ICT F

ICT SECTOR TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP
ALL RIGHT RESERVED

© 2009/2017
STUDY TEAM MEMBERS
1. DR. YARGAL ASABE

2. MR. KASAHUN GUMATAW
3. DR. ABYOT SINAMO
4. MR. GETNET YELMA
5. MR. ASHENAFI YADESA
6. MR. MELESE AYALEW
ICT SECTOR ROAD MAP ---------------------------------------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................................III
ACRONYMS....................................................................................................................................V
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................VII
FORWARD.......................................................................................................................................XI
1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................1
1.1. BACKGROUND..............................................................................................................................1
1.2. SCOPE OF THE ROADMAP.......................................................................................................3
1.3. TREND ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT INDUSTRY..............................................................4
1.4. VISION AND GOALS....................................................................................................................6
1.5. DOCUMENT STRUCTURE..........................................................................................................6
2. NATIONAL TRM FOR THE VISION: REALIZING KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY....................7
2.1. OUTLINE.........................................................................................................................................7
2.2. PROSPECT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE SOCIETIES......................................7
2.3. STRATEGIC CHOICES..................................................................................................................7
2.3.1. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES......................................................................................................7
2.3.2. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS...................................................................................................9
2.3.3. MAPPING TECHNOLOGIES TO STRATEGIC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES..................11
2.4. IDENTIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES.....................................................13
2.4.1. TECHNOLOGY TREE.................................................................................................................13
2.4.2. KEY TECHNOLOGIES ...............................................................................................................14
2.5. MACRO TRM FOR STRATEGIC PRODUCTS.......................................................................15
2.5.1. IMPROVE THE ACCESSIBILITY OF INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
ANYWHERE ANYTIME.............................................................................................................15
2.5.1.1. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: INTELLIGENT LEARNING MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM........................................................................................................................................15
2.5.1.2. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: INTELLIGENT COMPUTING..................................20
2.5.1.3. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: CONSUMER ELECTRONICS................,..................24
2.5.1.4. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: UBIQUITOUS NETWORK........................................28
2.5.2. ESTABLISH OPEN ICT ECOSYSTEM THAT UTILIZES COLLECTIVE
KNOWLEDGE .............................................................................................................................32
2.5.2.1. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: DATA SERVICE..........................................................32
2.5.2.2. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: COLLABORATION SYSTEM......................................35
2.5.2.3. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: INTELLIGENT KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM........................................................................................................................................40
I
--------------------------------------- ICT SECTOR ROAD MAP
2.5.2.4. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: DIGITAL CONVERGENCE...........................................43

2.5.2.5. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: DATA CENTER SOLUTION......................................49
2.5.2.6. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: CLOUD SOLUTION...................................................52
2.5.3. EXPAND ETHIOPIAN EXPERIENCE IN SMART ICT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES.......55
2.5.3.1. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: E/M-SERVICE..............................................................55
2.5.3.2. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: BUSINESS SOLUTIONS...........................................59
2.5.3.3. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: INTELLIGENT MEDICAL SYSTEM........................63
2.5.3.4. STRATEGIC PRODUCTS/SERVICES: INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM.................67
2.5.3.5. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: ROBOT............................................................................71
2.5.3.6. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: CYBER/INFORMATION SECURITY......................74
3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................80
3.1. CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................................80
3.2. RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................................................................................81
BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................................................................................................84
II
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: TECHNOLOGY ROADMAPPING METHODOLOGY.....................................................3
FIGURE 2: IDENTIFICATION OF STRATEGIC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES..............................8
FIGURE 3: MAPPING OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES TO TECHNOLOGIES.........................12
FIGURE 4: TECHNOLOGY TREE FOR CONSUMER ELECTRONICS............................................13
FIGURE 5: IDENTIFICATION OF KEY TECHNOLOGIES.................................................................14
FIGURE 6A&B: MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF INTELLIGENT
LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM....................................................................18
FIGURE 7A, B, & C: MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF INTELLIGENT
COMPUTING........................................................................................................23
FIGURE 8A & B: MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF CONSUMER ELECTRONICS.......28
FIGURE 9: MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF UBIQUITOUS NETWORK......................31
FIGURE 10: MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF DATA SERVICE.........................................34
FIGURE 11A&B: MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF COLLABORATION SYSTEM.......39
FIGURE 12: MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF INTELLIGENT
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM...................................................................42
FIGURE 13A, B, & C: MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF DIGITAL
CONVERGENCE.................................................................................................48
FIGURE 14A & B: MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF DATACENTER SOLUTION........52
FIGURE 15: MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF CLOUD SOLUTION .............................54
FIGURE 16A, B, & C: MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF E/M SERVICEV.......................59
FIGURE 17: MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF BUSINESS SOLUTIONS......................63
FIGURE 18: MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF INTELLIGENT MEDICAL SYSTEM.......66
FIGURE 19: MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT
SYSTEM.................................................................................................................................70
FIGURE 20: MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF ROBOTS....................................................73
FIGURE 21A & B: TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP OF INFORMATION/CYBER SECURITY........79
III
IV
ACRONYMS
2G Second Generation
3G Third Generation
4G Fourth Generation
5G Fifth Generation
AGI Artificial General Intelligence
AI Artificial Intelligence
B2C Business to Customer
BA Business Application
BI Business Intelligence
C2C Customer to Customer
CDMA Code-Division Multiple Access
CRM Customer Relationship Management
CT Communication Technology
DS Data Service
e/m Electronic/Mobile
ERP Enterprise Resource Planning
EthERNet Ethiopian Educational Research Network
FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
GPS Global Positioning System
GTP Growth and Transformation Plan
HP Hewlett-Packard
HPP High Performance Processor
IaaS Infrastructure-as-a-Service
IBM International Business Machines
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IKMS Intelligent Knowledge Management Systems
iLMS Intelligent Learning Management System
IoICT Institute of Information and Communication Technology
IP Internet Protocol
IT Information Technology
ITA Information Technology Architecture
ITS Intelligent Transport System
KMS Knowledge Management Systems
LISP Location/Identifier Separation Protocol
LMS Learning Management System
V
MCIT Ministry of Communication and Information Technology

MoI Ministry of Industry
MoST Ministry of Science and Technology
MPP Massive Parallel Processing
NDC National Data Centre
NoC Network on Chips
NSTIRM National Science Technology and Innovation Roadmap
NTRM National Technology Roadmap
NVGRE Networking Virtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation
PaaS Platform-as-a-Service
PC Personal Computer
PDA Personal Digital Access
PIAC Public Internet Access Centers
PSN Pervasive Social Networking
R&D Research and Development
RCP Rural Connectivity Project
SaaS Software-as-a-Service
SAP Systems, Applications & Products in Data Processing
SCM Supply Chain Management
SoC System on Chips
SPB Shortest Path Bridging
STEEP Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, and Political
SWOT Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat
TRILL Transparent Interconnection if its if Links
TV Television
UHD Ultra High Definition
V2I Vehicle-to-Infrastructure
V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle
VAS Value-added Service
VLBA Very Large Business Application
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
VXLAN Virtual Extensible Local Area Network
ZTE Zhong Xing Telecommunication Equipment
VI
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The development of any nation highly depends on the advancement and application
of science and technology and it is usually barometered by the degree and extent
of the sociocultural, socioeconomic, and political improvements. In this regard, In-
formation and Communication Technology (ICT), as a key component and enabler
in science and technology, is increasingly simplifying the accessibility of market in-
formation, financial services, health services and others to change people’s lives in
unprecedented ways. ICT is also changing the way companies do business, transform
public service delivery and foster nations’ move towards good governance.
The Ethiopian government has taken the development of ICT as one of its
strategic priorities and aspires to leapfrog Ethiopia into the information age. ICT is
also considered as a backbone for the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) of the
nation and accordingly more efforts should be exerted for the realization of a knowl-
edge society. In this regard, the government, recognizing the importance of ICT,
has adopted ICT policy and strategy. This should also be supported with innovation
directions and accordingly the Ethiopian Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST)
developed national science, technology and innovation roadmap for ICT sector.
Technology roadmapping is a needs-driven technology planning process to help

identify, select, and develop technology alternatives to satisfy a set of product needs.
The way towards technology ownership should be guided through such process.
The process will produce a document (i.e. technology roadmap), which is a plan that
matches short-term and long-term goals with specific technology solutions to help
meet those goals. Technology road mapping can adopt technology or market orient-
ed development approaches.
In order to develop a national technology roadmap, MoST established a team com-

posed of experts for the development of the national ICT roadmap. Adopting the
technology oriented roadmapping approach; a vision that emphasizes on the real-
ization of a knowledge society has been set. As part of the situation analysis, the
following perspectives were taken into consideration:
• Review of national policies, strategies, and annual and GTP plans of various
sectors in Ethiopia,
• Review of global ICT trends, policies and strategies of different countries,
VII
• Industrial Revolution and its impacts on ICT trends, and

• Analysis of future directions of global ICT giants.
The national strategy and policy analysis includes national GTP-II plan, macro econ-
omy sector plans, economic and social development plans, and multi sector devel-
opmental plans of the nation. The status and situation of ICT industry in Ethiopia
was also analyzed by considering several private and governmental companies. The
global analysis on ICT situations and trends considered ICT policies and strategies
of different countries in Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, North America, and South
America. ICT giants considered to assess global ICT trends include Microsoft, Huawei,
Google, SAP, Sony, Amazon, Oracle, Ericson, Intel, Cisco, Samsung, HP, IBM, Twitter,
Yahoo, Dell, Facebook, and ZTE.
Based on the situation and trend analysis, desired futures are proposed and a total of
58 keywords are extracted from these proposals. The keywords are categorized into
the following three cornerstones:
• Indigenous cutting edge ICT,
• Quality of life, and
• Knowledge society.
These cornerstones are used to formulate the vision “Realizing a knowledge society
that innovates and utilizes indigenous cutting edge ICT to improve the quality of life
of Ethiopians by 2026”. The goals, which are devised for the realization of the vision,
are:
• Improve the accessibility of information and knowledge anywhere anytime,
• Establish open ICT ecosystem that utilizes collective knowledge, and
• Expand Ethiopian experience in smart ICT products and services.
The drivers that initiate the need for devising the above stated vision and goals are
identified through STEEP (Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, and Po-
litical) analysis. Social driversincludeyoung population, literacy level, population
growth, social transformation, and technology localization. The identified technolog-
ical drivers are dependability on ICT, technological advancement, mobility, infrastruc-
ture, power utility, and disruptive technology. Fast economy growth, globalization,
huge market space, income growth, industrialization, knowledge base economy, and
green economy are identified as economic drivers. The factors which are identified
VIII
as environmental drivers include climate change, international environment conven-

tions, and environmental protection. The political drivers are cyber war, green econ-
omy policy, foreign policy, direct investment policy, national security and stability,
diplomacy, and government commitment.
Based on the STEEP analysis, strategic products and the corresponding relevant tech-
nologies for the realization of the products are identified by considering how the
products can address the established goals. SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity,
and Threat) analysis is conducted by focusing on the identification of opportunities
in favor of realizing the identified products and the threats as challenges of the en-
deavor towards addressing the goals.
Following the above-mentioned activities, existing national and global ICT trends
and industries have been assessed to identify strategic ICT products and services,
technology areas, and key technologies. Experts’ opinion, responses collected from
key stakeholders, and GTP and other related documents were also used in the identi-
fication process providing a total of 16 strategic products and services, 45 technology
areas, and 133 key technologies. The 16 strategic products are Consumer Electronics,
e/m-Service, Intelligent Learning Management System, Business Solution, Cyber/In-
formation Security, Ubiquitous Network, Intelligent Computing, Intelligent Transport
System, Intelligent Medical System, Intelligent Knowledge Management System,
Data Centre Solution, Robot, Collaboration System, Data Service, Cloud Service, and
Digital Convergence.
The macro level representation of the roadmap is developed indicating the phase
based implementation plan (2017-2026) along with performance targets. The road-
map also suggests recommendations including plans of implementation which
should be managed in collaboration with all stakeholders such that the vision and
goals will be addressed and the national transformation will be realized accordingly.
IX
X
FORWARD
It is abundantly clear that science and technology are crucial to the overall develop-
ment and competitiveness of Ethiopia, a country aspiring to become a proud middle
income country by the 2025. Realizing this, the country’s second Growth and Trans-
formation plan (GTP II) gives the deserved emphasis to the sector. Railway, energy,
ICT, pharmaceuticals, mine and petroleum, road, textile, fertilizer, construction, ce-
ment, sugar, irrigation, environment, crop, leather, Livestock, coffee, meat, iron and
steel, chemical industries are the major sub sectors that can transform the country,
achieve its overall goal of eradicating poverty and making it a key power not only in
the sub-continent but also across Africa as a whole. With that in mind, our ministry, in
collaboration with all stake holders, Governmental, the Academia as well as the pri-
vate sector, has finalized key strategic documents that assess existing situation of the
country and maps out future direction regarding science and technology and how all
the sub sectors can play the desired roll of catalyzing the country’s progress to a mid-
dle income nation in the near future. We all hope that these roadmaps would give
science and technology and all the sub sectors a strategic direction and would ben-
efit its citizens as a whole. I would like to thank all those who took part in producing
these important documents and wish our country a peaceful and prosperous future.
Getahun Mekuria, Dr.-Ing
Minister, Ministry of Science and Technology, MoST
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, F.D.R.E.
XI
XII
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND
The move towards Ethiopian renaissance will attain its target only if the country
is generally putting enormous effort into striving for national competitiveness. To
strengthen national competitiveness, the country needs to distribute and utilize lim-
ited resources in areas that can transform the nation to development and prosperity.
It is vivid from the history of developed nations that technology ownership has been
found as a means for development and prosperity.
As a country striving for development, Ethiopia should have a clear direction on how
to own technologies such that the journey to the envisioned renaissance will be re-
alized. In this regard, it is necessary to intensively support technologies that are likely
to attain worldwide competitiveness, comprehensively considering future economic
societies and markets, technological trends and the development of science. ICT is
one of such technologies that contribute for unprecedented development of nations.
It is an important industry in the information/knowledge age. ICT is very dynamic
and the technology is rapidly changing through innovation. It is the main enabler
for the emergence of disruptive technologies and other industries. In 2015, about
27.5% of China’s export goods are ICT products and 50.3% of India’s service exports
are ICT services. South Korea has become one of the wealthiest countries in the world
through investment on ICT. Many of the wealthiest people in the world made their
fortunes from innovation in ICT. Investment on ICT is responsible for 50% of Europe’s
productivity growth, and is the way to reach many other policy objectives. For exam-
ple, Sweden spends 3.7% of the total GDP on ICT.
ICT is transforming the world of work, creating new job opportunities and making
labor markets more innovative, inclusive, and global. It is also influencing employ-
ment both as an industry that creates jobs and as a tool that empowers workers to
access new forms of work, in new and more flexible ways. The emerging ICT-enabled
employment opportunities matter because countries around the world are looking
to create more jobs, which have positive economic and social implications. The op-
portunity is also manifested in Africa with a total of 618, 699 ICT related jobs created
by 2013.
ICT, as a key component and enabler in science and technology, is increasingly bring-
ing market information, financial services, and health services helping to change peo-
ple’s lives in unprecedented ways. It is also changing the way companies do business,
1
transform public service delivery, and foster nations’ democratization process.

