A STUDY ON ―MOBILE PHONE ADDICTION AND IT'S

CAUSE OF AMONG THE COLLEGE STUDENTS‖

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ERODE DISTRICT.

PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

S.KARTHIKEYAN
(REG .NO: 732119631011)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

In
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

NANDHA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

ERODE-52

ANNA UNIVERSITY – CHENNAI: 600025

APRIL–2021
 NANDHA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
ERODE- 52
DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project entitled “Study on mobile phone addiction and it's cause of
among the college students with special reference to Erode district.” is a bonafide record of
work done by S.KARTHIKEYAN (Reg.No.732119631011) submitted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF BUSINESS
ADMINISTRATION of Anna University, Chennai during the year 2020-2021.

______________________________ ___________________________

SIGNATURE OF PROJECT GUIDE SIGNATURE OF THE HOD

Dr.Parthiban B.sc.MBA.Ph.D, Mr.N.Senthilkumar,

Asst.proffessor of -MBA Asst.Prof & Head-MBA

Submitted for the Project Viva- Voce examination held on --------------

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere thanks to our Chairman of Nandha Educational Institutions, Erode

Thiru.V.SHANMUGAM, B.Com, for giving me an opportunity to be a student of this reputed
institution.

I express my profound thanks to our Principal Dr. S. NANTHAGOPAL, of Nandha

College of Technology, for carrying out my project work.

I owe my sincere thanks to Mr.N.SENTHILKUMAR, M.Com. MBA. Head,

Department of Management Studies for his patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and
useful critiques of this research work.

I would like to convey my whole hearted thanks to Dr.PARTHIBAN B.sc.MBA.Ph.D

Project guide and faculty in Department of Management Studies, who took keen interest on my
project work and guided me all along, till the completion of my project work by providing all the
necessary information.

I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and

guidance from all Faculty members of Department of Management Studies which helped me
in successfully completing my project work.

The words are boundless to express my thanks to my dear Parents and Friends for their
moral support, care, affection and encouragement, which gave me the spirit and courage both for
my academic and social life.

I would like to thank the Almighty GOD with a humble heart, for providing me the
strength to take up this project work and complete it with His grace.

S.KARTHIKEYAN
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project entitled as “Study on mobile phone addiction and it's
cause of among the college students with special reference to Erode district.” has been
submitted to Anna University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
MASTEROF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION is a record of original work done by me during my
period of this project work at NANDHA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, ERODE. It has not
formed the part of any other project work submitted for award of any Degree or Diploma, either in
this or any other University.

_____________________

Signature of the Candidate

S.KARTHIKEYAN

(Regno: 732119631011)

I certified that the declaration made above by the candidate is true.

Date:
Place:

________________________

Signature of the Guide

Dr.PARTHIBAN B.sc.MBA.Ph.D,
Associate Professor, Department of MBA,
Nandha College of Technology,
ERODE-52
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE NO
NO
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF CHARTS
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to the study 1
1.2 Scope of the study 7
I 1.3 Objective of the study 8
1.4 Statement of the problem 9
1.5 Limitation of the study 10
1.6 Industry profile 11
II REVIEW OF LITEREATURE
2.1 Review of literature 18
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
III 3.1 Research design 25
3.2 Statistical tool used 26
DATA ANALYSIS&INTERPRETATION
IV 4.1 Simple percentage 30
4.2 Chi-square 39
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS&CONCLUSION
5.1 Findings 44
V 5.2 Suggestions 46
5.3 Conclusion 49
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX(QUESTIONAIRE)
 ABSTRACT

We explored the frequency and indices of smartphone addiction in a group of King Saud
University students and investigated whether there were differences in smartphone addiction
based on gender, social status, educational level, monthly income and hours of daily use. We
developed a questionnaire probing smartphone addiction consisting of five dimensions: 1)
overuse of smartphone, 2) the psychological-social dimension, 3) the health dimension, 4)
preoccupation with smartphones, and 5) the technological dimension. An online survey was
conducted; using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Face book
Bergen Addiction Scale (FBAS).We chose a female-exclusive social group on Face book and
used the snowball sampling method. A total of 150 participants originating from all the erode
city completed the questionnaire. Simple percentage, correlation, chi square and weighted
average tools used for the analysis of the project.

Keywords; addiction, smartphone addiction, Simple percentage, correlation, chi square.

 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE.NO PAGE.NO
PARTICULARS

4.1 SIMPLE PERCENTAGE

4.1.1
Hours using mobile phone in daily respondents 30
4.1.2
Type of mobile phones using respondents 31
4.1.3
Respondents of data daily spending 33
4.1.4
Respondents of daily pick time 34
4.1.5
Respondents of hours using 35
4.1.6
Respondents of with type 36
4.1.7
Respondents of problem facing 37

4.2 CHI SQUARE

4.2.1
Respondents of Gender and which type of mobile phones device
39
you can used
4.3.1
Respondents of which type of mobile phones device you 42
can used and How many hours using mobile phone in daily
 LIST OF CHARTS

TABLE.NO PAGE.NO
PARTICULARS

4.1 SIMPLE PERCENTAGE

4.1.1
Hours using mobile phone in daily respondents 30
4.1.2
Type of mobile phones using respondents 31
4.1.3
Respondents of data daily spending 33
4.1.4
Respondents of daily pick time 34
4.1.5
Respondents of hours using 35
4.1.6
Respondents of with type 36
4.1.7
Respondents of problem facing 37

4.2 CHI SQUARE

4.2.1
Respondents of Gender and which type of mobile phones device
39
you can used
4.3.1
Respondents of which type of mobile phones device you 42
can used and How many hours using mobile phone in daily
 CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

Commuting is a wide spread occurrence with millions of people afflicted around the globe [1].
Therefore, commuting behavior has the potential to influence both well-being and life
satisfaction of a great part of the population either positive [2], where people regard travelling
itself as enjoyable or negative [3], where they see it as a burden. The reasons to accept extended
travel times are diverse. Some individuals commute to facilitate a better housing situation or to
combine family and vocational goals [4]. Other reasons to commute might include promising
career perspectives or financial incentives [5]. From an economical point of view, it seems
logical that the costs and benefits of commuting should be at equilibrium to achieving decent
levels of life satisfaction [3]. This means that increased costs of commuting (e.g., in terms of
higher stress or lower well-being) should be compensated in some Int. J. Environ. Res. Public
Health 2017, 14, 1176 1 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017,
14, 1176 way, by higher benefits of the provided job opportunity, for example. Interestingly, this
equilibrium is not always met and commuters are often willing to carry higher burdens than non-
commuters. This has been coined as the ‗Commuting Paradox‘ in the literature [5]. In the
commuting literature physiological issues have also been investigated. A recent study examined
the relation between commuting distance, cardiorespiratory fitness, and metabolic risk factors
[6]. They found a negative association between commuting distance and physical activity (doing
sports on a regular basis) as well as cardiorespiratory fitness and a positive association between
commuting distance and Body-Mass-Index, waist circumference, and systolic/diastolic blood
pressure. Another study from Norway [7] explored the association between long commutes and
subjective health complaints. Again, those who reported longer travel times had more
musculoskeletal pain and gastrointestinal problems. Moreover, commuters with a travel history
of more than 10 years reported significantly more health complaints than those commuting for
two years or less. The perceived level of stress should also be considered [8], since the
commuting situation is often difficult to control (e.g., traffic jams, delays in public transport, bad
weather conditions). This in turn has the potential to contribute to higher stress levels and
frustration. Taking into account the link between health and well-being [9,10] the commuting
situation should be associated with well-being. Interestingly, there is evidence that females suffer

