Process metallurgy

Determination of the Young's modulus of coke - a novel method

Wolfgang Klose and Hidetaka Suginobe

Based on the Hertz contact problem of two cylinders a method was developed to determine Young's modulus of brittle mate-
rials, e. g. coke, from the indirect tensile test. The error band to be taken into account for evaluation have been discussed.
As far as chamber-oven cokes are concerned, it was possible to derive Young's moduli, which correlated well with the values
found by other authors by means of static measuring methods. In addition was determined, on a semi-empiric basis, a linear
relation between Young's modulus and porosity, - relation allowing to consider the influence of coke structure as well.

Bestimmung des Elastizitatsmodul fur Koks - eine neue Methode. Es wurde eine Methode auf der Grundlage der
Hertz'schen Pressung zweier Zylinder entwickelt, um den Elastizitatsmodul fur Sprodrnaterialien wie Koks direkt aus dem
Spaltzugversuch zu ermitteln. Die bei der Auswertung zu beobachtenden Fehlerschranken wurden diskutiert.
Fur Kammerkokse konnten Daten fur den Elastizitatsrnodul ermittelt werden, die in guter Obereinstimmung mit Werten anderer
Autoren aus statischen MeBmethoden sind. Zusatzlich wurde eine lineare Beziehung zwischen Elastizitatsmodul und Porositat
auf halbempirischer Basis bestimmt, die es also gestattet, den EinfluB der Koksstruktur zu berucksichtiqen.

Objective pasting strain gauges") 3). A chamber-oven coke produced

from Ruhr coals is used as sample material.
Besides strength, Young's modulus is one of the most impor-
tant mechanical properties of blast-furnace coke. Young's
modulus represents the unit of deformability of coke. There Theoretical bases
have been very few investigations so far aimed at an experi-
mental determination of Young's modulus of cokes: For the indirect tensile test a cylinder-shaped sample is sub-
jected to the load by two parallel discs. To calculate the
Inouye and Tani 1) defined the modulus during their bending stresses in the coke cylinder and, thus, define the indirect
tests according to the dynamic ultrasonic resonance method. tensile strength, we assumed the materials to be non-deform-
BCRA 2)3) determined the modulus during indirect tensile able") 12). To obtain Young's modulus from the indirect ten-
tests by means of a strain gauge pasted onto the sample; do- sile test, however, it is necessary to consider the theoretical
ing this, they took for granted that the tensile stress occurred relation between deformation and stress. For this purpose, a
at the central surface (according to Timoshenko and Good- general model of two cylinders getting into contact may be
»
ier 4 with a constant stress distribution over the strain
gauge. Jeulin and Steiler') 6) determined Young's modulus
in a compression test. Pitt and Rumsey") found a mean
value of Young's modulus for blast-furnace coke, without
revealing, however, which method they applied. BCRA 8) de-
termined Young's modulus of several cokes pursuant to the
dynamic method and established a correlation between the
modulus and the apparent coke density. Mackenzie") de-
rived a theoretical relationship between Young's modulus
and the total porosity, starting from the assumption of
spherical pores of identical diameters. The Mackenzie for-
mula considers total porosity to be square.

The relation between Young's modulus and total porosity of

polycrystalline graphite 10), aluminum oxide, iron, brick and
other materials II) has been compared with the theoretical
formula by Mackenzie.