ICT, as an industry, is also rapidly passing through evolutionary stages bringing sig-
nificant impacts and transformations in societal developments. The advancement of
technological innovations and their impacts on the socio-economics of the world is
currently seen by many as having four stages. During the pre-industrialization era,
the society being primarily agricultural, the focus was on production of agricultural
tools and household products, which were crafted by hand. However, towards the
end of the 18th century, mechanical equipment powered by water and steam signifi-
cantly increased productivity.
This brought the First Industrial Revolution and gave rise to the concept of ‘factory
system’. In the Second Industrial Revolution, the use of electric power during the end
of 19th century helped to create mass production of industrial products. The Third
Industrial Revolution, also known as Digital Revolution, was characterized by high
levels of automation though the increased proliferation of digital logic circuits and
microprocessors after the 1970s. Examples of new production technologies included
automated robots, control systems, computer aided design and a range of digitally
based techniques. ICTs such as computer networking, the internet, mobile phones
and other forms of digital communication significantly reduced the time needed to
share large volume of information.
Since 2010, a range of new technologies fusing the physical, digital and biological
worlds that impact all disciplines, economies and industries come together to cre-
ate new autonomous systems leading to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Central
to this revolution are emerging technology breakthroughs in fields such as artificial
intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, autonomous vehicles, 3D printing and
nanotechnology. Through the use of sensors, more and more data will be collected
allowing new products, processes and integration to be conceived. The autonomous
nature of communication systems allows greater coordination with supply chains,
tracking of assets and integrated business planning and production.
Being inspired by the merits of ICT, the Ethiopian government has made the
development of ICT as one of its strategic priorities and aspires to leapfrog into
the information/knowledge age. ICT is also considered as a backbone for the growth
and transformation of the nation and based on this ground, the Ethiopian Ministry
of Science and Technology initiated the roadmapping process and devised this ICT
roadmap to indicate the direction for technology ownership.
Technology roadmappingis a needs-driven technology planning process to help
identify, select, and develop technology alternatives to satisfy a set of product and
2
service needs. The way towards technology ownership needs to be guided through
such process.The process produces a document (i.e. technology roadmap), which is a
plan that matches short-term, mid-term, and long-term goals with specific technolo-
gy solutions to help meet those goals. Technology roadmapping can adopt technol-
ogy or market-oriented development approaches. Accordingly, technology oriented
roadmapping approach is adopted in this process and it gives direction for the iden-
tification of strategic products and services for the realization of the stated vision.
Figure 1 depicts the phases in the adopted development approach.
Environment Products Key Technology

Visioning
Analysis Technology Roadmap
Services
Figure 1: Technology Roadmapping Methodology
As technologies are selected for the identified marketable products, the market-driv-
en road mapping approach is used for the development of this ICT roadmap. The
process begins with industrial trend analysis and ends with the identified strategic
products and services. Suitable technologies for the realization of the identified stra-
tegic products and services are then determined accordingly.
The roadmap indicates ICT related aspirations of the country that can be acquired
through research and development endeavors in ten years from 2017. The Technolo-
gy Roadmap (TRM) identifies the components and conditions of the core systems of
strategic products and services, sets the targets of their technological performance,
derives necessary technological alternatives by areas of technology, and gives a pre-
sumptive explanation for the process and timeframe to achieve the target of each
technological alternative.
1.2. SCOPE OF THE ROADMAP
The following tasks are within the scope of this work.

• Defining vision, products, and services,
• Proposing TRM based on the vision,
• Exploring the vision of national ICT innovation and technology for 10 years
and forecasting general technological elements, and
3
• Prioritizing technologies that increase national competitiveness by analysing

industrial and technological environment.
It should be noted that, in this roadmapping process, identification of products and

services is not focused on specific sectors, and development of sector-specific imple-
mentation strategy is not also included.
1.3. TREND ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT INDUSTRY
ICT usage and its impact in societal development grows rapidly during the implemen-
tation of Ethiopia’s First Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP I). With this growth,
the country has achieved its goal in communication technology services, e-service,
and e-government services. The following ICT services were developed and utilized
in GTP I:
• 125 informational and 152 transactional services; and
• 47 e-governmental services.
Apart from being enabler of socio-economic development, ICT also supports the
country’s on-going process of democratization and good governance. With the ex-
tensive expansion of network through the country, the data and internet customers
had been grown to 13.5 million. The overall telecom customers had been grown to
more than 38 million. However, the contribution of ICT to the economy of the coun-
try is still negligible.
The government had planned to increase its contribution to 0.3% in GTP II which is
under implementation till 2012 E.C. Financial institutions like banks and credit unions
have been benefiting from the growth of ICT to provide their mobile and internet
banking services. Federal bureaus are embracing the use of ICT in their internal and
external activities. For example, Ethiopian Revenue and Customs Authority has im-
plemented ICT to facilitate and interact with their customers in tax and other ser-
vices. The Ministry of Health is currently utilizing ICT in e-Health implementation to
improve the services of hospitals and extension health facilities. The Ministry of Edu-
cation has already started eLearning in secondary and higher level of education.
There are initiatives undertaken by the government to boost research and develop-
ment (R&D) and the use of ICT. Some of these are specified as follows.
• Ethio ICT Village aims to facilitate close linkage between research, industry
and business in IT and IT-enabled services and is expected to attract local and
foreign investors.
4
• The Government, recognizing the importance of ICT development, has en-

dorsed ICT policy and strategy in 2009. Creating the necessary skilled human
resources and promoting R&D in ICT are the main objectives of the policy.
• The Rural Connectivity Project (RCP) was introduced and implemented with
a strategy of addressing the universal access challenges in rural areas. This
project was planned and being implemented to create rural Public Internet
Access Centres (PIACs) and connect them using wireless local loop technolo-
gy and VSAT.
• WoredaNet has been implemented based on a terrestrial and satellite net-

work technology with the primary objective of providing ICT services such
as video conferencing, call centres, email, and Internet connectivity to the
federal, regional and woreda level government entities.
• National Data Centre (NDC) is deployed to provide reliable ICT infrastructure

and storage facilities to all government ministries and departments by host-
ing required hardware, software and applications in a centralized and secure
environment.
• A modern data centre called Ethiopian Educational Research Network (EthER-

Net) is constructed and developed recently.
Private companies which are working on electronics and ICT have grown
during GTP I.
• The production of communication terminals, featured phones, smart phones,
fixed line phones, televisions, refrigerators, etc. has shown radical growth
with multiple assemblers.
• Assembling of computers, laplets and tablets has also started at the end of
2008 E.C.
• Development of software on hardware interfacing, microcontrollers, firm-

ware, business applications (Enterprise Resource Planning, email systems, se-
curity applications, etc.), and operating systems has been started.
• There is also a progress in artificial intelligence and robots production like

software for robots, hardware printers, services, and R&D activities.
5
However, there are challenges that affect the growth and development of ICT in Ethi-
opia. Some of them are:
• Very limited human resource in capacity and mix of knowledge,
• Limitation of private sectors capacity in providing quality ICT products and

services,
• Quality and coverage problem of telecom services throughout the country,
• Limitation of encouraging investment policies for the ICT sector; and
• Lack of clarity on customs taxation system for electronics and ICT products.
1.4. VISION AND GOALS
The trend and situation analysis resulted with three corner stones (i.e. knowledge
society, indigenous cutting edge ICT, and quality of life), which are used to set ICT
vision of the nation for 2026. By forecasting industrial development and analyzing
technological trend, the development team sets a vision for 10 years from now to
enhance the competitiveness of the nation as stated below.
“Realizing a knowledge society that innovates and utilizes indigenous cutting edge
ICT to improve quality of life of Ethiopians by 2026”
This national ICT vision is to be addressed through the goals stated below:
1.5. DOCUMENT STRUCTURE
This roadmap document is organized mainly in three parts. The first part includes
executive summary, background statement, scope of the roadmap, vision, and goals.
The second part gives detailed description on the basic concepts of technology
road mapping. Strategic products and technologies are identified and macro lev-
el roadmaps devised for these strategic products are deeply discussed in this part.
Conclusions, recommendations, and plans to implement the recommendations are
discussed in the third part. The overall process followed to develop this roadmap
document is provided in the appendix.
6
2. NATIONAL TRM FOR THE VISION: REALIZING KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY
2.1. OUTLINE
The knowledge society is a human structured organization based on contemporary

developed knowledge. It implies the need to fully understand distribution of knowl-
edge, access to information, and capability to transfer information into knowledge.
A knowledge society generates and shares knowledge that may be used to improve
the human condition available to all members of the society.
Knowledge distribution is one of the essential requirements of the knowledge so-
ciety. To realize knowledge society and reinforce economic and industrial compet-
itiveness, it is necessary to improve the accessibility of information and knowledge
anywhere anytime, establish open ICT ecosystem that utilizes collective knowledge,
and expand society’s experience in smart ICT products and services though innova-
tion of indigenous cutting edge ICT.
2.2. PROSPECT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE SOCIETIES
ICT innovation after ten years from now is expected to play key role in improving the
quality of individuals and family life along with the environment. It is also expected to
lead the advancement of science and overall industry, manage the use of indigenous
knowledge and practice in any aspect, and support the establishment of a safe and
comfortablesociety. Human beings have an increasing desire to exchange high qual-
ity information and get services in a convenient way anywhere anytime. Transition to
an information/knowledge society will create virtually collaborative society based on
the Internet and/or mobile technologies with competitive state-of-the-art products
and indigenous knowledge artifacts.
2.3. STRATEGIC CHOICES
2.3.1. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
In order to achieve the desired goals, a list of products and services were initially sug-
gested, out of which 16 strategic ICT products and services are identified based on
economic impact, strategic importance, and potential to success. Figure 2 shows the
process of identification of such products and services.
7
Improve the accessibility of Establish open ICT ecosystem Expand Ethiopian experience
information and knowledge that utilizes collective in smart ICT products and
anywhere anytime knowledge service
Consumer Electronics Intelligent KMS e/m-Service

Intelligent LMS Data Center Solution Business Solution
Ubiquitous Network Data Service Intelligent Transport System
Intelligent Computing Could Service Intelligent Medical System
Storage and Backup Collaboration System Intelligent HCI
OLED Devices Digital Convergence Intelligent Home Appliance
Fiber Optics Local Programming Language Cyber/Information Security
Sensors Entertainment/Game
Chips Robot
Embedded Systems High Performance Computing
FPGA Integration Products
Strategic Criteria
Strategic Products and
Improve the accessibility of

information and knowledge Establish open ICT ecosystem Expand Ethiopian experience in
anywhere anytime that utilizes collective smart ICT products and service
Services
knowledge
e/m-Service
Consumer Electronics Intelligent KMS
Business Solution
Intelligent LMS Data Center Solution Intelligent Transport System

Data Service
Ubiquitous Network Intelligent Medical System
Could Service
Intelligent Computing Collaboration System Cyber/Information Security
Digital Convergence Robot
Figure 2: Identification
Figureof Strategic Products
1: Identification of Strategicand Services
Products and Services
8
2.3.2. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
Operational definitions of the identified products and services are given as follows.
• Consumer Electronics: isanext generation intelligent information terminal

equipped with networking functions based on wired/wireless communication
and multimedia middleware with sensible interface, human-like sensors, and
medical sensors.
• E/m-Service: refers to activities of commercial and non-commercial transactions

using ICT and the Internet along with any activities supporting the transactions.
• Business Solution: consists of software products that help customers implement

best-in-class solutions for operational excellence, business intelligence (BI), and
risk compliance management. It addresses a range of customer needs, including
customer relationship management, procurement, and supply chain manage-
ment.
• Intelligent Learning Management System: refers to a product that provides ed-

ucational support with an artificial intelligence component. The product tracks
learners’ work, tailoring feedback and hints along the way. By collecting informa-
tion on a particular learner’s performance, it can make inferences about strengths
and weaknesses, and can suggest additional work.
• Intelligent Knowledge Management System: is a product that supports the cre-

ation, storage and retrieval, transfer and application of knowledge. The creation
of knowledge is done by developing new knowledge or replacing already exist-
ing one in the knowledge repository.
• Ubiquitous Network: is a network on which all devices have the functions of

computing and communication anywhere anytime.
• Intelligent Computing: is a technology and a phase where computing devices

have the ability to learn a specific task from data or experimental observation,
allowing them to intelligently communicate information anywhere anytime. It
9
includes a technology and phase where computers and networks understand

users’ intention and perform tasks accordingly.
• Data Center Solution:is a solution where servers are consolidated and fully vir-
tualized, and new levels of integration achieved with converged infrastructure
systems to serve the business side demands economically. It extends beyond the
brick and mortar walls to public clouds.
• Collaboration System: is a product that supports people involved in a common

task to achieve their goals. It also supports business participants to work together
using multimodal collaboration platforms.
• Data Service: is concerned on how to find, reuse, and publish data. As the vol-
ume, velocity, variety, and veracity of data increases, it demands for the manage-
ment and utilization of data mainly through business intelligence and big data
analytics.
• Cloud Solution: is a service that is expressed by a cloud and delivered over the
Internet or a private network. Cloud services range from infrastructure-as-a-ser-
vice (IaaS), platform-as-a-service (PaaS), and software-as-a-service (SaaS) to any
ICT as a service.
• Digital Convergence: is the priming of underlying digital technology compo-