1
more under the burden of commuting than males. A study analyzing the effects of commuting on
health with regard to gender [11] revealed that females with longer commuting times did seek
medical advice and called in sick more often compared to males. An association between
commuting and perceived higher stress levels could only be observed in females [12,13].
Presumably, the commuting situation, ceteris paribus, has a more adverse effect on females than
males. Aside from the relation between commuting and health/perceived stress, several studies
investigated the direct link between commuting and life satisfaction. Here, the findings are
mixed. An early study by Stutzer & Frey [3] concluded that commuting and life satisfaction are
negatively related. Moreover, they demonstrated that commuting was characterized by rather low
levels of positive effect, with a simultaneous fairly high negative effect. Similar findings were
observed in another study investigating the commuting situation, salary, and life satisfaction [4].
In this work, commuting was negatively associated with overall life satisfaction but had no effect
on the domains of life satisfaction, work and family. Furthermore, Lyons & Chatterjee [14]
reported detrimental effects of commuting on stress, fatigue, and overall dissatisfaction.
However, according to the authors, overall life satisfaction could even be increased if commuters
can make their own decisions on how to use their travel time. If commuters experience these
choices as worthwhile, a positive impact on life satisfaction could be the result [15]. In contrast
to the studies mentioned so far, a positive relationship between commuting time and life
satisfaction was found by Morris [16]. The authors observed such an association between
commuting time and life satisfaction more strongly in rural areas and small cities. This
association was visible only to a much weaker extent in large cities, most probably due to the
higher degree of traffic congestions. Usually, traffic congestions are not controllable and
therefore limit the individual‘s self-determination. Subsequently, this could lead to a change in
life satisfaction [17]. One study examined the association between life satisfaction and work
commute [18]. The participants of this study reported mostly positive or neutral feelings during
work commute and, consequently, a higher level of happiness. As possible reasons for this, the
authors postulate that short work commutes could provide a buffer between work and private
sphere, which in turn contributes to an increased level of well-being. For longer commutes,
social and entertainment activities could counteract stress or boredom, as well as increase
positive effects. It is worth noting that one possible reaction to stress might be the increased use
of the Internet [19]. Since smartphones offer Internet access and are more often than not in

2
people‘s possession [20] it seems worthwhile to investigate the association between perceived
stress (also in terms of attitude towards commuting) and Internet use [21] while commuting. If
commuters show a negative attitude towards commuting and/or a high stress level one way to
compensate for this could be an increased use of the Internet. As a growing number of
researchers around the globe are currently investigating 2 Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health
2017, 14, 1176 if problematic Internet use represents a societal problem (for an overview see
Montag & Reuter [22]; Brand et al. [23]: I-PACE model; Petry & O‘Brien [24]: Inclusion of
Internet Gaming Disorder in Section III of DSM-5), the question arises if commuting itself also
represents a vulnerability factor in becoming addicted to the Internet. Long commutes, in
particular, could lead to excessive usage of digital channels. On the other hand, it is imaginable
that commuting leads to less time spent on the Internet aside from commuting, because much of
what needs to be done online has been already finished during the commute. In short, there is
little awareness of studies investigating associations between Internet addiction and commuting.
That is the reason why we also address this topic in this work. Internet addiction has been
investigated for more than 20 years now [25,26] and much progress has been made to understand
problematic Internet use. Although no consensus has been reached with respect to necessary
symptoms of Internet addiction, symptoms such as preoccupation with the Internet, withdrawal
symptoms when not being online, loss of control and problems in social/work life due to the
overuse are of importance [27] Prevalence rates differ across the world, but in Germany (where
the current investigated sample has been recruited) about 1% of the population is afflicted [28].
In the context of Internet addiction, it is necessary to distinguish between generalized
(generalized pathological Internet use) and specific forms (e.g., excessive online gambling,
shopping or social network use) of Internet addiction [29–31]. The present work focuses on
unspecific tendencies towards Internet addiction in the realm of commuting. Overall, an
association between commuting and life satisfaction was found in many studies; however, the
direction of this association is not trivial to understand. Moreover, it is noticeable that the
reviewed research focuses on non-commuters vs. commuters, but they do not ask the question of
whether people commute because of private (e.g., to see one‘s own partner on the weekend) or
business reasons (going to work and return back home). Reasons to commute could be an
important factor because commuting may not always be considered as a burden [5], but as a
fulfilling activity [2]. It is, therefore, conceivable that the motivation behind commuting or

3
personality factors have an impact on the well-being of the commuters. Furthermore, there seems
to be a gender specific effect in commuting, with females showing higher stress levels than
males [13]. Therefore, in the present study (i) we investigated the association between
commuting and life satisfaction in three separate groups: non-commuters, business commuters,
and private commuters. In this context, we also examined the underlying personality structure in
these groups since several studies reported associations between personality and life satisfaction
[32–35] (see Supplementary Material for analyses on the associations of personality). Moreover
(ii), we intended to replicate earlier findings about higher stress perception of females in
commuting situations [11–13]. This time we also wanted to extend this in the realm of being a
non-commuter, business-commuters, and private commuter. Finally (iii), we investigated the
association between Internet addiction, life satisfaction, and stress (in relation to commuting).
We expected a positive association between a negative attitude toward commuting (and high
stress perception) and high Internet addiction.

Materials and Methods: For the present study, we asked participants to provide
information via a specific designed online questionnaire covering various aspects of commuting.
The online questionnaire could be filled in using any suitable device (e.g., tablet, smartphone,
personal computer) with access to the Internet. 2.1. Participants Overall N = 5039 participants (N
= 3477 females) answered the online questionnaire and provided socio-demographic
information, information on personality data and life satisfaction, as well as data concerning their
commuting behavior. The mean age of the sample was 26.79 (SD = 10.68) ranging from 11 years
to 98 years. Concerning educational training within the sample, the number of school leaving
certificates was distributed as follows: a total of 31.8% had no school leaving certificate, 30.8%
had a secondary school leaving certificate, 14.9% had a Baccalaureate-Diploma, and 22.5% had
a 3 Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1176 university degree. Participation was
voluntarily and completely anonymous. There was no monetary incentive, but upon completion
of the questionnaire, all participants got a brief individual feedback on their personality profiles,
life satisfaction, and Internet use (Internet addiction) based on the data provided. The local ethics
committee of the Ulm University, Ulm, Germany approved the study, and all participants gave
electronic consent prior to participation. 2.2. Materials The data for the present study were
gathered by means of an online questionnaire. In addition to collecting data on demographics, we