The present investigations are aimed at developing a mathe-
matical method of determining Young's modulus for brittle
materials, such as coke, immediately from the indirect ten-
sile test 12). To the effect the theoretical bases of the theory of
elasticity have to be applied to the indirect tensile test and
occurring stress distributions analyzed. Since a great many
tests are required to arrive at a wellfounded definition of
Young's modulus of cokes, a practical evaluation method
has been devised, doing without the expensive procedure of
Prof Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Klose, apl. professor with Technische Universitat
Berlin and Bergbau-Forschung GmbH, Essen; Dr.-Ing. Hide/aka Sugi-
nobe, Kawasaki Steel Corp., Chiba, Japan.
Figure 1. The Hertz contact problem of two disc shapes (cylinders)
Bild 1. Hertzsche Pressung zweier Kreiszylinder.
assumed, with the extreme case of a disc-to-cylinder contact
- similar to the indirect tensile test - as the diameter of a
cylinder tends towards infinite. There are two cylinders un-
der consideration which are pressed against each other with
a force F alongside their determining function. Upon appli-
cation of this force an elastic deformation takes place be-
tween the cylinders so that a contact surface of a length 2 a
is created. On this contact surface (y=O) a compressive
stress ay(x) develops, which is maintained in an equilibrium
with the force F, see figure 1. According to Szab6 13 ) the
length a and the stress ay(x) are described as follows:

250 steel research 57 (1986) No.6

 Process metallurgy

Table 1. Symbols and their meanings

Tafel 1. Bedeutungen der Formelzeichen
2F
a= (1)
nH Syrn- Meaning 51-unit
bol

A Coefficient in equations (17, 18)

2FR
a (x)=-- 1 -2- (2) A* Coefficient in equation (16)
y n Ha a' a Half length of the contact plane mm
D Cylinder-(sam ple-)diameter mm
(The symbols are explained in table 1.) In these equations E Young's modulus GPa
index 1 stands for the lower and index 2 for the upper cylin- Ee ff Effective Young's modulus GPa
F Force kN
der. H Cylinder-(sample-)height mm
I, Distance in equation (3) mm
According to Szabo ':") the elastic deformation of the Y axis, R Cylinderradius mm
on surface Y = 0, will be: Correlation coefficient I
v Irreversible deformation mm

Vy.i(X) =
2(I+vi)
n E,
'J'
_a
[ t.,
(l-vi)ln----
[x-xl
1]
2
I
ay(x)dx I
(3)
v,
vy
Total deformation
Deformation
mm
mm
x,y Cartesian Coordinates mm
From the equations (1), (2) and (3) can be derived the defor- li, Total porosity I
mation along the y axis, Vy.i(O), as follows: v Poisson's ratio I
a, Tensile stress MPa
v ·(0)
y.I
= ~.
tt H
(4) a, Compressive stress MPa

1 - vf 1- v~ ) }
. 2(1-v~) In/-~ln 2F. ~+~ + Vi(1-Vi)
]
Ei V.I 2 «u 1 1 Ei near the contact area. Equation (9) will therefore be applica-
[ { ( -+- ble only to the case where the stresses are located within a
D\ D2
reduced area next to the contact surface, Huber and
The unknown I.. \ and Iv . 2 - i. e. the distances of surface Fuchs 14) stated, after having examined the stress distribution
points to the area of fading deformation - can be eliminated in the cylinder-to-cylinder arrangement. It should be borne
by derivation of (v y, \ (0) + V y.2(0 ))/ F for F. in mind that our deliberations are applicable exclusively to
an infinitely small cylinder area surrounding the point of
~(Vy,\(0)+Vy.2(0)) = __ 1_ (l-Vf + I-V~) (5) compression.
dF F nFH E\ E2
Pursuant to Huber and Fuchs 14) the tensile and compressive
For the purposes of this paper coke will be defined as "1"
stresses along the y axis of the cylinder-to-cylinder arrange-
and steel as "2". Young's modulus of steel E 2 is considera-
ment result to be:
bly higher than that of coke E\. According to Pitt and Rum-
sey") the modulus of steel is situated around 200 OPa and of
coke around 1.1 OPa. From equation (5) the following ap-
proximation will thus be obtained:

~ (V y , \(0) + Vy .2(0)) = __1_. I-vf

(6)
dF F nFH E\
As the above equation does not depend on the diameters D] ax
~ 1
= -;;
X,n<lX r
[.~
Var+Yr ( 2 - a~)
a 2+
r Yr
2 - 2Yr ] (12)
and D 2 it will also be applicable to the disc-cylinder arrange-
ment. During the indirect tensile test a cylinder is com- --.!!..L = 1 (13)
pressed by two discs which results in the deformation ob- aYm", ~h + (y,i a r )2
served alongside the y axis, v" equalling twice the deforma-
tions "v. I (0) plus V y.2(0). It follows from equation (6): where a, and Yr stand for a/Rand y/ R.

d
dF F
(v,) 2
nFH
1- vf
EI (7)
Equations (12) and (13) have been plotted on figures 2 and 3
for different numeric values of the parameter a/ R. As can be
If the effective Young's modules Ee f f is defined*) as: taken from figures 2 and 3, the stresses in the center are
quite low against a xm", and aYm,,,' if a/ R ~ 0.1.
EI
Ee f f = -1--2 (8)
-VI Equation (9) may therefore be used for calculating the effec-
tive Young's modulus. The situation a/R~O.1 results from
the following can be derived from equation (7):
the equations (1) and (8) where R 2 = 00 and E 2 ~ E \:

n:H = - Ee f f · ddF (~) (9) a

Ii = D
2a
=
V 8F
nDHE ~ 0.1 (14)
e rf
Using equation (9) it is possible to define the effective
Young's modulus from the force/deformation curve. When determining the effective Young's modulus one has to
ascertain, therefore, whether the Young's modulus Eef h as
Equation (9) is derived from equations (1) and (2) which had determined, and the relevant force F meet the condition as
been calculated taking into account the stress distribution per equation (14), since otherwise the theoretical assump-
tions are contravened so that the value arrived at does not
*) The inverse value 4/E'ff is also referred to as Hertz' elastic constant. make any physical sense.

steel research 57 (1986) NO.6 251

Process metallurgy

1.0 1,0

0.8 -a/R= 0,1 0,8 : \ --a/R=O,1

0,05 !.2>' \
\I · =0,05
0,01 0' 0,6 I \
=0,01
I .

0,4 II \

0,2
\
\
"'- <, .
<,
--- ---. - - . --.:==--------
'--'-'-
0.2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 0.2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1.0

pointof y/R- Center point of y/R- Center

contoct centact
Figure 2. Relative tensile stress along the y axis Figure 3. Relative compressive stress along the yaxis
Bild 2. Relative Zugspannung lanqs der y-Achse Bild 3. Relative Druckspannung langs der y-Achse

Implementation of the experiments and sample preparation Table 2. Test conditions

Tafel 2. Gewahlte Versuchsbedingungen
A coke produced from Ruhr coals was selected as sample
Test Machine
material. Between two and four sample cylinders were core- Sample Deformation Aim
No. crosshead
drilled from each of the between 50 and 60 mm big coke Height Diameter speed
v/D:$0.02 >0.02
lumps until a maximum of 200 sample cylinders for each test H[mm) D[mm] [mm/min]
series was on hand. Water-flushing was used to produce
1*) 10 10 0.1 x A,B,C**)
smooth drilling surfaces and to cool the material. The rota- 1'*) 10 10 0.1 x A
tional speed of the drilling equipment was set to 5600 min - I. 2 10 10 1.0 x B
After this the cylindric samples were cut to pieces of about 3 10 13 0.1 x C
4 10 18 0.1 x C
11 mm length using a diamond saw and, again, water-flush-
ing. The cutting faces were polished by means of silica car- *) Runs I and l ' are carried out in one test
bide of 180 FEPA grain size. The samples were allowed to **) A: Influence of the irreversible deformation on the mechanical prop-
dry for at least 12 hours in a dryer at 110°C. Prior to the erties.
indirect tensile test each sample was subjected to a visual B: Influence of the crosshead speed on the mechanical properties.
C: Influence of the sample diameter on the mechanical properties.
inspection for macroscopic fissures and discarded whenever
such fissures were found. Some samples showing macros- Table 3. Effective Young's modulus of the samples
copic fissures were admitted to the test, nevertheless, in or- Tafel 3. Effektiver Elastizitiitsmodul der Proben
der to find out about the influence of macroscopic fissures
Test No. 1 I' 2 3 4
during indirect tensile tests.
Number of
38 43 29 27 27
Diameter and height of the sample cylinder were measured samples
at four different points each and arithmetic means com-
Mean 0.68 0.65 0.61 0.64 0.64
puted. The mean diameter D and mean height H were used E,,, [GPa] Median 0.64 0.59 0.61 0.61 0.62
to calculate the effective Young's modulus. The test was run Standard
using a universal-type test machine. deviation 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.27

