
public places.
(iii) Supply of drinking water and electricity.
(iv) Providing facilities in hospitals.
Q9. Who is Municipal Councillor?
Ans. Member of Municipal Corporation is elected by the people on
the basis of Universal Adult Franchise.
Q10. What is Nagar Panchayat? Discuss its main function?
Ans. Nagar Panchayat:- It is smallest unit of urban population.
Member of Nagar Panchayat are elected by the voters of the town.
These members must be at least 21 years of age.
Functions:- (i) Keep the records of births and death in the area.
(ii) Provide civil amenities such as safe drinking, water, electricity
etc.
(iii) Responsible for construction and maintenance of roads and
drainage system.
(iv) Make provision of parks, primary schools and dispensaries.
Q11. What are the main sources of revenue of a Nagar
Panchayat?
Ans. 1. Grant from the state government.
2. Income from taxes like house tax, property tax, sales tax, vehicle
tax etc.
L – 8 : RURAL LIVEHOODS
Answer the following questions:-
Q1. Name any four type of livelihood in a village.
Ans. (i) Farming (ii) Cattle rearing (iii) Diary farming
(iv) Fishing (v) Mining
Q2. What is the main occupation of the people of India?
Ans. Agriculture.
Q3. What are the different types of farmers in India?
Ans. Rich farmers:- They have their own land. They appoint
labourers for work. They have their own tractors and tube wells.
They do side business.
Middle class farmers:- They have their small land. They depend on
monsoon. Sometime they hire machinery. They earn for their living.
They grow crops only sufficient for their families.
Small farmers: - They have no land or only 2-3 acres of land. They
do work on other's land. Their work has seasonal. Other time they do
work in factories.
In India 80% farmers belong to (small farmers) group. They live
from hand to mouth and lead miserable life.
Q4. Why some farmers work on other farmers land?
Ans. Some people hire the person. Who don't have their own land.
They work as landless farmers on other's farms and are paid in cash
or kind.
Q5. What work do carpenter and a blacksmith do in a village
Ans. Carpenter: - Make different things of wood like doors,
windows and furniture also. They do repair also.
Blacksmith:- Make tools and plough of iron for farmers. Their
family also help. They mould the iron to make ploughs, grills etc.
Q6. What work does a weaver do in the village?
Ans. Weaver weaves cloth for bed covers and small carpets for the
village people.
Q7. What are tertiary occupations? Name any three of them.
Ans. Occupation which provide basic amenities like health,
education, banking and transport called tertiary occupation.
pg. 15
L – 9 : URBAN LIVELIHOOD
Answer the following questions:-
Q1. Name any four type of livelihood in the cities.
Ans. (i) Shopkeepers (ii) Bankers (iii) Rickshaw pullers
(iv) Businessmen traders.
Q2. Why do people have to work in city streets?
Ans. Mostly vendors because they have not enough money to buy
shops or permanent places.
Q3. Write a note on casual labourers what are their living
conditions?
Ans. Casual labourers: Workers appointed in factories on casual
basis. Their work has to be casual or seasonal. On other days they
work on fields or find some other work to earn their livelihood.
Q4. How is migration from rural to urban areas advantageous
for both rural and urban people?
Ans. Migration:- To move from rural areas to urban.
It is beneficial for rural people because they have earn in cities can
send their savings to the members of their families back and urban
people can expand their business with the help of labour from rural
areas.
Q5. Why do many workers sit at a labour chowk?
Ans. Workers who are not employed regular and are engaged in
day to day employment, assemble at 'Labour Chowk' some of them
sleep on pavements near chowk due to lack of permanent
accommodation.
Q6. In what ways is a permanent and regular job different from
a casual job? Discuss.
Ans.
Permanent Casual
Work Fixed hours. If they do They have come accordingly
extra work they paid to the need of employer
 extra for work.
Risk Risk free No surety for work
Tension Regular work Heavy work in seasons. Other
time they have to find work to
earn.

Q7. What is Call Center?

Ans. Call centers are offices which are managed by people who
speak English. They solve problems of ticket booking, banking and
purchase of goods.

Q8. What is the government doing to improve the condition of '

Unemployment' in the cities?
Ans. Government is doing best to tackle unemployment by
increasing employment opportunities in both rural and urban areas.
State governments have started giving 'Unemployment Allowance' to
un
employed people.

Q9. Two disadvantages faced by casual labourers.

Ans. (i) They have to come according to the need of employer.
(ii) On other days, they have to find some other work to earn their
livelihood.

Q10. What is self employment?

Ans. Self employment means the owner owns the resources. They
work at their own level. e. g. Shop keeper, businessman etc.

pg. 16