4
requested information on personality (see Supplementary Material. For further information on
the used personality questionnaire please refer to Rammstedt et al. [36] and John et al. [37]), life
satisfaction, and Internet addiction. Furthermore, the participants gave information on their
commuting status (none, business, private) and their (emotional) attitude towards commuting,
particularly stress. To assess the overall attitude towards commuting, we asked the participants
four questions (―Commuting does not matter to me‖ (item 1, inverse coding), ―Commuting
deteriorates my mood‖ (item 2), ―Commuting deteriorates my quality of life‖ (item 3), and
―Commuting stresses me‖ (item 4)). All items could be rated from 1 (―I do not agree at all‖) to 5
(―I totally agree‖). For the analyses, item 4 was analyzed both as a single item (to assess the
participants stress level in relation to commuting) and also combined in the short four-item scale
described above (to assess the overall ‗attitude towards commuting‘; ATC). The scores of the
four items are simply added up, after reversing the score of item 1. Cronbach‘s alpha for the
ATC scale was alpha = 0.85. Life satisfaction as one distinct part of subjective well-being, aside
from positive and negative effect [38], was measured via questions retrieved from the German
Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) [39]. One section of the panel covers the current life situation
within several areas, contributing to overall life satisfaction. For the purpose of this survey, we
asked for the degree of satisfaction in the following areas: health, job, income, lodging, leisure,
and overall satisfaction with life. Following a recommendation of the SOEP, the question for
overall satisfaction with life was presented at the end of the life satisfaction questionnaire. This
was done to avoid possible interference with specific domains of life satisfaction. It is important
to note that overall life satisfaction is not a simple composite of the various domains of life
satisfaction. In fact, all life satisfaction items are considered to be distinct, but also overlap to
some extent (e.g., a person more satisfied with his leisure might have, as a consequence, a higher
score on overall satisfaction). The items were answered, using a Likert scale, ranging from 0
(―completely dissatisfied‖) to 10 (―completely satisfied‖). To gather data on Internet overuse we
administered a short version of the Internet Addiction Test IAT [25], the short Internet Addiction
Test (s-IAT) from [40]. This inventory consists of 12 items as opposed to the original version,
which contains 20 items. The psychometric quality of the s-IAT has been considered to be of
good effect [40]. The Cronbach‘s alpha in our sample was high (alpha = 0.88). To more
effectively assess the association between commuting and Internet use we asked an additional
question; ―because of commuting I use digital devices more often‖ (CMD). This could be rated

5
from 1 (―I do not agree at all‖) to 5 (―I totally agree‖). 2.3. Procedure Since the size of the total
sample greatly relied upon the publicity of the online questionnaire, the study was introduced
during interviews with several national radio and TV stations. This approach was taken to ensure
high media coverage throughout Germany, and to avoid biases caused by the restriction of local
samples. The audience was given a short introduction to the rationale of the study, combined
with information on how to access the online questionnaire. Completed questionnaires were
stored on servers and processed for further analyses. 4 Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017,
14, 1176 2.4. Statistical Analysis The statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 22.0 for
windows (IBM SPSS Statistics, Chicago, IL, USA). Differences in life satisfaction and
personality variables for non-commuters, business commuters, and private commuters were
investigated using ANOVAs, with the additional inclusion of gender effects. The associations
between perceived stress, attitude towards commuting, Internet addiction, and life satisfaction
were examined within the three groups of commuter type using Pearson correlations, as well as
ANOVAs to test for gender effects.

6
1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

 To our knowledge this is the first study that evaluate the acute impact of mobile phone
addiction for college student in erode city.
 The scope of this study is to understand and identify the mobile phone addiction of
college student.
 While the study recognizes the impact of mobile phone addiction among students as such
this study will limit itself only to the students in erode city.

7
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

 To Study the mobile phone addiction and its causes among.

 To know the frequenting in using of mobile phone that may causes mobile addiction.
 To indentify the various causes and its impact of mobile phone addiction.
 Virtual relationships addiction affecting the real life relationship analysis.
 To provide the valuable suggestion to the mobile phone addiction student.

8
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study was design to analyze the impact of mobile phone addiction on mental health, how
this college student influencing on health, is to identify the factors affecting mental health, and
types of disorders due to college student. It is also used to analyze which age group of people is
mostly affected by mobile phone addiction. This study will provide the information to the
student about how to survive in a college student by relieving mental health.

9
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

 Time constrain and study confines only to erode city.

 This study is based upon the impact mobile phone addiction only college student‘
 The respondents have answered the questionnaire from their memory, perception and not

from any written records.

10
1.6 INDUSTRY PROFILE.
Constant dependency on one‘s mobile phone, to cater to psychological needs and extraneous
necessities, causing a constant attachment to ones gadget, leading to loss of productivity and
developing chronic side effects such as depression, loneliness, lack of social behavior, loss of
sound sleep and various health issues: is termed as MPA .Mobile phones are hailed as one of the
greatest inventions of the 20th century. But with technological advances, human dependency
increased and led to an irreplaceable position of a phone in our daily life. MPA
is a behavioral form of addiction just like any other, but different from substance addiction.
According to a report by New York Times (2017) 7, both adults and teens check their mobile
phones 150 times a day, that is every 6 minutes and send an average of 110 texts per day. A
recent Huffington post article reported the following statistics 8:
 92 percent of teens go online daily, and
24 percent say they are online ―almost
constantly.‖
 76 percent of teens use social media (81
percent of older teens, 68 percent of teens
ages 13 and 14).
 71 percent of teens use Facebook, 52
percent use Instagram, 41 percent use
Snap chat, 33 percent use Twitter.
 77 percent of parents say their teens get
distracted by their devices and don‘t pay
attention when they‘re together.
 59 percent of parents say they feel their
teen is addicted to their mobile device.
These statistics show the urgent need to understand and address MPA related issues before it
reaches a stage of Digital Detox. The various functions of a mobile phone, the
symptoms/addictive behaviors, and the impacts, causes and treatments of MPA are discussed in
this paper.

11
2.1 FUNCTIONS OF A MOBILE PHONE
Mobile phones comprise of various features an functions to enable users to experience ease in
doing desired tasks and activities. Field observations and a survey were conducted to gauge the
level of engagement that Elon University students have towards their devices and with each other
in face-to-face situations. For this study, the author tried to capture a sample that is an accurate
representation of the individuals affected by cell phone addiction. A survey of Elon University
students between the ages of 18 and 22 was conducted. There were 65 responses to survey
questions that were designed to gauge cell phone habits, primary uses of cell phones, and
feelings and emotions individuals possess without their cell phone9. According to their survey,
when asked about the primary usage of their cell phone, Texting was mentioned by 83.1 % as
most used feature, followed by calling at 10.8% and Social apps at 6.1%. Another journal study
investigated indicators of smart phone use, smart phone addiction, and their associations with
demographic and health behavior-related variables in young people by collecting sample data of
1,519 students from 127 Swiss vocational school classes.

Backgrounds

For the purpose of finance and management, the healthcare industry is typically divided into
several areas. As a basic framework for defining the sector, the United Nations International
Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) categorizes the healthcare industry as generally
consisting of:

1. Hospital activities;
2. Medical and dental practice activities;
3. "Other human health activities".

This third class involves activities of, or under the supervision of, nurses, midwives,
physiotherapists, scientific or diagnostic laboratories, pathology clinics, residential health
facilities, or other allied health professions, e.g. in the field of optometry, hydrotherapy, medical
massage, yoga therapy, music therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, chiropody,
homeopathy, chiropractic, acupuncture, etc.[4]

12
The Global Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark further
distinguish the industry as two main groups:

1. healthcare equipment and services; and

2. Pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and related life sciences.

The healthcare equipment and services group consists of companies and entities that provide
medical equipment, medical supplies, and healthcare services, such as hospitals, home healthcare
providers, and nursing homes. The latter listed industry group includes companies that produce
biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and miscellaneous scientific services.[5]

Other approaches to defining the scope of the healthcare industry tend to adopt a broader
definition, also including other key actions related to health, such as education and training of
health professionals, regulation and management of health services delivery, provision of
traditional and complementary medicines, and administration of health Insurance.[6]

Providers and professionals

See also: Healthcare provider and Health workforce

A healthcare provider is an institution (such as a hospital or clinic) or person (such as a

physician, nurse, allied health professional or community health worker) that provides
preventive, curative, promotional, rehabilitative or palliative care services in a systematic way to
individuals, families or communities.