The influence of the geometry of samples on their mechani-

cal properties was tested on cylinders whose diameters were
10, 13, and 18 rnm, with a uniform height of about 10 mm. A
constant machine cross head speed of 0.1 mm/min was ap-
plied for the tests. The numeric values were broken down by
the extent of irreversible deformation. For the samples of
about 10 mm diameter the impact of irreversible deforma-
tion on the measuring data was determined. Samples of
identical geometry were used also for tests at a machine
crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min in order to define the in-
fluence exerted by the cross head speed on mechanical prop-
erties. The test program has been summarized in table 2.
Test evaluation, results, and discussion
The force/deformation curve was plotted using an x/y
graph system. Depending on the rupture force and deforma-
tion up to the moment of rupture, varying factors produced
by the x/y system were used: 0.1, 1 or 2 kN equalling
250 mm on the scale paper, as force, as well as 0.5 or I mm
equalling 250 mm on scale paper, for deformation.
Equation (9) will, for the above two points (v,. I, F I ) and
F2) , in its differential form give:
(V s.2,
(15)
The F, and V,.i values for five to seven points situated in the
area of elastic deformation were read off the force/deforma-
tion curve of each sample. The force and deformation levels
were read off using the 0.5 mm scale subdivision. The con-
stant of proportionality Ee f f in equation (15) was determined
according to the method of least error squares. Then the ef-
fective Young's modulus having been defined was used to
compute the extent of deformation/ R according to equation
(14); was checked as well as to whether the deformation
stays within the range of which equations (I) or (2) apply. If
this requirement was not met, determination of the effective
Young's modulus was repeated with measuring points out-
side of the conditions a/ R :::; 0.1 being excluded. The thus
obtained effective Young's modulus is contained in table 3.

252 steel research 57 (1986) No 6

 Process metallurgy

Table 4. Values for the determination of the effective Young's mod- As the effective Young's modulus was evaluated in the range
ulus of a sample of elastic deformation, its numeric value should be indepen-
Tafel 4. Die Zahlenwerte fur die Bestimmung des effektiven Elastizi- dent on the type of rupture. There is no clear-cut difference
tatsmoduls einer Probe
between the results contained in table 3, provided the above
Point Force Deformation F v" X Y error band is taken into account, when estimating the effec-
(mm-Length) (mm-Length) [N] 111 m] [nrn/N'] [l/nm] tive Young's modulus:
A 2 1.5 16 6
1.57 1.35
Eerr= 0.64 GPa for the samples showing feeble permanent
B 10 5.5 80 22 deformation;
0.83 0.58 Eerr = 0.59 GPa for the samples showing strong permanent
C 18 8 140 32 deformation.
0.16 0.37
D 26 11 208 44
0.21 0.27 The difference of 0.1 and 1.0 mm/min machine crosshead
E 34 13.5 272 53 speed did not appear to exert any influence on the effective
0.12 0.22 Young's modulus either (see table 3). The relevant median
F 42 16 336 64
0.08 0.18 values were 0.64 GPa for 0.1 mm/min and 0.61 GPa for 1.0
G 50 18.5 400 74 mm/min.
The orders of magnitude of the effective Young's moduli of
our investigations compare very well with the moduli pub-
When determining the effective Young's modulus, it turned lished for blast-furnace cokes: 0.4 GPa for the bending test
out that the one arrived at by the above method may grossly
be falsified by erroneous reading. Appertaining examples of
measured versus calculated values for the determination of 1,5
the effective Young's modulus are contained in table 4; the 1 I

