OBJECTIVES•Contribute to reduce the overall number ofaccident inside road tunnels

throughpreventive measures.•Analyze cause of accident at workplace.•Create safety

awareness among workers,alert any near-miss incident.•To provide and maintain a safe
workingenvironment.
TOOLBOX BRIEFING(Tunneling Work Safety)•Air
monitoring•Ventilation•Communications•Mechanical and PPE•Explosive: Fire prevention and
protection•Emergency procedures such asevacuation plans and Access and Egress
Tunnel-An excavation beneath the surface of the ground.-The longer axis makes an angle not
greater than20 degrees to the horizontAL

TOPIC INTRODUCTION•A tunnel is an underground passageway,dug through the surrounding

soil/rock–entrance and exit commonly at each end.•Tunneling Work Safety; owing to
theenclosed space fires can have veryserious effects on workers or users. Themain dangers are
the boring machineitself, falling rock, gas and smoke production with low oxygen
INTRODUCTION
A tunnel could also be defined as a confinedspace.Statutoryprovisions, codesof practiceand
guidelines for confined are applicable.

TYPCIAL HAZARD
Limited entry and exit.Lack of natural ventilation.Oxygen deficient
atmosphere.Flammable/explosive atmosphere.Unexpected release of hazardous energy

TAKLIMAT KESELEMATAN
Jika penggera kebakaran berbunyi yang menunjukkan berlakunyakecemasan, sila ikut arahan
pegawai yang bertugas untuk tindakanselanjutnya2.Gunakan tangga sebagai laluan keluar dan
jangan menggunakan lif.3.Gunakan laluan keluar yang selamat.4.Berkumpul ditempat yang telah
ditetapkan
ISI KANDUNGAN
1Objektif
2. Pengenalan- Definisi Terowong- Kaedah-kaedah Pembinaan Terowong- Pembinaan Terowong
Menggunakan Kaedah“CutAndCover”3.Job Safety Analysis4.Kesimpulan5.Rujukan

Tunnelling method
Excavation : an excavation process without removing the overlay rock or soil
- Steps – excavating -remove muck -supporting lining-ventilation-draining
- Drill and blast

Cut n cover- TRENCHING TO EXCAVATE and construct a tunnel and then backfiling
earth over it
 Immersed tunnel – a prcoss to dredged channel and joining them up under water
-concrete
Beam

HAZARDS IN TUNNELING AND UNDERGROUND WORKS

The hazards involved in tunneling  and underground  works arise due to the following operations:

 Drilling
 Explosives and blasting
 Mucking plant and equipment.
 Supporting the excavation
Drilling Operations:
 Drilling equipment has to be kept in good condition.
 Only wet drilling shall be permitted.
 Drill platforms shall be built and maintained to provide safe working conditions.
 The suitable railing around the top deck Drill platforms to provide.
 To make sure that there are no misfired charges, which the drill may strike drill, drilling shall not be resumed after blasts.
 Charging of drilled holes and drilling shall not be carried out simultaneously in the same area.
Explosives and blasting:
 All precautions are to be taken as specified in the Handling of Explosives.
Mucking plant and equipment:
 After blasting inside a  tunnel or a shaft, the roof and walls of the tunnel and sides of the shaft should be inspected by a tunnel foreman.
  Scaling shall be performed only by the experienced crews under the direct supervision of a competent supervisor.
 Adequate support (rock bolts or timber or steel supports with proper lagging ) to be provided, if the structure of the rock is weak, poor,
or structurally defective.
 The prolonged time interval between the two operations to be avoided as the risk of accidents increases with such delays.

 Supporting the excavation:

 After the mucking operation is over, the profile of excavation should be examined by an experienced person who should
decide whether the support in the form of rock bolts, steel ribs, or shot-concrete is required before any further operation is
carried out.
 In the case of rock bolts, safety measures for drilling the holes should be observed before the bolts are fixed. The normal
precautions for the erection of steelworks including those of welding should be taken in the case of steel ribs.
GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN TUNNELING:
 The guidanceof a competent foreman is a must for all operations to be carried out inside the tunnel.
 Adequate ventilation is required to remove polluted air, gases, and smoke produced.
 Temperatures of not more than 40 C dry and 29 C wet at the workplace place to be ensured.
 The tests shall be carried out once after every blast or a major rock-fall or at least every 24 hours once.
 Tests of gases and for temperature measurements and ventilation measurements shall be recorded properly maintained.
 Adequate steps shall be taken to prevent the liberation, accumulation, and propagation of airborne dust.
 Periodical medical check-up of the workers at least once in three months to be done and recorded.
 An adequate supply of pure and hygienic air to be maintained.
 The volume of air required shall depend on the following:
 Length of heading
 Size of the tunnel.
 Type and amount of explosives used,
 Frequency of blasting, and
  Temperature and humidity.
 Electric power shall be used. Whenever diesel engines are used, they shall be provided with suitable filters, scrubbers, etc, to
remove all carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen, etc. Petrol engines shall not be used.
 Rocker or cradle type dump cars shall be provided with a positive type lock to prevent accidental dumping in mucking yards.
 The trolley tracks to be laid with points, crossings, and junctions and also adequately maintained.
 Blocks or buffers shall be provided at end of each track.
 Trains shall be operated with care and at a speed under the control of the operator at all times.
 A man shall ride in the front equipped with a whistle and a flashlight for warning men along the track and for signaling the
locomotive operator If the locomotive is pushing a string of cars.
 The headlight on each end and a whistle or horn with a tone of sufficient volume shall be provided for locomotives.
 The scaffolding supporting the pipe shall be designed to carry the pipe when filled with concrete plus 100 percent overload
plus the estimated weight of the maximum number of workmen that may work on the pipes while the pump is operating. A
factor safety of 4 shall then be used.
 The pipeline shall be anchored at all curves and near the end.
 A proper system of communication should be maintained.
 Adequate fire protection facility to be provided.
 Shelter places for workmen shall be provided at suitable intervals in long tunnels.
NO ACTIVITY HAZARD RISK ASSESMENT RISK CONTROL PIC
IDENTIFCATION
1 Survey and geological Dust Irritation to eyes and respiratory tract EC: Ventilation or Blower Fan Workers/Designated
mapping infection PPE: Provide dust Face mask, Face Person
Shield

2 Excavation work Collapse of the side of the Cause injury to workers when material fall EC: Barricade the side with Workers/Designated
wall and hit them supporting Person
AC: Signage,safety briefing
PPE: Safety Helmet,Googles,

3 Drilling Work Prolonged extremely
vibration
White Finger (also known as DEAD Finger) AC: Job Rotation every one hour, Workers/Designated
damaged to hands causing whiteness and Frequent short break Person
pain in the fingers PPE: Provide anti vibration glove, Ear
-WVAS (Symptoms (whole body vibration) Muffs
-HAVS Symptoms (hand arm vibration)

Noise work Hearing Loss EC: Provide Silencer.or sound proof Workers/Designated
option Person
AC: Signage to identified the noise
level
PPE: EarPlug,Ear Muff

Extreme Heat
4 Cutting at the Edge Risk falling rocks
Heat Stress(sweating) Skin Redness AC: Provide Drinking Water Workers/Designated
Fatique, Provide Canopy to protect workers Person
from Heat
PPE: Provide Cloth to absorb
sweating
Risk of rock fell down AC: Proper signage and barricade the Workers/Designated
 Burried under the rock work place Person
PPE: Protective Caps, safety shoe and
respiratory protection equipment

5 Fire or explosion, f Tunnel with Monoxide and Lead to explosion and fatalities E: Eiminating ignition sources Workers/Designated
lammable gases and Carbon dioxide Gas underground where practicable Person
vapours S: removing potential fuel sources
from the work area
I: isolating fuel sources from
remaining ignition sources
EC: storing only necessary fuel
underground
EC: Add Ventilation Fan for better air
cirulation
AC: implementing fire fighting
training and procedures
AC: ensuring availability of fire
fighting resources
AC: restricting smoking to designated
areas
AC: using a hot work permit system
PPE: Gas Protective Equipment (gas
Face Mask) Respiratory Gas Tank

6 Checking of formwork / Improper erection of Improper or unsafe erection of scaffold AC: Erection done by a competent or Workers/Designated
falsework and scaffold scafolding that trained person. Person
lead to structure failure AC: Regular Inspection conducted by
the appointed person

Poor quality of Failure of scaffold strength lead to collapsed AC: To used standard and approved
scaffold materia of scaffold materials.
AC: Quality of material inspected by the
appointed person.
AC: Usage of material as per PE
Design and Calculation.