The World Health Organization estimates there are 9.2 million physicians, 19.4 million nurses
and midwives, 1.9 million dentists and other dentistry personnel, 2.6 million pharmacists and
other pharmaceutical personnel, and over 1.3 million community health workers worldwide,[7]
making the health care industry one of the largest segments of the workforce.

The medical industry is also supported by many professions that do not directly provide health
care itself, but are part of the management and support of the health care system. The incomes of
managers and administrators, underwriters and medical malpractice attorneys, marketers,
investors and shareholders of for-profit services, all are attributable to health care costs.[8]

13
In 2017, healthcare costs paid to hospitals, physicians, nursing homes, diagnostic laboratories,
pharmacies, medical device manufacturers and other components of the healthcare system,
consumed 17.9 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the United States, the largest of
any country in the world. It is expected that the health share of the Gross domestic product
(GDP) will continue its upward trend, reaching 19.9 percent of GDP by 2025.[9] In 2001, for the
OECD countries the average was 8.4 percent[10] with the United States (13.9%), Switzerland
(10.9%), and Germany (10.7%) being the top three. US health care expenditures totaled US$2.2
trillion in 2006.[3] According to Health Affairs, US$7,498 is spent on every woman, man and
child in the United States in 2007, 20 percent of all spending. Costs are projected to increase to
$12,782 by 2016.[11]

The government does not ensure all-inclusive health care to every one of its natives, yet certain
freely supported health care programs help to accommodate a portion of the elderly, crippled,
and poor people and elected law guarantees community to crisis benefits paying little respect to
capacity to pay. Those without health protection scope are relied upon to pay secretly for
therapeutic administrations. Health protection is costly and hospital expenses are
overwhelmingly the most well-known explanation behind individual liquidation in the United
States.

Delivery of services
See also: Gatekeeper physicians

The delivery of healthcare services from primary care to secondary and tertiary levels of care is
the most visible part of any healthcare system, both to users and the general public.[12] There are
many ways of providing healthcare in the modern world. The place of delivery may be in the
home, the community, the workplace, or in health facilities. The most common way is face-to-
face delivery, where care provider and patient see each other in person. This is what occurs in
general medicine in most countries. However, with modern telecommunications technology, in
absentia health care or Tele-Health is becoming more common. This could be when practitioner
and patient communicate over the phone, video conferencing, the internet, email, text messages,
or any other form of non-face-to-face communication. Practices like these are especial applicable

14
to rural regions in developed nations. These services are typically implemented on a clinic-by-
clinic basis.[13]

Improving access, coverage and quality of health services depends on the ways services are
organized and managed, and on the incentives influencing providers and users. In market-based
health care systems, for example such as that in the United States, such services are usually paid
for by the patient or through the patient's health insurance company. Other mechanisms include
government-financed systems (such as the National Health Service in the United Kingdom). In
many poorer countries, development aid, as well as funding through charities or volunteers, help
support the delivery and financing of health care services among large segments of the
population.[14]

The structure of healthcare charges can also vary dramatically among countries. For instance,
Chinese hospital charges tend toward 50% for drugs, another major percentage for equipment,
and a small percentage for healthcare professional fees.[15] China has implemented a long-term
transformation of its healthcare industry, beginning in the 1980s. Over the first twenty-five years
of this transformation, government contributions to healthcare expenditures have dropped from
36% to 15%, with the burden of managing this decrease falling largely on patients. Also over this
period, a small proportion of state-owned hospitals have been privatized. As an incentive to
privatization, foreign investment in hospitals up to 70% ownership has been encouraged.[15]

Systems
Main article: Health system

Healthcare systems dictate the means by which people and institutions pay for and receive health
services. Models vary based on the country, with the responsibility of payment ranging from
public (social insurance) and private health insurers to the consumer-driven by patients
themselves. These systems finance and organize the services delivered by providers. A two-tier
system of public and private is common.

The American Academy of Family Physicians defines four commonly utilized systems of
payment:

15
Beveridge model

Named after British economist and social reformer William Beveridge, the Beveridge model sees
healthcare financed and provided by a central government.[16] The system was initially proposed
in his 1942 report, Social Insurance and Allied Services—known as the Beveridge Report. The
system is the guiding basis of the modern British healthcare model enacted post-World War II. It
has been utilized in numerous countries, including The United Kingdom, Cuba, and New
Zealand.[17]

The system sees all healthcare services which are provided and financed solely by the
government. This single payer system is financed through national taxation.[18] Typically, the
government owns and runs the clinics and hospitals, meaning that doctors are employees of the
government. However, depending on the specific system, public providers can be accompanied
by private doctors who collect fees from the government.[17] The underlying principal of this
system is that healthcare is a fundamental human right. Thus, the government provides universal
coverage to all citizens.[19] Generally, the Beveridge model yields a low cost per capita compared
to other systems.[20]

Bismarck model

The Bismarck system was first employed in 1883 by Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck.[21]
In this system, insurance is mandated by the government and is typically sold on a non-profit
basis. In many cases, employers and employees finance insurers through payroll deduction. In a
pure Bismarck system, access to insurance is seen as a right solely predicated on labor status.
The system attempts to cover all working citizens, meaning patients cannot be excluded from
insurance due to pre-existing conditions. While care is privatized, it is closely regulated by the
state through fixed procedure pricing. This means that most insurance claims are reimbursed
without challenge, creating low administrative burden.[21] Archetypal implementation of the
Bismarck system can be seen in Germany's nationalized healthcare. Similar systems can be
found in France, Belgium, and Japan.[22]

National health insurance model

16
The national insurance model shares and mixes elements from both the Bismarck and Beverage
models. The emergence of the National Health Insurance model is cited as a response to the
challenges presented by the traditional Bismarck and Beverage systems.[23] For instance, it is
difficult for Bismarck Systems to contend with aging populations, as these demographics are less
economically active.[24] Ultimately, this model has more flexibility than a traditional Bismarck or
Beveridge model, as it can pull effective practices from both systems as needed.

This model maintains private providers, but payment comes directly from the government.[citation
needed]
Insurance plans control costs by paying for limited services. In some instances, citizens can
opt out of public insurance for private insurance plans. However, large public insurance
programs provide the government with bargaining power, allowing them to drive down prices for
certain services and medication. In Canada, for instance, drug prices have been extensively
lowered by the Patented Medicine Prices Review Board.[25] Examples of this model can be found
in Canada, Taiwan, and South Korea.[26]

Out-of-pocket model

In areas with low levels of government stability or poverty, there is often no mechanism for
ensuring that health costs are covered by a party other than the individual. In this case patients
must pay for services on their own.[17] Payment methods can vary ranging from physical
currency, to trade for goods and services.[17] Those that cannot afford treatment typically remain
sick or die.[17]

Inefficiencies

In countries where insurance is not mandated, there can be gaps in coverage especially among
disadvantaged and impoverished communities that cannot afford private plans.[27] The UK
National Health System creates excellent patient outcomes and mandates universal coverage but
also suffers from large lag times for treatment. Critics argue that reforms brought about by the
Health and Social Care Act 2012 only proved to fragment the system, leading to high regulatory
burden and long treatment delays.[28] In his review of NHS leadership in 2015, Sir Stuart Rose
concluded that "the NHS is drowning in bureaucracy."