values were read off the force/deformation curve of a sam-

ple, see figure 4, and also computed. For this force/defor-
Nm
1,93 GPa
Imaxl II
- I
/

mation curve the factor of 1 mm deformation corresponding I

I
to 250 mm was plotted on the scale paper. Since the defor- 1.0
mation was read off broken down into 0.5 mm sections (i. e. I
I
211m deformation of the sample), the reading contained an I
error of at least 0.25 mm or 111m. This error was also as- /
N I slope' 0.51 GPa
LL
sumed for the remaining cases and the maximal and mini- I Imin)
mal values of the term - (Vs.2/F2 - vs. ,/ F,)/(F2 - F,) were cal- LL~ I
0,5 I
culated. -.:1'" / x
9
>.
As can be taken from the result on figure 5, there is quite a -/0
0
wide error band: the Eerr value determined from the readings ?x
amounts to 0.9 GPa, whereas the Eerr values defined by
means of minimal and maximal values are situated between a
a , 2 3
0.5 and 1.9 GPa. Such erroneous reading could be avoided VS2 VS1)/( F-F
provided stronger boosting of deformation and force levels . '(-
x F - -F,-2
2 1

is applied. On the other hand, this is impractical as the
measuring range would have to be changed repeatedly until
the rupture is brought about. This is the reason why it was
not attempted to enhance the accuracy in determining the
effective Young's modulus. Therefore the median or mean
value of the effective Young's modulus may be assumed use-
ful in physical terms exclusively.
1,0
kN
o.a
0,6
0.4
Figure 5. Influence of a reading error on the effective Young's mod-
ulus
Bild 5. EinfluB des Ablesefehlers auf den effektiven Elastizitiitsmodul
by Inouye and Tani I), 1.1 GPa for the compression test by
Jeulin and Steller") 6) and between 0.8 and 1.5 GPa accord-
ing to the unspecified method adopted by Pitt and Rum-
sey"). The dynamic method adopted by BCRA 8 ) gives
Young's moduli of blast-furnace coke oscillating between 1
and lOG Pa; these high levels are, however, reported to be
due to the difference in measuring technique: Inouye and
Tani ') stated that the dynamic method yields a by roughly
three times higher Young's modulus for cokes than the static
method adopted with the bending test.

Relationship between coke structure and Young's modulus

0.2
Theoretical considerations. Mackenzie 9) observed cubic
pores in elastic material which were so far distant from each
0,1 0,2 0,3 0.4 mm 0.5 other that the material was hardly porous. From a calcula-
Deformation _ tion of the stresses of such configurations can be derived fol-
Figure 4. Example of evaluation in order to determine the effective lowing Young's modulus:
Young's modulus
Bild 4. Auswertebeispiel fur die Bestimmung des effektiven Elastizi- E=E o [ 1-
15(1- v) 2]
E::;:-A*E::;: (16)
tiitsmoduls 7-5v