nents and features such as voice, texts, video, pictures, broadcasts, presentation,
streaming media, global connectivity and personalized services. The combina-
tion of all of these features and abilities from multiple electronic systems into
a simplified, converged, and computer-mediated communication system to en-
able individuals interact, play, communicate, collaborate, and share information
in many ways. It also involves the convergence of broadcasting, communication
and information networks based on broadband networks such as Internet broad-
casting, interactive TV, etc. Generally, digital convergence is the integration of
four industries (Information Technologies, Telecommunication, Consumer Elec-
tronics, and Entertainment) into one conglomerate.
• Intelligent Transport System: involves the creation of communication network
10
for resolving traffic jams, preventing traffic accidents, and transmitting data using
end user communication devices. It applies information, data processing, com-
munication, and sensor technologies to vehicles (including cars, trucks, trains,
aircraft and ships), transportinfrastructure and transport users to increase the ef-
fectiveness, environmental performance, safety, resilience, and efficiency of the
transport system.
• Intelligent Medical System: refers to the technology that enables remote and
self-operated medical treatments in preventing, diagnosing and treating diseas-
es.
• Cyber/Information Security: is a technology that maintains the confidentiality

and integrity of information and communication systems, and guarantees the
availability of systems. It is concerned with the ability to protect or defend cy-
berspace from cyber-attacks, which includes the protection of information and
information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, mod-
ification, or destruction so as to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
• Robot: is a system that can replace human functions, interacting and sharing
living spaces with human beings. Robots bring about revolutionary changes in
human life and high producing power in the 21st century by utilizing semicon-
ductor technologies combined with new innovative technologies such as arti-
ficial intelligence technologies, brain science, micro-mechatronic technologies,
bio technologies, and nanotechnologies. Intelligent robot refers to robots with
the capabilities of thinking and acting humanly.
2.3.3. MAPPING TECHNOLOGIES TO STRATEGIC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
The strategic products and services identified to realize the strategic goals need to be
mapped with key technologies as depicted in Figure 3. The technologies are priori-
11
tized based on the following criteria:
• Economic, social, and environmental benefits,
• Scientific and technological opportunities,
• Research and technology potential, and
• Potential to absorb economic and social benefits.

Vision Strategic Goals Strategic Product and Services Key Technologies
Smart Wearable
Realizing a knowledge society that innovate and utilize indigenous, cutting edge ICT to improve quality of life of Ethiopians by
Storage
High Performance Processor
Mobile Multi Media Content
Digital Broadcasting
Consumer Electronics Chipset technology
Improve the accessibility Intelligent Learning Management
Learning Content Management
of information and System
knowledge anywhere Ubiquitous Network Social Learning Platform Technologies
anytime
Intelligent Computing/System Communication Service Technology
Communication Channel Technology
Machine Learning Technology
Knowledge representation technology
Reasoning Technologies
Knowledge extraction technologies
Knowledge Modelling technology
Networking Technology
Intelligent Knowledge
Management System Infrastructure Technology
Establish open ICT Datacenter Solutions Smart Environment
ecosystem that utilizes Data Services Data Analytics Platform Technology
collective knowledge Cloud Services Data Visualization Technology
Collaborations System Data Warehousing Technology
Cloud as a Service Technology
2026.
Digital Convergence
Communication Platform Technology
Work Flow Control Technology
Portal Management Technology
People Centric Technology
Service convergence
Multimedia convergence
Device Convergence
Mobile Technology (Mobility)
e-Payment Technology
e-m Services Interface Technologies
Business Solutions Business Intelligence Technology
Intelligent Medical System Business Analytics Technology
Expand Ethiopian
experience in smart ICT
Intelligent Transport System Enterprise Solutions
technologies and services
Cyber/Information Security AI Health Technology
Robot Intelligent Traffic Management Technology
Telematic Technology
Transport Safety Technology
Information Security and Assurance Technology
Cyber Security technology
Computer Vision Technology
Language Technology
AGI Platform
Actuator Technology
Figure 3: Mapping of Products and Services to Technologies
12
2.4. IDENTIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES
2.4.1. TECHNOLOGY TREE
Technology tree is a diagrammatic representation depicting the relationship be-

tween the technologies considered for the realization of products and services. Fig-
ure 4 shows a technology tree for consumer electronics.
Figure 4: Technology Tree for Consumer Electronics
13
2.4.2. KEY TECHNOLOGIES
The strategic products and services are supposed to be realized by suitable tech-
nologies identified out of list of potential alternatives. The suitable technologies pri-
oritized from the possible alternatives are considered as key technologies.Figure5
depicts the process followed for the identification of key technologies.
Strategic Products (16)
Technology Areas (45)
Strategic Technologies
Two selection criteria
(235)
 Strategic Importance
 Inter-departmental
Critical/Key collaboration
Technologies
Road Map
Figure 5: Identification of Key Technologies
14
2.5. MACRO TRM FOR STRATEGIC PRODUCTS
Macro TRM is a high level description of the technology roadmap. In this document
macro TRMs are developed for strategic products and services in line with the devel-
opment directions. The development directions are the goals which are identified in
the visioning process and are listed below:
2.5.1. IMPROVE THE ACCESSIBILITY OF INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE ANY-

WHERE ANYTIME
2.5.1.1. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: INTELLIGENT LEARNING MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM
A. OUTLINE
• Intelligent learning management system (iLMS) is a software application for

the administration, documentation, tracking, reporting and delivery of elec-
tronic educational technology (also called e-learning) courses or training pro-
grams and can appropriately and intelligently guide learners along their indi-
vidual learning paths throughout their lives.
 Virtual Learning Environments have been the centre of attention in the

last few decades and help educators tremendously with providing stu-
dents with educational resources. Since artificial intelligence was used
for educational purposes, learning management system can be made
smarter and intelligent.
• iLMS handles the management and delivery of eLearning courses, similar to

conventional LMS. It lets create eLearning content (lessons), organize it into
courses, deliver the content (either internally to a business or to a wider inter-
net audience), enrol students to said courses and, finally, monitor and assess
their performance (attendance, grades, etc.).
15
• An iLMS is the “engine” that powers eLearning, and in the most common form
it consists of three separate parts: a server component that performs the core
functionality (creating, managing and delivering courses, authenticating us-
ers, serving data and notifications, etc.), the inference engine for learning us-
ers’ behaviour, and a user interface used by administrators, instructors and
learners.
• iLMS includes the framework that handles all aspects of the learning process
through infrastructure for identification, tracking, and analysis.
 The infrastructure delivers and manages instructional content, iden-

tifies and assesses individual and organizational learning or training
goals, tracks the progress towards meeting those goals, and collects
and presents data for supervising the learning process of the organiza-
tion as a whole.
• iLMS should enable the development and delivery of learning contents and
should support all kinds of learning activities.
 For the inclusion of these capabilities (development and delivery), iLMS

should possess the capabilities of the conventional LMS and LCMS to-
gether with intelligence and smartness.
B. FUTURE PROSPECT
Key Issues
 Tools and features that make LMS intelligent and smart should be identified
 How to determine the degree of intelligence required?
 How to determine learners’ behavior for contextualized content delivery?
 Blending iLMS in the conventional learning process.
• The advancement in development and communication tools brings the opportu-

nity for the emergence of iLMS. Such approaches are highly supportive for educa-
tion coverage and quality.
16
• Businesses of all sizes, from large multinational enterprises to small and medium
businesses; Organizations, from the global to local, including non-government
organizations and non-profits; Government agencies and local governments;
Traditional educational institutions (schools, universities, colleges); Online and
eLearning based educational institutions can use iLMS for a better delivery and
follow-up of trainings and education.
• Employee recruitment, induction, orientation, and training; knowledge retention,

and education can highly be benefited from iLMS
• Technologies for iLMS include
C. CHARACTERISTICS OF MARKETS/TECHNOLOGY AND OPPORTUNITY/THREAT

FACTORS
• Although there has been massive expansion throughout the educational system
in Ethiopia, it still needs much to work for full coverage. This is a big market for the
introduction of iLMS.
• The expansion of educational institutions and telecom services contribute for

youth computer literacy. That is an opportunity to drain the benefits from iLMS.
• Education is a tool to combat poverty. Therefore iLMS can foster the coverage and
quality of education. This has been backed by substantial increases in national
education expenditure and aid to the sector, as well as improved planning and
implementation capacity at all levels
• There should be a development and usage policy on iLMS, such that the technol-
ogy will not be misused, and such attempts can be mitigated proactively.
17
D. MACRO TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP
Macro Technology Roadmap of Intelligent Learning Management System

Realizing a knowledge society that innovates and utilizes indigenous cutting edge ICT t
Vision
o improve quality of life of Ethiopians by 2026.
Objective Improve the accessibility of information and knowledge anywhere anytime
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021-2023 2024 2025 2026
Future Prospect Simplicity, Low Cost, Locality Intelligence
1st stage Performance Target 2nd stage Performance Target 3rd stage Performance Target
Intelligent Learning
Management System
Social Learning Platform Event Based Technology,

Technology Compatibility, Consistence
Microsharing Technology, Collective Intelligence Technology,

Speed, text size Capacity, Intelligence
Collective Intelligence Technology

Capacity, Intelligence
R&D Strategy Reverse Engineering Licensing, Patenting Innovation
Key Infrastructure Network Infrastructure, Internet Connectivity and Accessibility
(Figure 6a)
18
(Figure 6b)
Figure 6a&b: Macro Technology Roadmap of Intelligent Learning Management System
19
2.5.1.2. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: INTELLIGENT COMPUTING
A. OUTLINE
• As the cost of devices has continued to fall, the number of devices in the en-
vironment surrounding a user and the range of different functionalities that
they can provide has grown enormously. The physical environment is becom-
ing more and more saturated with computing and communication entities
that interact among themselves, as well as with users: virtually everything will
be enabled to source information and respond to appropriate stimuli.
• Context aware pervasive computing is rapidly emerging as the next genera-

tion of computing with the underlying premise of simplicity (of use), minimal
technical expertise, reliability, and intuitive interactions. Key issues in perva-
sive computing are effective use of smart spaces, invisibility, localized scalabil-
ity, and masking uneven conditioning.
• Intelligent computing is the cornerstone of ambient and pervasive intelligence

that enables computers and computing devices to be available naturally and
unobtrusively by different means in our daily living, working, learning, busi-
ness, infotainment environments anywhere, anytime.
• There is an increasing need of computing devices to embrace mobility and

understand the various contexts intelligently. Intelligent mobile computing
that guarantees data will reach the mobile device in a minimum amount of
time, assuring at the same time the privacy of transmission, is emerging as a
preferred direction to meet the mounting needs.
• Pervasive computing, connectivity and approaches to make computing ‘au-

tonomous’, self - configuring and self- healing, self-learning have great poten-
tial for new forms of mobility. Intelligent computing enables us to realize
pervasive and mobile computing. Key technologies for intelligent computing
are machine learning technologies, Knowledge representation and reason-
ing technologies, mobile computing technologies, and pervasive computing
technologies (agent-based software, grid computing, context-aware).
20
B. FUTURE PROSPECT
• Mobile Computing is growing at an extraordinary rate with no signs of decline

in the near future. This growth is tempting software developers away from
traditional application development to the newer world of mobile application
development.
• Internet-connected devices (smartphones, tablets, thermostats, smoke detec-

tors, and cars, for example) will create massive amounts of data that will be
analyzed by deep-learning technologies. This process will be the foundation
of the first artificial intelligence networks. They will be able to tell people, for
instance, what their thermostat is set to, when it’s time to hit the gym, and
whether or not your pool has too much chlorine.
• Despite the obvious importance of pervasive computing to help the user cope
with the growing number of devices and services that surround her, thus far
the take-up of developments emanating from research in this area has been
somewhat limited.
• On the other hand Social Networking Systems have developed at an extraordi-

nary rate with widespread take-up. By bringing together these two paradigms
in an integrated and seamless way one can create a Pervasive Social Network-
ing (PSN) system that can provide the benefits of both.

FACTORS
• Digital convergence will be characterized by huge amount of information

flowing from the physical world to the cyber world (and vice-versa), thus
opening up great research opportunities for pervasive and mobile computing
researchers.
• Information collected by sensors spread in the physical world is a fundamental

tool for understanding the human behaviour and socio/physical context in
which humans operate. This information can be used for adapting the cyber
world to human needs and possibly also affecting the physical world through
actuators. The understanding of human behaviour and social links constitutes
the basis for the development of innovative computing and communication
21
paradigms (e.g., opportunistic computing and networking) based on (mobile)

social networks.
• The complexity of the cyber world, and the need to adapt its behaviour to
the human/social context, requires the developments of self-organizing strat-
egies for adapting the huge number of devices in the cyber world to the rap-
idly changing physical/social world. In addition, the proliferation of small and
increasingly inexpensive computing devices into the physical world prompts
a number of challenges related to their security and privacy.
(Figure 7a)
22
(Figure 7b)
(Figure 7C)
Figure 7a, b, & C: Macro Technology Roadmap of Intelligent Computing
23
2.5.1.3. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
A. OUTLINE
• Consumer electronics aims at human-centered computing based on wired/

wireless integrated networks along with the trends of fusion technologies,
broadband information services (mobile services, ubiquitous services, lifelike
services and mobile, cost effective and light information processing terminals.
 ICT users can obtain various types of information using information

processing terminals such as smart wearable devices, web pads,
smart phones, PDA and new clients through communication net-
works. These devices will be upgraded to satisfy users’ demand
through intelligent I/O interface and high-performance computing.
 Consumer electronics can promote human-centered interfaces so

that users can communicate at any time and in any place through a
natural and convenient mechanism imitating human senses.
• Information communication terminals in a ubiquitous environment where

the human-centered convenience is maximized, and information and services
look for users rather than users look for information will develop into next
generation intelligent information processing terminals that can recognize
and express sensible information.
• Intelligent information processing terminals will evolve into wearable infor-

mation terminals along with technological development in high performance,
low power consumption due to miniaturization, high quality multimedia con-
tents, display technologies such as organic EL for media reproduction and
flexible display, micro storage device, etc., as well as personal wireless com-
munication technologies.
B. FUTURE PROSPECT
• Smart phones with the function of personal information management, e-com-

merce and financial transaction management, health monitoring will evolve
to personal management access of the life.
24
• They will be used as integrated information processing terminals for high

speed wireless data services and high quality bidirectional multimedia ser-
vices, and accessory-like information terminals for specialized functions.
• Displays will be sophisticated based on precision, and new types of products

will be introduced to the digital life.
 Retina-projecting laser displays using glasses will be popularized,

and pliable electronic paper will be put into practical use, and mar-
kets for augmented reality displays will be gradually formed in Ethi-
opia.
 It is possible to link users’ mobile phones with displays as confer-

ence desks; dining tables, etc. are used as displays in ubiquitous net-
work environments.
• Natural user interface technologies such as voice recognition and interface to

five human senses maximize users’ convenience and provide lifelike informa-
tion services.
• Interface to highly sensitive feel sensors, smell sensors, taste sensors, etc.
which are similar to the mechanism of human senses, and transmission and
expression of sensible information\
• The development of wireless communication technologies provides individu-

alized high speed wireless communication network environments.
• Due to miniaturization, new types of terminals such as electronic paper termi-

nals and wearable terminals will be utilize in a day to day life with a technol-
ogy development of Sensitive sensors including human sensing, multi modal
input method, and be distributed.
• Wearable information terminals that link users to ubiquitous network environ-

ments will be sophisticated with the evolution of interface between networks
and users, and as a result, will maximize the convenience of all classes of us-
ers including the disabled regardless of sex and age, and provide customized
services where various information services look for users who do not have
specific knowledge or functions.
25