17
 CHAPTER-II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

3.1 Reasons behind Smartphone addiction among university students

Generally people who have psychological and emotional issues such as depression, loneliness,
social anxiety, impulsivity, and distraction easily get addicted to technology such as the
Smartphone. In addition, the place where Internet accesses, the degree of time use, peer
rela¬tionships and parenting types are also relevant. Smartphone addition is also associated with
the physical and psychological problems such as dry eyes, carpal tunnel syndrome, repetitive
motion injuries, wrist, neck, back and shoulder pain, migraine headaches and numbness and pain
in the thumb, index and middle fingers.

According to bio-psychosocial frameworks, in terms of the etiology of addictions and the

syndrome model of addiction , Smartphone addiction shares a common underlying etiological
framework with other substance-related and behavioral addictions. Current developments in
theoretical approaches have largely embraced bio-psychosocial models of addiction, which
attribute these behaviors to a complex interaction of factors, including genetics and
neurobiological mechanisms, personality traits, coping styles, and social environment.
Consequently, a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors contributes to the
etiology of addictions, which may also hold true for Smartphone addiction.

On the one hand, the transition from normal to problematic Smartphone use occurs when the user
views usage as an important mechanism to relieve stress, loneliness, or depression. Those who
repeatedly engage in this type of addicting are usually poor at socializing in real life. Smartphone
use provides such people with continuous rewards, such as self-efficacy and satisfaction. Finally,
they end up engaging in the activity more and more, leading to many problems, such as ignoring
real-life relationships and work or learning conflicts. These problems may then worsen the user‘s
undesirable moods and lead to even more engagement in Smartphone use as a way of relieving
dysphonic mood states. When Smartphone users repeat this cyclical pattern of relieving
undesirable moods, the level of psychological dependency on usage increases.

18
In addition, addiction does not necessarily occur immediately, but can develop through habit;
habit can become maladaptive and lead to the development of an addiction. Smartphone
addiction can develop through intense focus on the Smartphone or a specific application in a way
that negatively interferes with a person‘s life; for example, checking, posting, or interacting on
social media platforms. If the Smartphone or application is removed from the addicted person,
panic attacks or feelings of discomfort emerge. Likewise, according to Oulasvirta, Rattenbury,
Ma, et al., Smart phones cause negative checking habits. Checking habits are automatic actions
whereby the Smartphone is unlocked to check the start screen for new messages, notifications,
alerts, and application icons. These habits can be triggered by an external (ringtone) and internal
cues (emotional state) and can be maladaptive and interfere with people‘s lives. Checking for
information can be rewarding, if someone has a new message or notification, hence the so-called
new information reward. Thus, rewards can enforce repeated action.

3.2 Symptoms of Smartphone addiction among university students

Despite the fact that the Smartphone is an extremely useful tool and simplifies the performance
of abundant social and personal functions, addiction to it can give rise to problems in interactions
with others. In addition, it can interfere with other activities in daily life, alter the rules for
interpersonal relationships, affect the user‘s health or wellbeing, and can even affect students‘
academic achievement. Walsh, et al. found that mobile phone addicted participants reported
feeling frustrated, angry and concerned at times when they were unable to use their phones.
However, the most common symptom reported was withdrawal, particularly feeling lost.

However, according to Diane, Smartphone addiction disorder appears as physical as well as

psychological signs and symptoms. Individuals who are addicted do little physical activity and
generally disregard their health, whilst negative physical signs such as carpal tunnel syndrome,
poor posture, backaches, migraine headache, poor personal hygiene, irregular eating, sleep
deprivation, eyestrain, dry eyes, and lack of sleep can affect their immune functioning and
hormone secretion patterns and their cardiovascular and digestive patterns.

Moreover, Smartphone addiction has produced the terms crackberry and Blackberry thumb, the
latter term referring to a repetitive strain injury caused by typing with the thumb on a handheld

19
device. According to the APA Diagnostic Classification DSM-IV-TR, the common symptoms of
behavioral addiction are similar to those of other types of addiction. These symptoms include:

 Tolerance building: more and more is needed to fulfill a person‘s needs

 Withdrawal: when a substance or action cannot be performed, anxiety or unpleasant
feelings arise
 Loss of control: behavior is not under control anymore.
 Preoccupation with the addiction: other activities, such as recreation, social activities, and
work are planned around the addiction.
 Time planning, and recovering from the addiction is controlling life.

However, not every addict will display all these symptoms or signs, as they could differ from
person to person.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSMIV recognizes gambling but not
internet or media use as potential addictions. Recent theories suggest that Internet and media
‗addiction‘ are rather a struggle to maintain effective self-regulation over problematic habit-
driven behavior. In other words, addiction and habits are parts of the same continuum .

Smartphone addiction is in many aspects similar to Internet addiction, and as such any attempt to
develop Smartphone addiction criteria must also consider Internet addiction criteria. However,
although rapid developments in the IT industry and a corresponding rise in usage have created
the various negative consequences of Smartphone addiction, there has been little research
discussion of this topic. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a diagnostic scale for
Smartphone addiction.

In Korea, the National Information Society Agency has developed a Smartphone Addiction
Proneness Scale. This project assessed each subject group and then, based on their addiction
proneness, divided the subjects into three groups: high-risk, low- to medium-risk, and a general
group. However, the project provided only a very rudimentary assessment, differentiating
between dependence and abuse, based on a psychiatric diagnosis.

20
According to Valderrama , the greatest challenge in diagnostic Smartphone addiction may be a
lack of agreement regarding the validity of technological addictions as legitimate forms of
clinically pathological addictive behavior. Without official recognition as a disorder in the latest
iteration of the DSM, it will be difficult to achieve consensus regarding the specific criteria for
diagnosis. Most studies on Smartphone addiction seem to focus either on quantitative indicators
of addiction, such as the amount of time allocated to Smartphone use by counting calls sent, calls
received, messages sent, and messages received, or on qualitative indicators, by counting the
frequency of appearance of Smartphone addiction symptoms, whereas both are needed.

3.3 Smartphone popular applications among university students

Smartphone addiction varies according to the functions and applications to which the person is
addicted. Some recent studies have focused on addiction to particular Smartphone functions and
applications, such as addiction to text-messaging, addiction to SNs via Smartphone, and
addiction to WhatsApp .

According to Jafarkarimi, et al. Face book has become the most popular social networking site
with more than 2.2 billion users. The pleasure that Face book has brought has led to some
addictive behavior among its users. They employed the Bergen Face book Addiction Scale to
investigate Face book addiction using a sample of 441 students in Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia. Results showed that 47% of the participants were addicted to Face book.

However according to Przepiorka et al. the number of Face book users is increasing, so it is
worth investigating the role of time perspective in maladaptive types of usage. They examined
the potential relationship of time perspective with Internet addiction and Face book intrusion.
They analyzed similar associations between time perspective and the two types of addiction. Age
and daily time spent online were predictors of Internet addiction, Face book intensity, and Face
book intrusion. Past Negative and Present Fatalistic orientations were positive predictors for both
types of addiction, whereas Future time perspective was a negative predictor.

Likewise, WhatsApp has become very popular application among young users. WhatsApp
Messenger is a ‗cross-platform messaging app which allows users to exchange messages without
having to pay for SMS‘ (WhatsApp.com, 2012). The application is compatible with iPhone,

21
BlackBerry, Android, Nokia, and other Windows Smartphones. WhatsApp features include one-
on-one chat facilities, group chat, push notifications and sending and receiving both video and
audio files. By April 2014 it was estimated that WhatsApp had approximately 500 million users,
who send and receive more than 64 billion messages a day.