steel research 57 (1986) No, 6 253

Process metallurgy

I,D porosity of each type of coke are listed in table 5. For fur-
- - AW = - 1,08 ther analysis the mean values for the following intervals of
i
E
_ . - AW = -0,5
___ Aw = 0
effective Young's moduli were calculated:
<0.2; 0.2 to 0.4; 0.4 to 0.6; 0.6 to 0.8; 0.8 to 1.0; 1.0 to 1.2;
Eo > 1.2 GPa
0,5 The calculated values of effective Young's modulus have
been plotted on figure 7 against total porosity. The wide
scatter of the points has to be attributed to the reading error
explained earlier as well as to the small number of data
available. When neglecting the points having been calcu-
lated out of a restricted number of data, one arrives at a li-
0,5 I,D near relation between effective Young's modulus and total
€[-
porosity. The relation is almost independent of the type of
coke; this supports the observation that the mechanical
Figure 6. Theoretical relation between Young's modulus and total por-
osity, as per equation (16) properties of the solids matrix of the four cokes are identi-
Bild 6. Theoretische Beziehung zwischen dem Elastizitatsrnodul und cal. Given the wide scatter, the empiric parameters of equa-
der Gesarntporositat nach Gleichung (16) tion (18) were determined by the mean and median values of
the effective Young's modulus of each coke type:
Ee ff o=4.30 GPa and A = 1.58 for the mean value and
Ee f f o=4.34 GPa and A = 1.59 for the median value.
Equation (16) does not show any dependence on pore sizes;
the coefficient A* has not been quantified but adjusted em-
pirically by the experimental results. Equation (16) shows
Acknowledgement
for different numeric values of A * an approximatively linear
relation between Young's modulus and total porosity. As an
The authors would like to thank the Ministry for Economics
example the behaviour of the standardized Young's mod-
and Transport of North Rhine-Westphalia, FRG, for provid-
ulus against total porosity for v= 0.1, see figure 6, has been
ing financial support. (A 26558; received: 8. October 1985)
plotted. The linear dependence is discernible from this rep-
resentation. The mean value of the transverse contraction
number v for coke, according to Pitt and Rumsey 7), is
around 0.1. Table 5. Effective Young's modulus and total porosity of the coke
samples
Wagner et al. 10) examined the interrelations between Tafel 5. Effektiver Elastizitatsrnodul und Gesamtporositat der Kokspro-
ben
Young's modulus and the total porosity of polycrystalline
graphite and found out that Young's modulus declines li- Test No. I 5 6 7
nearily with a total porosity rising from 0 to 0.3. They also
found that the transverse contraction number is maintained Number of samples 38 21 22 21
almost constant in that range of total porosity. Coble and Mean 0.68 0.49 0.18 0.52
Kingery!'), too, reported on the approximatively linear rela- E,,, [GPa) Median 0.64 0.43 0.15 0.51
tion between Young's modulus and total porosity in the 0 to Standard
0.5 range of the latter; they had examined polycrystalline deviation 0.23 0.17 0.10 0.13
graphite, aluminum oxide, iron, brick and other materials. Mean 0.545 0.567 0.604 0.543
These publications are indicative of Young's modulus of e, Standard
porous materials being an approximately linear function of deviation 0.035 0.042 0.048 0.026
total porosity which can be expressed as follows:
(17)
--Epttlmeo n) = UO GPo- 6,79 GPo xE[ , r =0,93
The discrepancies between equation (17) and (16) in the case 1" - ---Epft! median) =U~ GPo-6,92 GPoxEL r =0,96
of high total porosity are considered negligible (see figure 6). (01
The applicability of equation (16) to highly porous material IA\

is, moreover, questionable, since the expression was derived 101

assuming a low total porosity. The fact that the transverse
contraction number is independent of total porosity means
that equation (17) can be used as well for deriving the effec-
tive Young's modulus:
0,6
(18)
0,4
Results and discussion. The total porosity of samples was -
0,2
after the brittle fracture - subjected to microscopic analysis
by means of the TAS (texture analysis system by Leitz) (also
refer to 12». Besides the aforementioned chamber-oven coke 0,50 0.52 0,5. 0,56 0,58 0,60 0,62
samples of Ruhr coals were also used (test no. 1 in table 5) Totol porosity E[ -
and three other cokes, i. e. the cokes subjected to systematic Figure 7. Relation between effective Young's modulus and total por-
partial gasification up to 20.6% and 38.6% as well as a cham- osity
ber-oven coke from American coals (test numbers 5, 6, 7, in Bild 7, Beziehung zwischen dem effektiven Elastizitatsrnodul und der
table 5). The effective Young's modulus and measured total Gesarntporositat

254 steel research 57 (1986) NO.6

 Process metallurgy

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steel research 57 (1986) No 6 255