FACTORS
• The national network coverage had reached 85% of the geographic area and
100% of habited area with a 2G and 3G data and voice services. Additionally,
the capital city Addis Ababa has 4G data service. After four years, 4G and 5G
data service will be available in the main cities of the country. This creates a
mass demand of mobile devices with big and fast data processing capabilities
throughout the country. This demand will exponentially grow in the coming
four years in quantity and type of devices. The users are, therefore, expected
to demand high performance end user terminal.
• Both the government and private institutes start to provide their services
online electronically through their e-service or m-service technologies. This
is rapidly expanding to all government services, financial institutions, com-
mercial companies, entertainment enterprises, etc. Users of these services are
increasing and demanding secure and reliable terminals like mobile phones,
tablets, PCs. To fulfil this demand with affordable price, Ethiopia inevitably re-
quires research and development works on these products.
• Local entertainment audio-videos like TV and radio programs, movies, events,

are being produced and delivered with online streaming. Social network ser-
vices are being delivered with local languages. These all require high perfor-
mance terminals that support higher internet data connections.
• Intelligent consumer electronics is expected to provide all necessary informa-

tion and knowledge like financial transaction, resource management, health
status and notifications, and information about the surrounding environment
at the hands of the users with the help of sensors.
• Based on the functionalities of terminals and the connectivity of internet, en-

tertainment, broadcasting, communication and home appliances with inte-
grated and intelligent information terminals that can handle the five senses of
human will be widely available.
26
(Figure 8a)
27
(Figure 8b)
Figure 8a & b: Macro Technology Roadmap of Consumer Electronics
2.5.1.4. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: UBIQUITOUS NETWORK
A. OUTLINE
• In ubiquitous network, as all components are distributed over an integrated

communication network, a communication system that enables unlimited in-
formation exchange regardless of time, place and object is supposed to be in
place. Ubiquitous network:
28
 Promotes a global integrated communication system for collecting

and distributing information by connecting anything.
 Makes intelligent numerous environments and objects composing

urban spaces such as roads, bridges, tunnels, buildings, walls and
ceilings, flowerpots, refrigerators, cups, shoes, paper, etc., and con-
nect, control and manage them, and exchange information through
a global integrated communication system.
 Networks and circulates information/knowledge owned by individ-

uals, companies, communication networks and nations, and com-
bine traditional human-centered information, communication and
distribution networks with networks among machines.
 Automatically controls and manages all components of industries

and societies, and exchanges information through a global integrat-
ed communication system.
• Ubiquitous network needs a perfectly integrated communication system that

can realize the integration and connection among networks in any spaces
without limitations in speed and capacity. The system needs to allow any types
of terminals to be connected at any time and in any place without restriction
in the type of connections.
B. FUTURE PROSPECT
• Ubiquitous communication networks are social skeletal facilities that deter-

mine the competitiveness of future societies of free trade and indefinite com-
petition.
• Ubiquitous communication networks provide the base for future communi-

cation services closely related to daily life such as remote medical services,
remote education, automatic logistic, automatic information distribution, etc.
• Ubiquitous communication networks are technologically composed of intel-

ligent networks that function as the brain of communication networks, op-
tical communication that performs the function of core backbone delivery/
exchange, high-speed mobile communication for access from anywhere, and
wired/wireless integrated networks for efficient integration of wired/ wireless
29
networks and services.
• Ubiquitous communication networks are basically composed of transmission

networks that transmit users’ signals, control networks that distribute various
types of knowledge and information, and service networks that create and
provide practical services using the previous networks.
• Ubiquitous communication networks will provide information transmission

capacity of tens of Mbps to each household subscriber, a capacity of 155~
622 Mbps to each PC room subscriber, and a capacity of tens of Mbps to each
mobile terminal subscriber.
• Ubiquitous communication networks will be composed of a switching facil-

ity with a capacity of tens of Tbps for each switching node (station) on the
transmission network, and simple and essential transmission network func-
tions, various high performance services / network control /operation / man-
agement servers.
• Ubiquitous communication networks will be connected through transmission

networks of a highly robust mesh type with a capacity of tens of Tbps per op-
tical fiber. Ubiquitous communication networks will be tidied up and publicly
provide “transmission network functions” available to the general public so
that various service providers can develop diverse complicated future services
independently.
• Ubiquitous communication networks will provide multimedia services of tens

of Mbps using wireless LAN connections, micro-cell connections provided to
wireless subscribers and satellite connections.

FACTORS
• Although the national network coverage is steadily growing, Ethiopia lags

with the coverage of Wi-Fi and Hi-Fi based broad band connection.
• There is a growth of creating office and home network that connects office
and home devices and external networks.
• Continuous expansion of communication services with the government in-
30
vestment information communication services have been growing rapidly.
• Ubiquitous network based on wired and wireless communication service

throughout the country is a target.
• B2B and M2M communication is possible where business application and ma-
chine have a capability to communicate universally to open ecosystem. This
can be realised through promoting local communication devices develop-
ment and investment on terabits of internet network to support the upcom-
ing communication services.
Macro Technology Roadmap of Ubiquitous Network

Vision Realizing a knowledge society that innovates and utilizes indigenous cutting e
dge ICT to improve quality of life of Ethiopians by 2026.
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Future Prospect Any Time, Any Where Access Reliable and Optimal Solution
Ubiquitous Network
Intelligent network technology, Intelligent network technology,

Service coverage, availability Reliable, robustness
Communication Service
Technology
Location based technology Location based technology
Wireless Technology, Wireless Technology,

Speed, dependability higher connectivity, reliability
Communication Channel
Quality of service
Technology
Optical Internet Technology, Terabit optical communication elements technology
R&D Strategy Engineering and renovation Renovation and Innovation Renovation and Innovation
Computer Network, Telecommunication, Security governance and policy, security rules

Key Infrastructure
and regulation,
Figure 9: Macro Technology Roadmap of Ubiquitous Network
31
2.5.2. ESTABLISH OPEN ICT ECOSYSTEM THAT UTILIZES COLLECTIVE KNOWLEDGE
2.5.2.1. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: DATA SERVICE
A. OUTLINE
• Data Service (DS) is concerned on how to find, reuse, and publish data. As the vol-
ume, velocity, variety, and veracity of data increases, it demands for the manage-
ment and utilization of data mainly through business intelligence and big data
analytics.
 Search: a DS can allow users to easily search for data across disciplinary
boundaries. As users hone in on data of interest, they can easily switch
to discipline-specific tools.
 Publish: a DS can connect users to tools for building and sharing collec-
tions of data. It will help users find and deliver data to the best reposi-
tory for data-publishing.
 Link: a DS should create robust connections between data and pub-

lished articles. When researchers reference an article, they have ready
access to the underlying data
 Reuse: a DS should not only provide access to data for download, it

can provide tools for transferring data to processing platforms or allow
analysis to be attached to the data.
• Business intelligence (BI) is a set of techniques and tools for the acquisition

and transformation of raw data into meaningful and useful information.
 BI technologies provide historical, current and predictive views of busi-

ness operations. Common functions of business intelligence technol-
ogies are reporting, online analytical processing, analytics, data min-
ing, process mining, complex event processing, business performance
management, benchmarking, text mining, predictive analytics and
prescriptive analytics.
• Big data analytics is the process of examining large data sets to uncover
hidden patterns, unknown correlations, market trends, customer prefer-
32
ences and other useful business information.
 The analytical findings can lead to more effective marketing, new rev-
enue opportunities, better customer service, improved operational
efficiency, competitive advantages over rival organizations and other
business benefits.
 The primary goal of big data analytics is to help companies make more
informed business decisions by enabling data scientists, predictive
modellers and other analytics professionals to analyse large volumes of
transaction data, as well as other forms of data that may be untapped
by conventional business intelligence (BI) programs.
B. FUTURE PROSPECT
• Technologies for data service include Massive Parallel Processing (MPP) Technol-
ogy, Tenser Based Computation Technology, Search Based Application Technolo-
gy, Data Mining Technologies, Data Visualization Technology, ETL, Data Aggrega-
tion Technology, Data Allocation Technology, Data Tagging Technology, Software
Standard, Design, Reuse, and Report Technology.

FACTORS
• The exponential growth of data size within fractions of seconds calls for advanced
managements, and in this regard, data service can transform it in to meaningful
and condensed representation
• Large companies demand data aggregation facilities for to ease the burdens due
to data management.
33
• There are emerging business services in Ethiopia which calls for a wide variety of
data service functionalities.
Macro Technology Roadmap of Data Service

Vision Realizing a knowledge society that innovates and utilizes indigenous cutting edge ICT T
echnology to improve quality of life of Ethiopians by 2026.
Objective Establish open ICT ecosystem that utilizes collective knowledge.
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Open ecosystem Collaborative society for ICT knowledge hub

Future Prospect ..
utilizes collective knowledge
Data Service
Massive Parallel Processing (MPP) Technology
Efficient, energy sensitive, speed, low-latency
Data Analytics Platform Data Mining Technology
Easy, adaptive, domain independent, efficient, Integratable
Tensor Based Computation Technology
Efficient, Flexible
Search Based Application Technology
Efficient, scalable, Generic, multi-modal, multi-criterion
Data Visualization Data Visualization Technology
Technology Interactive, usable, source-aware, visual-clue, secured, usable
R&D Strategy Licensing and Engineering Engineering and Renovation Innovation

Key Infrastructure
and regulation,
Figure 10: Macro Technology Roadmap of Data Service
34
2.5.2.2. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: COLLABORATION SYSTEM
A. OUTLINE
• Collaboration systems are products that support/ help people involved in a

common task to achieve their goals. The product is a function to support busi-
ness participants to work together using multimodal collaboration platforms.
• The affordability of the Internet and connectivity from anywhere and anytime
are the main reasons for new business to operate with team members distrib-
uted in different part of the world. In such context, there is a need to under-
stand the human and social factors of face to face and distributed teamwork
or working force to the creation of technologies that enhance communication,
coordination, interaction and socialization.
• The main aim of the collaborative system is the development of collaborative

and decision support interfaces for complex, time critical team environment in
which users may interface using portal having groups/ team that in multi-dis-
play environment.
• The need for on-demand collaboration, online meeting, web conferencing and
video conferencing among different stakeholders that use variety kind devices
in cost effective way while taking into account local context and knowledge is
important.
• The development of collaboration environment will enable dissemination of in-

formation and can be used in different application such conferencing, eLearn-
ing, collaborative editing, resource sharing, online meetings.
B. FUTURE PROSPECTS
35
• The collaboration system facilitates the development of an open ecosystem that

utilizes collective knowledge of different users connected from the Internet. The
technology empowers new business or start-ups to work from anywhere being
affiliated to large or medium scale firms.
• Internet based collaboration framework is one of the precondition in the build-

ing process of collaborative society and hence the country would be considered
as ICT knowledge hub.
• The national strategic options are:
 Developing a communication platform that facilitates the interac-

tion between users and the result of other technologies,
 Developing a room management technology that manages users

having similar interests in a virtual room,
 Focusing on people-centric technology.
• Key technologies include the following.
 Communication Platform Technology/ Portal management Tech-

nology: this is the technology that allows the management of users,
roles, auditing, communication using SMS, email, bulletin board,
agenda, etc.
 People centric technology: a technology that takes into account the

difference in users and their devices. These days a user uses more
than one device in accessing environment and the people centric
technology is perceived as a unifying environment that allows these
devices to get connected with a common identify. In the context of
collaboration system, a user may use tablet, smartphone or PC all at
the same time and the technology reach across of these devices. In
addition, the technology protects the data, remote data and appli-
cation control, of the user. The management in the people centric
technology is easy, flexible.
 Room management technology: a technology that provides online

concurrent communication among a group of distributed users or
actors. A room is a shared space where one or more write-enabled
36
members can send information to be received by every read-enable

members in the same room. A room will be setup whenever a com-
ponent needs to communicate or collaborate with other members.
This technology is responsible to forward information generated by
one to all other clients in the room; assign different role to differ-
ent clients. In addition, this technology identified each room unique
and maintains up-to-date information about the session.