In Oman although numerous social apps (e.g., Face book and Twitter) have been introduced,
very few have been as widely received as WhatsApp. There were 1 million users of WhatsApp in
Oman at the end of 2014. Half of Oman‘s phone users subscribe to data packages, and most of
these are using WhatsApp. It is not just teenagers who love it, however: business people find it
useful to keep tabs on what‘s happening, share information and root out leads. During storms and
rain that recently swept through Oman, for instance, photographs and videos of flooded wadis
and rain soaked streets were quickly circulating on WhatsApp, uploaded by people on the ground
and viewed almost instantaneously.

There are two clear advantages of WhatsApp. First, the service is free. Second, subscribers can
send an unlimited number of instant messages of unlimited size. Whereas in the case of ordinary
SMSs, subscribers are billed in 160-character intervals, and thus a 161-character SMS is billed as
two SMSs, WhatsApp subscribers do not experience such restrictions. Thus, to many consumers,
particularly students, WhatsApp has a multiplicity of relative advantages over SMSs. To access
BBM services, Blackberry subscribers pay (US$5.501) monthly fee, which is not the case with
WhatsApp, whose annual subscription is only US$0.99.

Shambare investigated the adoption and diffusion patterns of WhatsApp application among
South African youths. This study modeled the factors influencing the adoption of WhatsApp
applying a questionnaire developed from the Technology Acceptance Model. Structural equation
modeling tested the proposed theoretical model. Results suggest that a combination of cost
efficiency, simplicity, user-friendly features, and the ability to run on multiple platforms
influences and promotes users‘ attitudes and behavioral intentions to adopt WhatsApp.

22
3.4 Smartphone addiction solutions and treatment

There is no doubt that Smartphones provide great features and capabilities for their users.
However, when we look at this technology from a different perspective, it becomes apparent that
Smartphones have both positive and negative impacts. There are several ways that we can
control and minimize the negative impacts of Smartphone in society. Smartphone can certainly
be smart if the vendors, society and technologists understand their responsibility towards
Smartphone usage in terms of increasing the benefits for business, education, health and social
life. It is apparent that the benefits of Smartphone are tremendous and negative impacts are
minor. Therefore, it is important to concentrate on how to prevent the misuse of Smartphones
rather than preventing their use. Policies and strict compliance procedures need putting in place
at workplaces and at universities to ensure the proper use of Smartphones. Such provisions will
enable users to use their phones if this is required and when the use is important.

However, smartphone addiction can be treated. The addicted students and their parents should
take the significant role to overcome the addiction problem. According to Kim, Smartphone
addiction treatment should focus on changing addicts‘ personal feelings and thoughts. He
suggested the following three approaches to treat addicts:

3.5 Cognitive behavioral approach

This approach focuses on making Smartphone addicts their own therapists. Changing addicts‘
behavior over time comprises five stages: pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation,
maintenance and termination. In the pre-contemplation stage, the therapist focuses on breaking
the individual‘s denial of a serious problem with Smartphone addiction. In the contemplation
stage, the individual recognizes the need for change, but the desire to change may not be
substantial and feelings of being overwhelmed may exist. In the preparation stage, the individual
is ready to establish a plan to address the problem. The maintenance state begins when the
individual feels he or she has control over their Smartphone use and is putting less energy into
the behavioral change. The final stage, termination, has the goal of preventing relapse.

23
3.6 Motivational interviewing

This approach is a brief, patient-centered, directive approach that emphasizes personal choice
and responsibility. Motivational interviewing is the greatest challenge facing substance use
disorders treatment agencies. For example, people who are addicted to Smartphone use usually
deny the problem and do not seek rehabilitation.

3.7 Mindfulness behavioral cognitive treatment

Smartphone addicts are believed to act automatically or ‗mindlessly‘ with little real awareness of
the cues that trigger substance misuse. The idea of promoting mindfulness could thus prove
important in tackling addictions. Mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) is another name
for MBCT. Psychoeducational intervention combines traditional cognitive-behavioral relapse
prevention strategies with meditation training and mindful movement. The primary goal of this
approach is to help Smartphone addicts tolerate uncomfortable states, like craving and
experiencing difficult emotions. Mindful movement includes light stretching and other basic
gentle movement. Mindfulness oriented recovery enhancement (MORE) is adapted from the
MBCT depression treatment manual.

24
 CHAPTER-III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The researchers designed a focus group discussion guide comprising a series of focusing
statements and open-ended questions to initiate a discussion among a small sample of SQU
undergraduates. Topics included their points of view with regard to research questions.

Sixteen SQU undergraduates took part in the focus group discussions. There were two separate
discussion groups, one comprising Social Sciences and Humanities students and the other
comprising Physical Sciences students. These sixteen students participated voluntarily in the
focus group discussions. In total, four discussion sessions took place, at locations convenient to
the students. Two sessions were conducted for each group in order to collect the required
qualitative data, each of which comprised eight students. This sample represented gender 50%
(n=8 males) and 50% (n=8 females) and field of study 50% (n=8 Physical Sciences) and 50%
(n=8 Social Sciences and Humanities). The following are the characteristics of the study
participants:

 Out of the sixteen participants in the study, eight were female students and eight were
male students.
 Ten students were (18-21) years old, while six were (22-24) years old.
 Eight students were from Social Sciences and Humanities colleges, while eight students
were from Physical Sciences colleges.
 All sixteen students used Smartphones: Nine students had IPhones, six had a Samsung
Galaxy, and one had a Blackberry.
 Four of the sixteen students indicated that they were from loweconomic families, seven
were from middle-economic families, and five were from highly-economic families.
 With respect to their father‘s education level: Six of the sixteen students indicated having
low-educated fathers, six fathers were middle-educated, and four fathers were high-
educated. In contrast, according to their mother‘s education level, nine mothers were low-
educated, five mothers were middle-educated, and only two mothers were highly-
educated.

25
  Ten of the sixteen students were middle-grade students, and six students were higher-
grade.
 Thematic data analysis was conducted to draw out qualitative data about SQU
undergraduates‘ attitudes and perspectives regarding Smartphone addiction and how to
overcome the problem. Discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed by the
researcher, and then the emerging concepts were noted. Common concepts that emerged
from the group discussions guided the subsequent thematic data analysis. Thematic
analysis entailed a process of coding in six phases to create established and meaningful
patterns. These phases consisted of familiarization with data, generating initial codes,
searching for themes among codes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and
producing the final report.

Then coding process, will carried out using ATLAS.ti 7 software for qualitative data analysis

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

The main research instrument used in this project is SNOMBALL SAMPLING through
questionnaire..

POPULATIONS

The population of the study contains on women of ERODE city

SAMPLE SIZE

From the above population a sample of 150 student was selected and none random
sampling method was used to select the sample from all over population among student in
ERODE city.

COLLECTION OF DATA

Both primary and secondary data has been used in the study.

1. Primary Data

Questionnaire method filled from women having age group >17->28 years of age.
Questionnaires are prepared. Surveys or questionnaires are the methods that collect data from a

26
sample of population whereas sample refers to the subjects under study that are. The answers
given by the sample population are evaluated and analyzed. It is a very effective process since it
gives clear decision making ability.

2. Secondary Data

Secondary data has been collected from text books, previous survey records, websites,
newspaper, journal and books, internet and library etc.

3.2 DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS

 Simple percentage method

 Correlation
 Chi-square
 Weighted average

3.2.1 SIMPLE PERCENTAGE METHOD

The percentage method is used to know the accurate percentages of the data we took, it is
easy to graph out through the percentages. This can be calculated using the formula.

This method is used to simplify the number through the use of percentage. The data are

No. Of Respondents

Simple percentage =____________________________________ * 100

Total No of Respondents

reduced

to a standard form with base equal to 100 this facilitates relative compensation.

27
 3.2.2 CORRELATION METHOD

A correlation coefficient is a numerical measure, some type of correlation meaning a

statistical relation between two variables. The variables may be two columns of a given data
set of observations often called a sample, or two components of a multivariate random
variable with a known distribution.

n(∑xy)–(∑x)(∑y)

r =

√ [ n ∑ X² - ( ∑ x )² ] [ n ∑ Y² - ( ∑ y)² ]

3.2.3 CHI –SQUARE METHOD

A chi-square statistic is a test that measures how a model compares to actual observed data. The
chi-square statistic compares the size any discrepancies between the expected results and the
actual results, given the size of the sample and the number of variables in the relationship.

FORMULA,

28
3.2.4 WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD

Weighted average is a calculation that takes into account the varying degrees of importance of
the numbers in data set. In calculating a weighted average, each number in the data set is
multiplied by a predetermined weight before the final calculation is made.

29
 CHAPTER-IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

4.1 SIMPLE PERCENTAGE METHOD

TABLE.NO 4.1.1

HOURS USING MOBILE PHONE IN DAILY RESPONDENTS

s.no opinion no of respond percentage

1 0-1 hours 30 20

2 1-3 hours 20 14

3 3-5 hours 30 20

4 5-10 hours 52 35

5 10-15 hours 12 8

6 15+ 4 3

INTERPRETATION

The table shows that 20% of the respondents are 0-1 hours, 14% of the respondents are 1-3 hours,
20% of the respondents are 3-5 hours and 35% of the respondents are 5-10 hours ,8% of the
respondents are 10-15 hours , 3% of the respondents are above 15 hours.

30
 CHARTS.NO.4.1.1

HOURS USING MOBILE PHONE IN DAILY RESPONDENTS

percantage
40
35
30
25
20
15 percantage
10
5
0
0-1 hours 1-3 hours 3-5 hours 5-10 10-15 15+
hours hours

TABLE.NO.4.1.2

TYPE OF MOBILE PHONES USING RESPONDENTS

s.no opinion no of respo percantage

1 Smart Phone 132 89

Future
2 Phone 16 11

Total 148 100

INTREPRETATION

The above table shows that 89% of the respondents are Smart Phone user , 11% of the
respondents are Future Phone.

31
 CHART.NO.4.1.2

TYPE OF MOBILE PHONES USING RESPONDENTS

percantage
100
90
80
70
60
50
40 percantage
30
20
10
0
Smart Phone Future Phone

32
 TABLE.NO.4.1.3

RESPONDENTS OF DATA DAILY SPENDING

s.no opinion no of respond percentage

1 1MB-100MB 18 12

2 100MB-250MB 36 24

3 250MB-500MB 18 12

4 500MB-1GB 66 45

5 1GB-2GB 10 7

INTREPRETATION

The above table shows that 12% of the respondents at 1MB-100MB, 24% of the respondents are
100MB-250MB, 12% of the respondents are 250MB-500MB, 45% of the respondents are 500MB-
1GB and 7% of the respondents are above 1GB-2GB.

CHART.NO.4.1.3

RESPONDENTS OF DATA DAILY SPENDING

percantage
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10 percantage
5
0

33
 TABLE NO.4.1.4

RESPONDENTS OF DAILY PICK TIME

s.no opinion no of respond percentage

1 Below 10 43 29

2 10-15 time 36 24

3 15-20 time 68 46

4 20+ 1 1

INTREPRETATION

The above table shows 29% of the respondents at Below 10, 24% of the respondents are 10-15
time, 46% of the respondents are 15-20 time, 1% of the respondents are 20+.

CHART.NO.4.1.4

RESPONDENTS OF DAILY PICK TIME

percantage
50
45
40
35
30
25
20 percantage
15
10
5
0
Below 10 10-15 time 15-20 time 20+

34
 TABLE.NO.4.1.5

RESPONDENTS OF HOURS USING

s.no opinion no of respond percentage

1 Below 1 hours 52 35

2 1-2 hours 50 34

3 2-3 hours 30 20

4 more then 3 hours 16 11

INTREPRETATION

The above tables shows that35% of the respondents are Below 1 hours, 34% of the respondents
are 1-2 hours, 20% of the respondents are 2-3 hours, 11% of the respondents are more than 3 hours.

CHART NO.4.1.5

RESPONDENTS OF HOURS USING

percantage
40
35
30
25
20
15 percantage
10
5
0
Below 1 hours 1-1 hours 2-3 hours more then 3
hours

35
 TABLE.NO.4.1.6

RESPONDENTS OF WITH TYPE

s.no opinion no of respond percentage

1 Internet 120 81

2 With Out Internet 28 19

INTREPRETATION

The above table shows that81% of the respondents Internet, 19% of the respondents With Out
Internet.

CHARTNO.4.1.6

RESPONDENTS OF WITH TYPE

percantage
90
80
70
60
50
40 percantage
30
20
10
0
Internet With Out Internet

36
 TABLE.NO.4.1.7

RESPONDENTS OF PROBLEM FACING

s.no opinion no of respond percentage

1 Eye Problems 60 41

2 Heat Problems 48 32

3 Back Pain 22 15

4 Mental Problems 18 12

INTREPRETATION

The above tables shows that41% of the respondents are Eye Problems, 32% of the respondents are
Heat Problems, 15% of the respondents are Back Pain and 12% of the respondents are Mental
Problems.

37
 CHART.NO.4.1.7

RESPONDENTS OF PROBLEM FACING

percantage
45
40
35
30
25
20
15 percantage
10
5
0
Eye Problems Heat Problems Back Pain Mental
Problems

38
 4.2 CHI SQUARE METHOD

TABLE.NO.4.2.1

RESPONDENTS OF GENDER AND WHICH TYPE OF MOBILE PHONES DEVICE

YOU CAN USED

Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

Gender * which type of

mobile phones device you 148 99.3% 1 0.7% 149 100.0%
can used

Gender * which type of mobile phones device you can used

Crosstabulation
Count

which type of mobile phones

device you can used

1 2 Total

Gender 1 54 12 66

2 78 4 82
Total 132 16 148

Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic
Significance (2- Exact Sig. (2- Exact Sig. (1-
Value df sided) sided) sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 6.712 1 .010
b
Continuity Correction 5.403 1 .020
Likelihood Ratio 6.841 1 .009
Fisher's Exact Test .015 .010
Linear-by-Linear Association 6.667 1 .010
N of Valid Cases 148
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 7.14.

39
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

INTREPRETATION
The above table shows, there is Pearson chi square is less than expected value it is significant
score of (99.3%) .

40
 CHART.NO.4.2.1

RESPONDENTS OF GENDER AND WHICH TYPE OF MOBILE PHONES DEVICE

YOU CAN USED

41
 TABLE.NO.4.2.2

RESPONDENTS OF WHICH TYPE OF MOBILE PHONES DEVICE YOU CAN USED

AND HOW MANY HOURS USING MOBILE PHONE IN DAILY
Case Processing Summary

Cases

Valid Missing Total

N Percent N Percent N Percent

which type of mobile phones

device you can used * How
146 98.0% 3 2.0% 149 100.0%
many hours using mobile
phone in daily

which type of mobile phones device you can used * How many hours using mobile phone in daily
Crosstabulation
Count

How many hours using mobile phone in daily

1 2 3 4 5 Total

which type of mobile phones 1 18 48 12 48 4 130

device you can used 2 2 4 2 8 0 16
Total 20 52 14 56 4 146

Chi-Square Tests

Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 1.874 4 .759
Likelihood Ratio 2.308 4 .679
Linear-by-Linear Association .482 1 .487
N of Valid Cases 146

a. 4 cells (40.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum

expected count is .44.