FACTORS
• This collaboration product will be characterized by the use of standard proce-

dures that put in place to realize among different and heterogeneous partici-
pants. Participants of the collaboration interface with the collaboration engine
using different multimodal interfaces; the product will open a new research
direction and product line in:
 human to machine interfacing to foster interaction and socialization

and on demand collaboration;
 team building and coordinating different and tasks/ activities with-

out conflict; and
 using local context, culture, knowledge in facilitating working to-

gether from virtual environment.
37
Technology Roadmap (Macro) of Collaboration System

Objective Establish (open) ICT ecosystem that utilizes collective knowledge.
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Open ecosystem utilizes
Future Prospect ..
Collaborative society for ICT knowledge hub
collective knowledge
Collaboration System
Resource Management Technology

Portal mgmt. Technology Cost effective, open, secured, generic, adaptive
Reporting Technology
Exporting, flexible, customizable, drillable, interoperable, easy, secured
Room Infrastructure
Scalable, multi-modal, secured, Interactive
People centric technology
Groupware
Secured, Generic, Searchable, efficient, Customizable, reliable

Key Infrastructure
and regulation,
(Figure 11a)
38
Technology Roadmap (Macro) of Collaboration System

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Open ecosystem utilizes
Future Prospect ..
Collaborative society for ICT knowledge hub
collective knowledge
Collaboration System
Conferencing/ Eventing Technology
Flexible, scalable, secured
Social Networking Technology
Communication Platform
Openness, Flexible, scalable, secured
technology
Messaging Technology
Secured, interoperable, easy
Business Process Modeling Validation Technology
Work flow control Scalable, Modular, simple Correctness, integrity
technology Workflow Engine
Simple, Scalable, flexible, generic

Key Infrastructure
and regulation,
(Figure 11b)
Figure 11a&b: Macro Technology Roadmap of Collaboration System
39
2.5.2.3. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: INTELLIGENT KNOWLEDGE MANAGE-

MENT SYSTEM
A. OUTLINE
• Recently, organizations are facing challenge of complexity and urgency in the

complexity of business process. Some of the organizational knowledge are
documented explicitly and are available either hard or softcopy. In addition,
much of the working principles, norms, experience, innovations created in the
firm are based on the tacit knowledge arising out of the experience and can-
not be easily communicated by workers within the management procedure.
• Organizing knowledge tacit or explicit and making it available for future need
is of high demand.
• Intelligent Knowledge Management System is a product that supports the

creation, storage and retrieval, transfer and application of knowledge. The
creation of knowledge is done by developing new knowledge or replacing
already existing one in the knowledge repository.
• A knowledge management system as a system includes a repository which

allows sharing, creating, amplifying and enlarging knowledge and facilitates
collaboration and participation among agents in knowledge creation process.
• The main aim of the intelligent KMS is representation of knowledge in a format

that is understandable to both human and machine. The reasoning compo-
nent of the intelligent KMS provides knowledge adopted to the environment
and the context of users.
B. FUTURE PROSPECTS
40
• The Intelligent Knowledge management system empowers an organization

to function/ operate smoothly despite human turnover.
• Internet based knowledge management system will have a capability of cre-

ating, modelling and storing knowledge in a format understandable by both
human and machine.
• Relevant key technologies for intelligent knowledge management system

product are knowledge extraction, knowledge modelling, knowledge reason-
ing and universal knowledge technology. The universal knowledge technol-
ogy is responsible to represent knowledge in both mother tongue – lingua
franca of knowledge (English) and UNL so that retrieval can be done in English
and any other language.

FACTORS
• Advantages and opportunities
 Ethiopia has a strong desire in having knowledge intensive and

knowledge based manufacturing industry by 2026. Accordingly, the
need to have a product that can store, manage, interpret and apply
knowledge is essential.
• The intelligent KMS comes with the following opportunities
 Knowledge sharing
 Collaboration among different agents
 Sustainability of company/ organization
 Keeping the institutional memory of a company
• Challenges and threats
 In Ethiopia, the culture of documenting incidents, working policy,

procedure, etc. per organization is at infant stage. Tacit is the dom-
inant type and affects the sustainability of an organization. In addi-
tion, the explicit document is documented in local language and
41
making it accessible in other international language is not an easy

job. Hence, intelligent KMS that is both culture and language aware
is very important.
Technology Roadmap (Macro)

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Future Prospect Knowledge society .. Intelligent knowledge society
Intelligent Knowledge 1st stage Performance Target 2nd stage Performance Target 3rd stage Performance Target
Management
System
Knowledge Extraction technology Universal Knowledge Technology
Knowledge Extraction Human & Machine readable, scalable, simple Human & Machine readable, Efficient, Intelligent
and Representation
Knowledge Modelling Technology
Technology
Simple, interpretable, efficient, intelligent
Knowledge
Reasoning Technology
Reasoning Technologies
Efficient, scalable, intelligent

Key Infrastructure
and regulation,
Figure 12: Macro Technology Roadmap of Intelligent Knowledge Management Sys-

tem
42
2.5.2.4. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: DIGITAL CONVERGENCE
A. OUTLINE
• Previously separate technologies such as voice and telephony features, data and
productivity applications, and video can now share resources and interact with
each other synergistically. Digitalization provides a common base for handling
different types of information (numbers, words, voice, music, pictures, game, vid-
eo, etc.) using the same devices, processing techniques, and medias, leading to
digital convergence.
• Owing to advances in digitalization, convergence allows for different types of

content (data, audio, voice, video) to be stored in the same format and delivered
through a variety of technologies (computers, mobile phones, television) or to be
executed in different platforms.
• Telecommunications, consumer electronics, internet and audio-visual media are

industries that have been always deeply interrelated, but until recent times they
were living parallel lives, had their own dynamics and players, and a low degree
of interference. They were also in a stable value chain. With digital convergence
there is a trend towards progressive standardization of the technological items
involved in the different production chains.
• The role of the internet has changed from its original use as a communication
tool to provide easier and faster access to information, mainly through a broad-
band connection. The television, radio and newspapers were the world’s medi-
ums for accessing news and entertainment; now, all three mediums have con-
verged into one, and people all over the world can read and hear news and other
information on the Internet. The convergence of the internet and conventional TV
become popular in the 2010s, through IP TV.
• The social function of the cell phone changes as the technology converges. Be-
cause of technological advancement, cell phones function more than just as a
phone. They contain an internet connection, video players, Mp3 players, and a
camera.
• The principal factors that are driving “Convergence” of media, communication,

and computing industries are:
 The digitalization of data,
43
 The growth in broadband connectivity (wired and wireless), and
 The continuous advances in technology.
• Key technologies for digital convergence,thatintegrate the functions of ICT de-

vices, are service convergence technologies (Location Based Service Technology,
Multiply Service Technology, Multimedia on Demand Technology, Fixed-Mobile
Convergence), multimedia convergence technologies (Wireless Multimedia Tech-
nology and IP based Technology), and device convergence technologies (System
on Chips (SoC) Technology, Network on Chips (NoC) Technology, and Multi play
Device Technology).
B. FUTURE PROSPECT
• With the digitalization of all things the future is converging such that media, com-
munication, and computing capabilities are becoming available through a given
device.Converging devices include:
 Media: TV, music, movie, books, video, game, etc.,
 Communication: IP for wired /cable and wireless,
 Computing: all devices having computing capabilities.
• Convergent services such as VoIP, IPTV, Smart TV, and others tend to replace the
older technologies and thus can disrupt markets. IP-based convergence is inev-
itable and will result in new service and new demand in the market. When the
old technology converges, IP based services become access-independent or less
dependent. The old service is access-dependent.
• The future holds that telecom networks are getting faster, bandwidth is no longer
an issue, and telecoms network convergence is inevitable. The main factor of
Network Convergence is not about networks or technology; the battleground is
now on contents and services. In a world dominated by convergence, many tradi-
tional products, services and types of companies will become less relevant, but a
stunning array of new ones is possible. An array of technology developments acts
as accelerators of convergence including mobility, analytics, cloud, digital and so-
cial networks.
44

FACTORS
• Advantages and opportunities
 Ethiopia has strong ambition to promote the manufacturing sector

including the manufacturing of ICT products. The country has fa-
vourableforeign direct investment policy that could potentially at-
tract investors.
 Digital convergence comes with the following opportunities:
♦ Digital Media & Entertainment and Online/Mobile Adver-

tising,
♦ Integrated Internet Service bundle for Mobile Users (Mo-

bile ÙPC/Internet),
♦ Enterprise Application Hosting Service for SME, and
♦ Mobile Payment and Online Shop(B2C/C2C).
• Challenges and threats
 In general, network operators need to be increasingly competitive,

as for example, they have to transform their traditional infrastructure
and circuit switched network into more efficient packet switched
one. On the other hand, in order to deliver value-added products
and services, operators need to provide services, applications, and
content which fit the needs, location and preferences of users at
reasonable and competing prices in suitable markets. This supply
should be done through flexible and open-architecture technolo-
gies and equipment. This equipment should contain core features
flexible enough to support upgrades and scalability.
 However, Ethiopia’s network operation service is monopolized by

Ethio Telecom and this will hinder the benefits to be obtained in a
competitive environment. This may lead to become unresponsive
to the urgency of digital convergence services. Furthermore, Ethi-
opia doesn’t have satisfactory industrial bases for convergence as
it doesn’t have mature industries that manufacture components.
45
Besides, the country has to rely on standards developed by techno-

logically advanced countries.
Technology Roadmap (Macro) of Digital Convergence

Objective Expanding Ethiopian experience in smart ICT technologies and services
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Future Prospect Integration, multi-functionality .. Quality Seamless integration
Digital Convergence
Location Based Service Technology Location Based Service Technology
Location Detection, Service Delivery Accuracy of location, quality of service
Service Convergence
Multi-play Service Technology Multi-play Service Technology
Integration, Multi-functionality Integration, quality of service
Multimedia on Demand Technology Multimedia on Demand Technology

Multicasting Multicasting, User satisfaction
Fixed-Mobille Convergence Fixed-Mobille Convergence

integration Integration, quality of service
R&D Strategy Reverse Engineering, Licensing, Patenting Innovation
Key Infrastructure High speed wired and wireless technology
(Figure 13a)
46

Objective Expanding Ethiopian experience in smart ICT technologies and services
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Future Prospect Integration, multi-functionality .. Quality Seamless integration
Digital Convergence
Multimedia Convergence Location Based Service Technology Location Based Service Technology
Location Detection, Service Delivery Accuracy of location, quality of service
Multi-play Service Technology Multi-play Service Technology

Integration, Multi-functionality Integration, quality of service
R&D Strategy Reverse Engineering, Licensing, Patenting Innovation
Key Infrastructure High speed wired and wireless technology
(Figure 13b)
47

Objective Expand Ethiopian experience in smart ICT technology and services
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Future Prospect Component Integration .. Embedding
Digital Convergence
System on Chips (SoC) Technology System on Chips (SoC) Technology

integration Integration, embedding
Device Convergence Network on Chips (NoC) Technology
Network on Chips (NoC) Technology
integration Integration, embedding
Multi-play Device Technology Multi-play Device Technology

integration integration
Key Infrastructure Reverse Engineering Licensing, Patenting innovation
Key Infrastructure Semiconductor Manufacturing, Circuit Printing
(Figure 13c)
Figure 13a, b, & c: Macro Technology Roadmap of Digital Convergence
48
2.5.2.5. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: DATA CENTER SOLUTION
A. OUTLINE
• In data center solution servers have been consolidated and fully virtualized, and
new levels of integrationshave also been achieved with through converged infra-
structure systems to serve the business side demands with a minimal IT budget.
Some benefits of converged datacenter infrastructure systems are listed below.
 Enable a global transaction of information anywhere and anytime

storing and processing petabytes of data,
 Promote green environment by efficient power utilization with in-

tegrated, consolidated and fully virtualization of converged IT infra-
structure that supports for CT (Communication Technology) and IT
(Information Technology),
 Smart data centre that enable storage and processing of huge

amount on data from different source (health information, financial
information, industries, government information, scientific research
data, personal information, etc.) and allow accessibility of informa-
tion through ubiquitous network anywhere anytime.
• A smart intelligent datacenter with integrated information and communication

system can realize storage and processing of petabytes of data and has no lim-
itations in speed and capacity. The system should allow any types of data to be
stored and processed at any time and in any place without restriction in the type
of connections.
B. FUTURE PROSPECT
• Virtualized datacenter with the latest Network Virtualization Technology like Net-
work FunctionsVirtualization (NFV)andSoftware Defined Anything (SDx)canpro-
mote effective resource utilization with robust data processing capabilities.
• An intelligent datacenter will utilize Network Overlay technologies (Virtual Ex-

tensible LAN (VXLAN), Networking Virtualization using Generic Routing Encap-
sulation(NVGRE), Transparent Interconnection if its if Links (TRILL), Shortest Path
Bridging (SPB), and Location/Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP)) to promote in-
49
tegration, convergence and consolidation with a scalable infrastructure between

and within datacenters on a ubiquitous network. The future datacenter will orga-
nize itself to balance the demand and resource, and self-healing capabilities with
maximum fault tolerance.
• With miniaturization of IT equipment, smart data center will promote the utiliza-
tion of High Performance Computing (HPC)infrastructure technology (HPC Device
Technology, Low power High K Metal Gate (HKMG) Technology, Field-Program-
mable Gate Arrays (FPGA), and HPC Coding Technology) within a minimum pow-
er and space utilization, and with shortest time to store and process petabytes of
data. Storage Infrastructure will achieve petabytes of data storage within a single
disk and ultra-high read write speed. Intelligent cooling technology will promote
the green environment by using natural cooling technology like air and water
cooling technologies.

FACTORS
• With the increasing generation of information and knowledge from individuals

and organizations, storage requirement will increase rapidly. Datacenters with re-
liable accessibility of anywhere anytime with open platform will be required.
• As users start to use easily movable stylish devices, processing of big data and
delivering the result back to the users will be done in a datacentre situated in a
different location.
• Datacenter management is the most complex task which is now most organiza-
tion start to outsource it.
• Currently emerging prefabricated modular datacentres will be increasingly de-
manded in the coming five to six years.
• Container datacenter is required by medium and small organizations that need

their information kept privately.
• Based on the global trend of cloud services, local companies that provide PaaS,
IaaS,SaaS, etc. will emerge in the near future. These companies require datacenter
that is cost effective, simple and easily manageable.
• Power, space, and global warming are the most critical issues in datacenter. In
this regard, alternative power sources like sun and wind, and natural cooling tech-
50
nologies like air and water should be considered and devices that require small
space shall also be promoted and supported.
Macro Technology Roadmap of Data Center Solution

Vision Realizing a knowledge society that innovates and utilizes indigenous cutting ed
ge ICT to improve quality of life of Ethiopians by 2026.
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Future Prospect Organization Information Management Hub An Open ICT ecosystem
Data Center Solution 1 stage Performance Target 3rd stage Performance Target
st
2nd stage Performance Target
Network Virtualization Technology Software Defined Technology

cost effective, flexibility, adaptive, secured Performance, higher availability, cheap, manageability
Self Organizing Technologies
Networking Technology Context-aware, self-optimizable, self-healing
Network Overlay technologies
Extensible, Generic, Transparent, Efficient
Server Infrastructure Technology
Energy Efficient, Cost-effective, modular, scalable
Infrastructure
Storage Infrastructure
Expandable, energy efficient, cost-effective, scalable

Key Infrastructure
and regulation,
(Figure 14a)
51
Macro Technology Roadmap of Data Center Solution

Vision Realizing a knowledge society that innovates and utilizes indigenous cutting edge I
CT to improve quality of life of Ethiopians by 2026.
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Future Prospect Organization Information Management Hub .. An Open ICT ecosystem
Data Center Solution 1 stage Performance Target 3rd stage Performance Target
st
2nd stage Performance Target
Smart Power Grid Technology

Reliable, flexible, efficient, load balancing, sustainable
Smart Environment
Cooling Technology
Environmental friendly, context-aware
Intelligent Safety Technology

Usable, manageable, self-defending, context-aware
R&D Strategy Engineering Engineering and Renovation Innovation

Key Infrastructure
and regulation,
(Figure 14b)
Figure 14a & b: Macro Technology Roadmap of Datacenter Solution
2.5.2.6. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: CLOUD SOLUTION
A. OUTLINE
• Cloud solution will deliver hardware resources (such as storage) and computing
power (CPU and memory) as services to customers with a sophisticated and ul-
tra-modular and scalable infrastructure. This enables businesses to rent these
resources starting from their current resource demand and continue as their
growth rather than spending their time and money to buy dedicated servers and
networking equipment where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary
software, which can include operating systems and applications.
52
• The solution promotes providing facilities to different developers and researches

(business, health, scientific research) to support the entire application develop-
ment lifecycle including design, implementation, debugging, testing, deploy-
ment, operation and support of rich web applications and services on the Inter-
net. The capability provided to the users is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure
user-created or acquired applications created using programming languages,
libraries, services, and tools.
• Software applications are offered as services on the Internet rather than as soft-
ware packages to be purchased by individual customers. The applications are ac-
cessible from various client devices through either a thin client interface, such as
a web browser (e.g., web-based email), or a program interface.
• The ubiquitous network which will promote accessibility of information any-

where anytime and the consumer electronics that support accessing information
over the network enable users to operate any service over the cloud. The integra-
tion and convergence of infrastructure will create a perfect environment to cloud
solutions.
B. FUTURE PROSPECT
• With the realization of ubiquitous network that will allow information access any-
where anytime and intelligent datacenter that will enable storage processing of
petabytes of data any IT and CT services will be provided over the cloud.
• With cutting edge and indigenous cloud solution, information and services trans-
acted over the cloud will be secured ensuring the protection of Ethiopia from ever
growing cyber war. This will be achieved through the protection of data at rest, in
process and transmission, and the infrastructure and applications.
• Innovations and developments on Hypervisor Technology, Network Technology,

Infrastructure Technology, Computing Technology, Storage& Content Delivery
Technologies will create a converged scalable infrastructure with high perfor-
mance computing and storage.
• Software as a Service will benefit from the innovation of cutting edge Load Bal-
ancing Technology, Multi-tenancy Technology, Open Integration Technology,
and Collaboration Technology.
53

FACTORS
• Cloud service is currently a widely exercised information communication service

globally. Even though its utilization in Ethiopia is far behind that of developed
countries it will get a radical change in the shortest near future.
• The rapid growth of ICT usage in different form and its requirement of huge in-
vestment with traditional deployment and high operational cost will change the
atmosphere in favour of the cloud.
• Cloud service that meetspecific customer needs and affordable by most of the
users with its open integration ability.
• Research and development of cloud services on the automation services like ERP,
data storage services, platform services, and other related services that will enable
small enterprises utilize IT for their business outcome will be promoted.
Macro Technology Roadmap of Cloud Solution

Vision Realizing a knowledge society that innovates and utilizes indigenous cutting edge ICT t
o improve quality of life of Ethiopians by 2026.
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Future Prospect Any Time, Any Where Access .. An Open ICT ecosystem
Cloud Solution
Infrastructure as Service
Scalable, Modular, efficient, cost effective
Cloud as a Service Platform as Service

technology Multi-role support, Integration, network capability, Modular, scalable
Software as Service
Accessible, multi-user
R&D Strategy Engineering and customization Customization and Renovation innovation

Key Infrastructure
and regulation,
Figure 15: Macro Technology Roadmap of Cloud Solution
54
2.5.3. EXPAND ETHIOPIAN EXPERIENCE IN SMART ICT PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
2.5.3.1. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: E/M-SERVICE
A. OUTLINE
• Because of the expansion of affordable ICT devices, people use ICT in almost all
parts of their life. The United nation considered ICT as enabler to development
and Ethiopian government in its GTP II report considered ICT as integral part of
development. In line with governmental activities, ICT has a potential in provid-
ing fair and equitable services while maintain and improving governance. The
Electronic and Mobile services are products that allow governmental offices to
expose their services to any user – both end user and developer of new services
through aggregation of existing service.
• e/m-service integrates services from different data sources and present to a user
who bring his/ her device. The service is considered mainly to be transactional so
that users interact with the service. The development of such product demands
defining workflow in clear ways.
• The device to be used by users is heterogeneous such as PC, mobile phones, PDA,
etc. and the language and mode of interaction preference by users might be dif-
ferent which shall be taken into account by the product.
• As e/m-services use personal data of users collected from heterogamous sources

the product should be light weight and highly secured.
B. FUTURE PROSPECTS
Key issues
 What is the standard for human machine interaction?

 How will technological competitiveness be secured in reengineering mobility related
technologies?
55
• Electronic or mobile based services that can improve the quality of life of citizens,
improve accessibility of information, social participation, good governance, eco-
nomic development.
• New services will be introduced that require the development of agents, interfac-
ing technology and local language aware web and mobile technologies.
• Networks over buildings and cities, regions and country will activate information
exchange and subsequently contribute to the anywhere and anytime computing.
 Developing high end smart mobile technology that facilitate mobil-

ity and knowing the whereabouts of entities,
 Differentiating the different mobility modelling by making it spa-

tio-temporal aware,
 Developing an enterprise mobility framework that allows small and

mobile devices to work together in dependable and secured man-
ner.
• Key technologies
 Mobile Technology (Mobility): technologies for facilitating and real-

izing dynamic, pervasive, context aware computing and use of com-
puting resource anytime and anywhere.
 e-Payment Technology: technologies for automated system includ-

ing hardware and software that can achieve payment from any-
where, anytime, and any device.
 Interface Technologies: technologies for realizing the communica-

tion between human and machine.
 Workflow Control Technology: technologies for creating, monitor-

ing and controlling workflow.

FACTORS
• This product will be characterized by the use of standard environment or middle-
56
ware technology such as Enterprise service bus that mediate the existence of dif-
ferent and heterogeneous service. A services request from a particular client may
cross boundary of an organization/ service provider and may demand the col-
oration of several other organizations. This opens research on how to interface/
orchestrate services, serialize service orchestration, kind of standard to be used,
how to model workflow, keep data and operational security, and user anonymity.
• The service industry in Ethiopia is far behind that of developed countries, but the
potential for its development is identified and considered promising by MCIT and
MoI. MCIT has developed an application to let users request for services exposed
by service providers. However, the services are not integrated with back-end ap-
plication and services of other organizations.
Technology Roadmap (Macro) of e/m-Service

Realizing a knowledge society that innovates and utilizes indigenous cutting edge ICT T
Vision
Objective To Expand Ethiopian experience in smart ICT technologies and services
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Good Governance, Economic
Future Prospect Transformed.. public service
and social participation
e/m-service
High end Smart mobile devices technology, Advanced Data loss prevention technology
Mobility, size, performance, sensing feature Integrity, Availability, confidentiality
Mobile Technology
Mobility Modeling Technology, Enterprise mobility Framework,
(Mobility) Higher productivity, dependability
Spatial temporal aware
International collaboration,
R&D Strategy Development Development
applied research

Key Infrastructure
and regulation,
(Figure 16a)
57

Vision
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
e/m-service
Communication Technology Payment Gateway Technology,

Security aware, efficient, Usability Interoperable, Fraud control, efficiency
e-Payment Technology
Card technology
Security , durability, efficiency, Contact less
applied research

Key Infrastructure
and regulation,
(Figure 16b)
58

Vision
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
e/m-service
Web Technology Mobile Agent Technology

Fast, scalable, secured security, robustness, effective
Interface technologies
API Technology
Interoperable, aggregable, standard base
applied research

Key Infrastructure
and regulation,
(Figure 16c)
Figure 16a, b, & C: Macro Technology Roadmap of e/m Servicev
2.5.3.2. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: BUSINESS SOLUTIONS
A. OUTLINE
• In this high-tech / knowledge-intensive industry era, business solutions provide

functions to support manufacturing or other service industries, and include busi-
ness consulting, design, advertisement, engineering, etc. They are key industries
to the competitiveness of companies, and include digital finance as one of IT ser-
59
vices.
 The utilization of skilled experiences and accumulated knowledge of

creative manpower determines firms’ competitiveness.
• Business solutions should be offered with integrated network-typed business ser-

vices based on knowledge independent from places, terminals, and media.
 As the business environment of companies and individuals becomes

digital, global, mobile and individual, network-based information sys-
tem services such as telecommuting, virtual companies, cooperative
manufacturing, e-R&D, and personal portals will be available.
 It is necessary to establish standard integrated network-typed business

service systems in preparing for the combination of manufacturing and
service industries and the integration of business processes resulting
from expanding cooperation among components.
 In cyber spaces, various types of business-related knowledge will be

digitalized, and among the spaces the knowledge will be communicat-
ed bi-directionally.
• Business solutions should provide intelligent business services to maintain the

sustainable competitive advantage of companies
 The provision of integrated business services becomes possible due to

the outsourcing of computer-related services and business processes.
This makes possible to provide comprehensive communication ser-
vices, applied information systems, and high quality consulting.
 Information systems must provide more intelligent and integrated stra-

tegic functions in the global knowledge management environment;
and for the sharing of extensive business knowledge it shouldestablish
cooperative information networks.
 In order to support newly emerging businesses effectively, component

software is used in developing business services with high productivity,
punctuality and reliability.
60
B. FUTURE PROSPECT
Key Issues
 The future information technologies should be composed for implementing intelligent
business services. How this composition should be managed?
 For sharing knowledge among organizations and individuals, open cyber communication
should be enforced
 For supporting complicated and diverse business services, software components should be
developed.
 In response to complicated and diversified business knowledge, standardized digital
information design should be followed.
• The necessity and cause of knowledge management systems is deeply recog-

nized, and as a result, demand for e-business is increasing rapidly with the prog-
ress of information and the globalization of markets.
• Future business services will move around business networks, intelligent compo-
nents that meet various demandsthat are provided through autonomous, adap-
tive and evolutional components.
• Information technologies, which stress standardization and productivity, such as

development methodologies, system integration and information technology ar-
chitecture (ITA) will play central roles in business service innovation. This enables
to functionally divide as well as combined applied information systems such as
ERP, CRM, SCM, and ASP accordingly.
• Intelligent information technology methodologies will be settled as high val-

ue-added services and form a large-sized market, and be directly applied to busi-
ness services such as consulting and design.
• Rather than simple unit process such as manufacturing, sales and distribution are
computerized; one-stop services that integrate wired and wireless business pro-
cesses organically in domestic and foreign environments will lead the trend.
• As future call centres employing CRM, mobility, VoIP, etc. are more sophisticated,
communication between suppliers and consumers will be easy and varied.
61
• Many applied information systems, which have been difficult to implement, can
be developed and utilized due to information communication network technol-
ogies and high-performance intelligent information devices. This standardization
of information technologies, solutions and components enhance software pro-
ductivity.
• In the area of applied services, services will be produced through product line man-
ufacturing based on standardized domain architecture, and component-based
service development through web services will be available for developing com-
petitive business services.
C. CHARACTERISTICS OF MARKETS/TECHNOLOGIES AND OPPORTUNITY/THREAT

FACTORS
• Business solutions are one of most rapidly growing industries in the sub-Saharan
African countries. They are strategically critical because they play a key role for the
competitiveness and development of the manufacturing industry.
 Because global economy isbecomingmore knowledge-based, the role

of traditional manufacturing will be diminished while that of services
will be critical.
 Such a change in industrial structure does not mean the declining of

the manufacturing industry, but the fusion of manufacturing and ser-
vices for improving productivity.
• Although the service industry in Ethiopia is far behind that of developed coun-
tries, the potential for its development is considered great.
 The weight of the service industries in Ethiopia is insignificant in the

current phase of economic development, considering the gross nation-
al product.
62
Macro Technology Roadmap of Business Solutions

Realizing a knowledge society that innovates and utilizes indigenous, cutting
Vision
edge ICT to improve quality of life of Ethiopians by 2026 .
Objective Expand Ethiopian Experience in Smart ICT Technologies and Services
2 0 17 2 0 18 2 0 19 2 0 20 2 0 21- 2023 2 0 24 2 0 25 2 0 26
Future Prospect Affordability, Energy Efficiency Collaboration, Intelligence
Business Solutions
(Intelligent, VLBA, BA)
Business Intelligence In- memory Processing; Knowledge Discovery Technology;

Capacity, Speed Extraction capacity
Technology
Online Analytical Processing
Reporting Technology; Precision
(OLAP) Technologies, Processing capacity
Business Analytics Business Performance Business Performance

Technology exploration technologies ; Investigation technologies;
Development Technologies, Implementation Implementation

Enterprise Solutions
Energy Efficiency Technologies; Efficiency Technologies; Efficiency
Key Infrastructure Network Infrastructure, Internet Connectivity and Accessibility
Figure 17: Macro Technology Roadmap of Business Solutions
2.5.3.3. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: INTELLIGENT MEDICAL SYSTEM
A. OUTLINE
• The diversity and quantity of medical information emerging in patient treatment

and administration makes it a challenging task for medical staff such as nurses to
identify and handle relevant information needed while they are performing their
task.
• Health monitoring is one of the application that demand smaller and pervasive
devices that improve communication among patients, physicians, and other
health care works. Patient bio data, vital signs, will be collected using intelligent
sensors installed in the patient personal device and sensed data will be send to
the heath management server in which specific data mining algorithm will be run
63
to learn from the historical data and current context of the patient. It may send the
inferred data to the patient and the medical authority in case of critical situation.
• In order to support diagnosis, different kind of multimedia data are taken using
different devices. The diagnosis process need support from computer in the de-
tection of specific case such as breast cancer using computer algorithm that pro-
cess the data, extract feature, analysis it, classify the data using Artificial Intelligent
(AI) or machine learning algorithm such as artificial neural network, deep learn-
ing algorithm, etc. The approach can further be used in providing a medicine that
fits to the patient.
B. FUTURE PROSPECTS
Key issues
 What shall be the main component of the intelligent medical technology?

 How can the pervasive and high performance IT devices be used to assist the health reform
of the nation?
 What are the major enablers and incentives to be taken into account in order to use ICT as
integral part of remote diagnosis in Ethiopia?
• At national level the intelligent medical system has a potential to provide afford-
able and sustainable health management to patients. This is so as the information
extracted is with the help of computer algorithm and predicts cases. In addition,
such technology can reduce death caused by preventable medical error. The use
of intelligent medial system will improves Quality of Life of citizens.
 Develop an intelligent bio tracking technology that can monitor

the health of a patient and can communicate host applications. This
technology should be easy to be configured, generic and interop-
erable with other health related information systems and devices.
 Develop an approach that is efficient, reliable, and precise in diag-

nosing patients.
 To use intelligent technology that prescribe a medicine that fits par-
64
ticularly to specific patient rather than using the usual trend of pre-
scription based on similarity between cases
• key Technology
 AI Health Technology – this is the technology that adds intelligence

to the health management system. The AI will help in the extraction,
analysis, learning, and predication of new information from existing
information or knowledge.
C. CHARACTERISTICS OF MARKETS/TECHNOLOGIES AND OPPORTUNITY/THREAT

FACTORS
• This product is characterized by the use of advanced technology that collects

and senses vital sign of patients, conduct remote diagnosis and remote health
monitoring. In addition, the product uses small and pervasive devices for several
purposes. The doctor to patient ratio in Ethiopia is very few and the use of such
product has an opportunity in providing quality service with affordable price.
65
Technology Roadmap (Macro) of Intelligent Medical System

Realizing a knowledge society that innovates and utilizes indigenous cutting edge ICT
Vision
Technology to improve quality of life of Ethiopians by 2026.
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Future Prospect Sustainable Health Management .. Quality of Life
Intelligent Medical 1st stage Performance Target 2nd stage Performance Target 3rd stage Performance Target
System
Smart Tracking and Monitoring Technology

Configurable, integratable, generic
AI Health Technology Computer Aided diagnosis (CADx)
Efficient, reliable, precision
Precision Medicine
Accurate, intelligent, context-aware
Licensing and international

R&D Strategy Research and Development Research and Development
collaboration

Key Infrastructure
and regulation,
Figure 18: Macro Technology Roadmap of Intelligent Medical System
66
2.5.3.4. STRATEGIC PRODUCTS/SERVICES: INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM
A. OUTLINE
• Intelligent Transport Systems (ITSs) use electronic and computer technology to

improve the sustainability, efficiency and safety of a designated transportation
network. ITS integrates a combination of sub-systems or modules each with a
separate objective into one over-arching system to achieve specified sustain-
ability, efficiency, and safety targets. The sub-systems or modules of an ITS range
from CCTV surveillance, variable message signage, lane management, ramp me-
tering, freight monitoring, incident and intruder detection, weather information,
container security and monitoring, smart ticketing, seamless inter-modal inter-
change, open road tolling, radio, TV, web, and cell phone based information dis-
semination.
• The ubiquity of smart phones (and real time GPS location data for travellers) opens
the door to improved methods of understanding real-time traffic flow. Increas-
ingly autonomous vehicles using sensors, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-in-
frastructure (V2I) and other technologies to manage the driving task appear to
offer great potential in terms of safety and productivity.
• It is essential to provide efficient, reliable and in time communications to all vehi-

cles and their embedded sensors. Information collected from various sensors, ter-
minals at vehicles, roadsides, environments, and the traffic is analysed for either
of the following purposes:
 Reducing traffic congestions by optimization of transportation.
 Reducing the number of accidents.
 Environmental mobility.
• ITSs help to realize the following possibilities:
 Using new sensor technologies, GPS and satellites to tell motorists

about the best routes and parking during rush hours.
 Helping commuters make more informed choices about public

transport, telecommuting or driving in non-peak periods.
 An integrated public transport system that tracks and adjusts ser
67
 vices to meet changing commuter needs.
 Fleets of smaller buses that change route on the fly and go where
they are needed most.
• Key technologies for ITSs are service convergence technologies (Location Based
Service Technology, Multi-play Service Technology, Multimedia on Demand
Technology, Fixed-Mobile Convergence), multimedia convergence technologies
(Wireless Multimedia Technology and IP based Technology), and device conver-
gence technologies (System on Chips (SoC) Technology, Network on Chips (SoC)
Technology, and Multiplay Device Technology).
B. FUTURE PROSPECT
• Transportation demands are going to increase and the distances traveled are go-
ing to increase as well. A paradigm change in transportation is expected to take
place through mobility as a service, where the service providers could offer trav-
ellers easy, flexible, reliable, price-worthy and environmentally sustainable every-
day travel, including for example public transport, car-sharing, car leasing and
road use, as well as more efficient goods shipping and delivery possibilities.
• Owing to the emerging new technologies in the fifth generation (5G) mobile
communication networks, feasible solutions, e.g., new signal processing schemes,
cloud computing, network virtualization, and so on, can be provided to meet var-
ious requirements of ITS services. Empowered with the advanced 5G communi-
cations capabilities, it is expected that future ITS can well support the functions
of sensing, networking, computing and controlling. Thus, it can greatly improve
the efficiencies in transportation infrastructures while reducing the traffic conges-
tions, emergencies and accident. Moreover, the processing and storage technolo-
gies of big data in future ITS become very important with the massive number of
vehicles connected by 5G networks.
FACTORS
• Some critical issues in developing countries were identified while combining ITSs
with the economic growth.
68
 Usually economic growth results in an increased volume of unsus-

tainable private motorized transportthat can bring congestion and
air pollution, and consequently hindering the quality of living. Eco-
nomic growthis also characterised bythe economic development
and prosperity of the cities.
 Extension of infrastructure for cars is expensive in most of the devel-

oping countries.
 Hence, sustainable and intelligent transport modes have to be made

available and the right incentives to encourage their use have to be
created.
• Opportunities include the deployment of adaptable, integrated technology and

transportation infrastructure to address natural disasters and climate change. In-
vestments in public transport modes will improve the quality of living in cities
and thereby increase its economic attractiveness. An integrated ITS approach
can address social and environmental challenges in the future. These include pri-
vate-public partnerships, distributed implementation models (e.g., localized),and
the development of seamless transportation systems to reduce energy consump-
tion, emissions, and road congestion.
• Intelligent transport systems offer the transport sector opportunities to take the
existing nationalperformance to the next level – enabling dramatic improve-
ments in different human aspects some of which are listed below.
 The way of gathering and use of data about traffic flows and the
state of the network: smartphones and GPS-compatible devices, ad-
vanced roadside equipment (such as signs, gantries and sensors),
and innovations that are turning vehicles into data-gathering ma-
chines are enabling to see who’s using the network, how they’re
using it, and whether it’s performing optimally.
 The amount and quality of data: having comprehensive, in-depth

data is invaluable for planning, investment and operational activi-
ties at local, regional and national levels, and for managing the risks
and costs of network ownership and operation.
 Simplifying communication with travellers: intelligent transport syst

69
 ems enable to provide real-time information to travellers (via road-

side signs, smart devices, etc.) on network conditions, safe speeds,
network incidents and alternative journey choices – with flow-on
benefits in safety, convenience and journey efficiency.
 Ability to resolve operational issues in the transport network: intelli-

gent transport systems enable to respond quickly to changing traf-
fic conditions through interventions such as adjustments to traffic
signals, variable speed and message signs, and ramp metering.
 Ability to protect people from their and others’ mistakes: active ve-
hicle safety features and real-time safe speed messaging to drivers
will help to reduce the incidence and severity of crashes.
ICT Sector NSTI Roadmap (Macro) of Intelligent Transport System

Realizing a knowledge society that innovates and utilizes indigenous cutting edge ICT
Vision
Technology to improve quality of life of Ethiopians by 2026.
Objective Expand Ethiopian experience in smart ICT technologies and service
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Low Cost, small size,

Future Prospect information processing capability
Energy Efficiency, Intelligence
1st stage Performance 2nd stage Performance 3rd stage Performance

Intelligent Transport Target Target Target
System
Wired and Wireless Communication Real Time Computational Technologies;

Intelligent Traffic
Technology. Accessible Intelligence
Management Technology
Smart Traffic Control; Artificial intelligence Mechanisms;
Coverage, Intelligence Intelligence
Telematics Electronic Control Technology Spatio-temporal Technology Communication Technology(V2V, V2I)

Technology Coverage intelligence intelligence
Transport Safety Crash Prevention Technology Intelligent Signage Technology

Driver Behavior Monitoring
Technology;
Speed, Accessibility
Technology Intelligence Intelligence

Key Infrastructure Computer Network, Telecommunication, Security governace and policy, Security Rule and Regulation
Figure 19: Macro Technology Roadmap of Intelligent Transport System
70
2.5.3.5. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: ROBOT
A. OUTLINE
• Robot systems can replace human functions, interacting and sharing living spac-
es with human beings. Utilizing semiconductor technologies, and combined with
new innovative technologies such as Artificial Intelligence technologies, brain sci-
ence, micro-mechatronic technologies, bio-technologies and nanotechnologies,
they bring about revolutionary changes in human life and high producing power
in the 21st century. Intelligent robot refers to robots with the capabilities of think-
ing and acting humanly and these capabilities can be provided to robots through
the concepts of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Artificial General Intelligence (AGI).
• There are different types of robots and the category can be made based on their
function.
 National strategic intelligent robots (national defence, space projects,

nuclear power, disaster prevention, marine affairs)
 Industrial intelligent robots (assembly, agriculture, construction, ship-

building)
 Robots for medicine and welfare (operation, support for disabled and
aged, nursing), etc.
 Intelligent robots combined with IT for life support (entertainment, ed-

ucation, household affairs, cleaning, office works).
71
B. FUTURE PROSPECT
• As per the prediction made by Tokyo University, the market size of intelligent (ser-
vice) robots will be bigger than that of automobiles in 2020.
• Ensuring the life quality for Ethiopian citizens is one of the core issues of this na-
tional ICT roadmap and, in this regard, for liberating people from poor and risky
work environments, robots will be a strategic industry that can play a significant
role.
• Industrial robots work based on the concept of robots in a narrow sense and this
can evolve into the concept intelligent robots that adopt Artificial Intelligence
technologies, and be applied widely to next generation technologies that will
lead the competitiveness of the nation in different sectors.
• Robot technologies will play the breakthrough roles such that new products and
industries will emerge from the rapid technological fusion of technologies.
• Intelligent robot technologies will provide an alternative to services for elders

such that social problems resulting from the aging of population can be man-
aged.
C.CHARACTERISTICS OF MARKETS/TECHNOLOGIES AND OPPORTUNITY/THREAT
FACTORS
• Equal or superior in control technologies and applied technologies
 Although more efforts are necessary to commercialize the technolo-

gies, few universities and research centers in Ethiopia have advanced
control and applied technologies related to next generation robots.
72
• Relative inferiority in precision mechanism and sensor technologies
 Continuous enhancement for a precise detection and prediction.
• Efforts to develop next generation robot technologies
 Ethiopia should leapfrog on research and development efforts towards

intelligent robots.
Macro Technology Roadmap of Robots

Realizing a knowledge society that innovates and utilizes indigenous cutting edge ICT to impr
Vision ove quality of life Ethiopians by 2026.
Objective Expand Ethiopian experience in smart ICT technologies and services
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Future Prospect Throughput, Quality Collaboration, Intelligence
Robots
(AGI & AI)
Actuator Operating Technology;

Actuator Technology Power/Mass, bandwidth, acceleration, Firmware Technology,
torque/mass
Language Technology Language Processing Technology, Speech Acquisition Technology, Pattern Recognition

Key Infrastructure
and regulation,
Figure 20: Macro Technology Roadmap of Robots
73
2.5.3.6. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: CYBER/INFORMATION SECURITY
A. OUTLINE
• ICTs have become the backbone of today’s economy and society. In the current
world, geographically separated societies are interconnected by informationand-
communicationtechnologies and are irreversibly dependent on it. Fuelled by bil-
lions of users and endless new IoT devices, today’s society is in the midst of an ex-
plosion of hyper-connectivity. Unfortunately, whilst it has brought many benefits,
the increased adoption of information technology has also been accompanied by
the development of a new set of threats. This means attackers can now disrupt
more people through more devices, and each year there are more breaches, more
affected companies and users, and more damage. It is increasingly clear that no
one is immune from cyber/information attacks. Three broad types of threats that
act on the cyber domain are:
 Software based:viruses, worms, spyware, root kits, exploit scripts, pro-

tocol exploits, etc.
 Hardware based: hardware Trojans, counterfeit components, etc.
 People: insider or outsider threats either from malicious or inadvertent

actions or inaction, etc.
• Cyber/information security is the collection of tools, policies, security concepts,

security safeguards, guidelines, risk management approaches, actions, training,
best practices, assurance and technologies that can be used to protect the cyber/
74
• information environment and organization and user’s assets. Organization and

user’s assets include connected computing devices, personnel, infrastructure, ap-
plications, services, telecommunications systems, and the totality of transmitted
and/or stored information in the cyber environment. The general security objec-
tives comprise the following:
 Availability
 Integrity, which may include authenticity and non-repudiation
 Confidentiality
• Cyber-security is growing as the digital world continues to expand. Today, cyber

security has evolved but its current sophistication and maturity is being offset by:
 Increasingly sophisticated attackers and a threat-countermeasure cycle

that favours the attacker.
 Software and systems designed and manufactured from a variety of

sources giving rise to the possibility of compromised supply chains.
 Larger attack surfaces, stemming from the increased complexity of sys-

tems and use models.
 Social and technology trends, such as the use of mobile devices, are
leading to an increased number of insecure devices accessing networks
and blurring the perimeters of systems.
• Key technologies for cyber/information security are service convergence technol-

ogies (Location Based Service Technology, Multi-play Service Technology, Multi-
media on Demand Technology, Fixed-Mobile Convergence), multimedia conver-
gence technologies (Wireless Multimedia Technology and IP based Technology),
and device convergence technologies (System on Chips (SoC) Technology, Net-
work on Chips (NoC) Technology,and Multi-play Device Technology).
B. FUTURE PROSPECT
• Cyber/information security has already become a critical issue across business,
industry, government and civil society; it will only grow more urgent as the online
world becomes a central and underlying component of the physical world. Many
public and private sector decision-makers intuitively appreciate that cyber/infor
75
• mation security is an important consideration. Among the factors that contribute

to cyber/information security’s increasing saliency are:
 The shift toward cloud services and more devices’ built-in internet con-
nectivity,
 The increased prevalence, severity, and fallout from data breaches, and
 The inability of security to keep pace with technological development.
• In the future it is expected that:
 Attacks will become more opportunistic and difficult to detect or pre-

dict. Built-in threats will become part of the landscape and be impossi-
ble to detect using current methodologies.
 Threats will become more potent because systems are more intercon-
nected and people, business,and government will have a greater reli-
ance on ICT to function. Isolating systems as a protection mechanism
will become impractical due to the need for interconnectedness.
 Effects or outcomes of attacks will not be as obvious and may go unde-

tected for long periods of time and have longer term flow-on effects.
 There will be a move from code exploitation to manipulation of data,

attacks on business processes and the introduction of systemic effects.

FACTORS
• It was reported that 42.8 millionsecurity incidentshappenedover the world in
2014. Enterprises worldwide were expected to spend $17 billion in 2014 on cy-
ber/information security. Too often, cultural and financial pressures are also fos-
tering investments in cyber security.
• Among the many significant challenges that can make it difficult for the pub-
lic sector to effectively address cyber/information security issues, there are three
particularly important hurdles:
 International fragmentation: Differences in approaches to cyber/infor-

mation security, data jurisdiction and legal enforcement (not to men
76
 tion culture, language and politics) across jurisdictional and territori-

al boundaries can make it hard to effectively prevent, investigate and
prosecute cyber/information attacks.
 International norm-setting: International political differences and coun-

try-specific agendas can make it difficult to develop consensus norms
regarding cyber/information security let alone enforce those norms
consistently and effectively.
 Roles with respect to the private sector: The varying and sometimes
confrontational roles that the public sector must play, spanning regula-
tor to information sharer and collaborator, can create tensions with the
private sector that can be counterproductive to trust and cooperation.
• Similarly, there are many significant challenges that can make it difficult for the
private sector to effectively address cyber/information security issues, including
two particularly important obstacles:
 Misalignment of incentives for cyber/information security best prac-

tices: Companies often fail to take basic steps to protect their systems
and their users because companies are placed in the difficult position of
balancing the market pressures of rapid innovation against sustained
investments in cyber/information security, which may raise costs or de-
lay delivery of products to market.
 Ecosystem complexities: Today’s software and hardware environments

are increasingly complex ecosystems populated by a network of inter-
acting devices, networks, people and organizations. This means cyber/
information security solutions often require the voluntary engagement,
cooperation and investments of many independent entities, while the
incentives and mechanisms for taking such actions are distributed in-
consistently across the ecosystem.
77
Macro Technology Roadmap of Information/Cyber Security

Realizing a knowledge society that innovates and utilizes indigenous cutting edge ICT to
Vision
improve quality of life of Ethiopians by 2026.
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Reliable ICT Service, Increased Trustworthiness, Global Scale Identity Management,

Future Prospect ..
Increased Cyber Security survivability of time critical systems
Information/Cyber 1st stage Performance Target 2nd stage Performance Target 3rd stage Performance Target
Security
Security Control Technology, Security Control Technology,
Inside & outside Defense Real-Time context aware protection and Response
Information Security and
Assurance Technology Security Control Technology,
Threat detection, Minimizing incident
Access Management Technology, Access Management Technology,
Anything Identity and Access Management Context-aware Access management Infrastructure
Access Management Technology,
BYOI (Bring Your Own Identity) management
Digital Forensic Technology,
Digital Forensic Technology,
Software Defined
Computational Intelligent cyber crime forensic
everything forensic
International collaboration
R&D Strategy Research and development Research and development
and Research

Key Infrastructure
and regulation,
(Figure 21a)
78
Macro Technology Roadmap of Information/Cyber Security

Realizing a knowledge society that innovates and utilizes indigenous cutting edge ICT to
Vision
improve quality of life of Ethiopians by 2026.
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026
Reliable ICT Service, Increased Trustworthiness, Global Scale Identity Management,

Future Prospect ..
Increased Cyber Security survivability of time critical systems
Information/Cyber 1st stage Performance Target 2nd stage Performance Target 3rd stage Performance Target
Security
Cyber Security Technology, Cyber Security Technology,

Adaptive Behavioral Analysis Access resilience of infrastructure
Cyber Security Cyber Security Technology,
Technology Automatic information leak detection
International collaboration
Key Infrastructure Research and development Research and development
and Research

Key Infrastructure
and regulation,
(Figure 21b)
Figure 21a& b: Technology Roadmap of Information/Cyber Security
79
3. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3.1 CONCLUSION
ICT is an important ingredient in all sectors. Considering this, Ethiopian government
declares it as one of the tool for sustainable development and poverty reduction. In
GTP II, the country planned to increase the sector to contribute 1% to the national
GDP.
ICT is the driver of innovation, disruption and productivity. Unlike the previous some
years, ICT was considered as enabler to render efficient and effective social and eco-
nomic process; recently there areanincreasing number of innovations in ICT. ICT in-
novations have the capability to enable large-scale outsourcing, increase productivi-
ty, collaboration, and efficiency.
ICT contributes to sustainability in production, service offerings and products them-
selves. Smarter observations using intelligent sensor will enable everyone in a society
to be informed immediately. ICT-systems themselves need to be greener in order to
make sure that ICT worldwide starts to consume less energy.
ICT innovation is getting more and more related to:
 Devices human beings use every day – i.e. smart devices, intelligent sensors,
etc.
 Game changer applications – applications that can create: collaboration, as-

sociation, avoid physical presence to do business, fairness and accountability,
security, payment, etc.
 Big and huge data processing – extraction of knowledge from huge collection
of worldwide data
In this National Science & Technology ICT roadmap, a 10 years vision is identified
following a standard technology oriented road mapping approach. A total of 16 stra-
tegic products, functions and services, and 45 technology areas that support the re-
alization of the identified strategic products, functions and services are identified. In
addition, the macro level TRM is developed and the implementation of each product
is targeted as short term, midterm and long term.
3.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations should be taken in to consideration for the success
80
ful realization of the tasks stated in this roadmap document:

• Curriculum Design: It is observed that ICT is introduced as a subject in secondary
and tertiary education system of the country. However, the use of ICT in science ed-
ucation is found to be weak. If pedagogically appropriate curriculum is designed,
elementary students can also learn the basics of ICT as a subject. Furthermore, ICT
tools have become more powerful in describing scientific processes using virtu-
al reality techniques. Computer simulations provide students the opportunity to
observe a real world experience and interact with it and thus helping students in
science education. Simulations are useful for simulating labs that are impractical,
expensive, impossible, or too dangerous to run. Thus, it is highly recommended
that the curriculum should be revised to include ICT both as a subject and a sup-
port in science education starting from elementary to tertiary levels of education.
• Capacity Building: Currently, the capacity of the country to advance in ICT re-
search, development and innovation is hindered, among other things, by lack of
highly trained manpower. There exists only one university in the country that of-
fers PhD program and few others that offer masters’ programs in the field of ICT.
The research, development and innovation capacity of the country on ICT should
be strengthened by investing more on the academia though expanding post-
graduate programs.
• Infrastructure Development: ICT becomes key stimulant of the economy only

when ICT solutions are utilized by the larger segment of the general society. Thus,
an ICT infrastructure that properly handles the digital ecosystem and facilitates
seamless provision of services and solutions need to be developed.
• ICT Literacy and Awareness Campaigning: ICT has become a key enabler in the
economy where various sectors such as business and finance, industry, service
provision, education, health, etc. are highly dependent on the use of ICT. To make
use of the ICT solutions, the society as a whole needs to be ICT literate. However,
the majority of the population is currently functionally illiterate due to the inabili-
ty to use ICT solutions in daily life. Thus, the country should embark on ICT literacy
campaigns to promote the societal awareness about the benefits of using ICT
solutions.
• Aligning ICT R&D Strategies with National Plans: The country should prepare
81
• details of ICT research and development strategy and policy that align with the
national science, technology and innovation roadmap for ICT and other national
development plans.
• Establishment of Research and Development Centers: Research and develop-

ment centers should be established with the aim of becoming centers of excel-
lence where researches on ICT solutions are carried out, practically tested and
incubated as products.
• Transferring Technological Knowledge: The field of ICT is very dynamic and

emerging technologies continuously change the landscape of the digital ecosys-
tem. Due to increasing trend of globalization, technological innovations achieved
elsewhere can become disruptive to the national ICT research, development and
innovation initiatives. Thus, the country should make itself up-to-date with respect
to the global technological innovations by formulating technological knowledge
transfer scheme.
• Improving Intellectual Property Rights: The current intellectual property rights

for ICT innovations do not fully protect the innovators as many of the innovations
on ICT may not be tangible unlike the case of, for example, mechanical devic-
es whose design or model can be seen as a physical object. The nature of inno-
vations on ICT should be well understood and the intellectual property should
be protected by introducing an appropriate law. Furthermore, infringements of
intellectual property rights of ICT solutions should get due considerations even
under existing laws.
• Promotion of Private ICT Industry: Lessons learnt from technologically advanced

countries show that the private ICT industry is a key player in the expansion of ICT
services and solutions, leading to unprecedented boost in the economy. Howev-
er, the private ICT industry in Ethiopia is currently considered to have a very low
profile. Thus, promotion of private ICT industry should get due attention from the
government and needs to be incentivized. The struggling private ICT industry is
facing unfavourable financial schemes from the banks as most of the ICT solutions
and products are not tangible assets to be used as collaterals, unlike the case of
tangible assets like buildings or cars.
• Promotion of University/Industry Linkage: The private ICT industry should work

in collaboration with universities a long with research and development centers.
82
• This would benefit both parties as research and development projects would
have an opportunity to be realized as products by the private ICT industry.
• Establishing Institute: The government of Ethiopia needs to establish an institute

mandated to facilitate, coordinate, and promote researches, developments and
innovations in ICT.
• Legal, Policy and Regulatory Enabling Conditions: Creating an optimal frame-

work to promote innovation, research and development in ICT requires a mix of
policies. These should be targeted to stimulate conditions for the supply of, and
demand for ICT infrastructure, and should address certain specific public policy
concerns. The ability of ICT providers to invest in and maintain a robust and ex-
panding ICT infrastructure is supported by a coordinated policy approach from
the public sector encouraging private sector investment and innovation. The
public sector also plays another important role as a demand-side driver for in-
vestment by adopting and using ICT itself.
83
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ICT SECTOR TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP

ALL RIGHT RESERVED

1. DR. YARGAL ASABE

2.5.2.4. STRATEGIC PRODUCT/SERVICE: DIGITAL CONVERGENCE...........................................43

MCIT Ministry of Communication and Information Technology

Technology roadmapping is a needs-driven technology planning process to help

In order to develop a national technology roadmap, MoST established a team com-

• Industrial Revolution and its impacts on ICT trends, and

as environmental drivers include climate change, international environment conven-

transform public service delivery, and foster nations’ democratization process.

Environment Products Key Technology

Figure 1: Technology Roadmapping Methodology

1.2. SCOPE OF THE ROADMAP

The following tasks are within the scope of this work.

• Proposing TRM based on the vision,

• Prioritizing technologies that increase national competitiveness by analysing

It should be noted that, in this roadmapping process, identification of products and

1.3. TREND ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT INDUSTRY

• The Government, recognizing the importance of ICT development, has en-

• WoredaNet has been implemented based on a terrestrial and satellite net-

• National Data Centre (NDC) is deployed to provide reliable ICT infrastructure

• A modern data centre called Ethiopian Educational Research Network (EthER-

• Development of software on hardware interfacing, microcontrollers, firm-

• There is also a progress in artificial intelligence and robots production like

• Limitation of private sectors capacity in providing quality ICT products and

• Quality and coverage problem of telecom services throughout the country,

• Limitation of encouraging investment policies for the ICT sector; and

1.4. VISION AND GOALS

• Establish open ICT ecosystem that utilizes collective knowledge, and

• Expand Ethiopian experience in smart ICT products and services.

1.5. DOCUMENT STRUCTURE

2. NATIONAL TRM FOR THE VISION: REALIZING KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY

The knowledge society is a human structured organization based on contemporary

2.2. PROSPECT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FUTURE SOCIETIES

2.3. STRATEGIC CHOICES

2.3.1. PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Consumer Electronics Intelligent KMS e/m-Service

Improve the accessibility of

Intelligent LMS Data Center Solution Intelligent Transport System

Digital Convergence Robot

2.3.2. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

• Consumer Electronics: isanext generation intelligent information terminal

• E/m-Service: refers to activities of commercial and non-commercial transactions

• Business Solution: consists of software products that help customers implement

• Intelligent Learning Management System: refers to a product that provides ed-

• Intelligent Knowledge Management System: is a product that supports the cre-

• Ubiquitous Network: is a network on which all devices have the functions of

• Intelligent Computing: is a technology and a phase where computing devices

includes a technology and phase where computers and networks understand

• Collaboration System: is a product that supports people involved in a common

• Digital Convergence: is the priming of underlying digital technology compo-

• Intelligent Transport System: involves the creation of communication network

• Cyber/Information Security: is a technology that maintains the conﬁdentiality

2.3.3. MAPPING TECHNOLOGIES TO STRATEGIC PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

tized based on the following criteria:

• Economic, social, and environmental benefits,

• Scientific and technological opportunities,

• Research and technology potential, and

• Potential to absorb economic and social benefits.

Figure 3: Mapping of Products and Services to Technologies

2.4. IDENTIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATIVES

2.4.1. TECHNOLOGY TREE

Technology tree is a diagrammatic representation depicting the relationship be-