42
INTREPRETATION
The above table shows, there is Pearson chi square is less than expected value it is significant
score of (98%) .

RESPONDENTS OF WHICH TYPE OF MOBILE PHONES DEVICE YOU CAN USED

AND HOW MANY HOURS USING MOBILE PHONE IN DAILY

43
 CHAPTER-V

5.1FINDINGS
The 9-question survey generated 65 responses from students. The vast majority of students, 95.4
percent owned an iPhone, while only two students owned a Droid, and one claimed they didn‘t
own asmart phone. When asked the primary usage of their cell phone, texting was mentioned by
83.1 percent of stu-dents as the most used feature, followed by calling by 10.8 percent, and
Facebook, Twitter or Instagram by 1.5 percent each. More than half of the students surveyed said
they believe they are addicted to instant and constant communication (56.9%). Students reported
feeling disconnected (77.4%), naked (25.8%) and stressed (25.8%) when they didn‘t carry their
cell phones. The wide range of feelings is due to the fact that people don‘t like being uniformed
about things happening within the world around them. People want to be in touch and receive
information within seconds. Almost all students (98.5%) believe that young adults look for self-
gratification and acceptance from their peers though social media, which is constantly available
though cell phones. An overwhelming majority (82.8%) agreed that there are negative
psychological impacts on the self-esteem of young adults due to their addiction to technology.
Field observations were conducted to gauge Elon student‘s interactions and behaviors with cell
phones. More than 200 students were observed, and the results were somewhat surprising. The
researcher found that 83 of the 191 students observed (43.5%) were either texting or holding
their cell phone, while 68 students observed (35.6%) did not have their cell phone out at all. The
other students were either talking on their cell phones (6.8%) or listening with ear buds (14.1%).

Based on the survey, it was possible to answer some of the original research questions raised.
Re-garding the question on what were obvious traits that show addiction to cell phones, young
adults feel the constant need to check their cell phones for any form of contact from family,
friends and work. Of the students surveyed, 44 percent agreed with the statement, ―When I walk
across campus, the majority of people are on their cell phones.‖ Although this is true based on
the field observations, many may find it surprising that just over a third of the students observed
did not have their cell phone visible.In an effort to find what psychological effects people felt
when they were disconnected, the survey asked students to identify feelings and emotions
associated with the absence of their cell phone. One stu-dent reported in the survey that without a

44
cell phone, the student had a ―fear of missing out,‖ commonly known as FOMO ("Fear of
Missing Out"), in today‘s society. About 77 percent of students surveyed said they felt
disconnected, while others said they felt free without their devices. When asked for any other
feedback regarding the topic, students provided a number of responses.One student said, ―I think
that as a society we do rely on instant communication. It has become a blessingand a curse at the
same time. Sometimes we do need times to decompress and get away from socialmedia,‖ while
another student simply claimed, ―This is depressing.‖ Two separate respondents mentioned how
time abroad has changed their opinion on cell phone use. One student said,"Meals with friends,
hanging out with my host family, and other activities with other people are much more enjoyable
withouteveryone looking at their phone. I hope that living abroad without being able to use my
phone will make me use my phone less when I return to the States.‖ Another student responded,
―When I was abroad it was sucha relief to not be on my phone all the time and when I was on
vacation. I wish I could feel like I could have that relief all the time but you are at such a
disadvantage to not have your phone because you miss out onthings.‖Two additional responses
mentioned how students either worry, or have hope for the future in relationto cell phone
behaviors. One student said, ―The trend of cell phone addiction will only get worse,‖ while the
second claimed, ―I think [it‘s] the change that is happening, and when our generation has kids,
this won‘t bean issue anymore.‖ Another student mentioned one possible impact of excessive
cell phone use: ―People often forget how to interact face-to-face because we use technology as a
crutch to avoid true interaction.‖ Theoverall opinion of the majority of student‘s surveyed was
that they are aware of the behaviors of themselves and their peers. It appears that the addiction is
real: young adults are influenced by the negativepsychological effects associated with excessive
cell phone use and self-gratification.

45
 5.2 SUGGESTIONS

1. Set aside one day/week.

This is, by far, the most common approach I see among people who have taken intentional steps
to curb their cell phone habit nowadays. But I credit Tammy Strobel for being the first person I
heard talk about it—almost ten years ago. Choose one day each week (usually a Saturday and
Sunday) and set your phone aside. That‘s it, make a habit of it.

2. Use a 30-Day Experiment to reset your usage.

For me personally, this has been the most helpful way to break my cell phone habit. My cell
phone use, when not intentionally limited, tends to take over more and more of my free time. It
happens unintentionally and quietly—I don‘t even seem to notice it happening.

Seven years ago, I gave up my smartphone for Lent and used it only for calling and texting (no
other apps allowed—even maps and photos). It was a 40-day period of reset that helped me align
my usage with more important pursuits in life. Since that first experiment, I have used the 30-day
reset two additional times—each with great success.

3. Use apps to bolster self-control.

There are apps for almost every problem in life. In fact, there are even some wonderful apps built
to help us limit our time on our devices. Here are some of my favorites:

Space. Set goals and track your daily progress to manage your habits.

Forest. ($1.99) Stay focused, be present. Forest is a beautifully designed app that brings
gamification to productivity and results in real trees being planted based on your personal phone
use habits.

Moment. Through short, daily exercises, Moment helps you use your phone in a healthy way.

46
Flipd. Lock away distracting apps for complete focus.

Screen time. Set daily usage limits on your phone or specific apps.

4. Don’t charge your phone near your bed.

Want to know the best way to keep your kids off their phones too much? Don‘t allow them to
charge their phones in their bedroom.

Want to know a great way to keep yourself off your phone? Don‘t charge it in your bedroom.

Many of the negative effects of overuse (poor sleep, hindered communication and intimacy) can
be eliminated by keeping your cell phone out of your bedroom. As with many of the items on
this list, this is a principle I‘ve found personally helpful.

5. Put your phone away when you walk in the door.

Christopher Mims writes a weekly technology column for The Wall Street Journal—a job that
certainly requires the use of tech on a consistent basis. His simple and proven way to keep life in
healthy balance with his cell phone is to put it in a kitchen cabinet at the end of the workday. In
his words, “The more you physically remove the phone, the more you can build a habit of having
some ability to ignore it when it‟s on your person.”

When you finish your day of work, put your phone in a drawer or cabinet. This is a helpful
practice for all people, but I think it is especially important if you have kids or a spouse at home
in need of our undivided attention.

6. Change your phone settings.

Among the most often suggested ideas for reducing cell phone usage, you find tips and tricks by
simply changing the settings on your phone.

The most common suggested ideas:

 Turn off notifications

47
  Set screen to black-and-white
 Remove distraction-based apps from your home screen
 Set a longer passcode
 Use airplane mode
 Turn on do not disturb

In my opinion, turning off notifications is something everyone should do regardless of how

habitual their cell phone use is. Just because someone in the world wants to text you, email you,
or tag you in a post on Facebook doesn‘t mean they deserve your attention. My cell phone screen
is not currently set to grayscale, but I have found that setting helpful in the past.

7. Put a hairband around your phone.

In one of the most thoughtful personal stories I‘ve ever read on how to overcome cell phone
addiction, Brad Soroka recommends placing a hairband around your cell phone. When placed in
the middle of the phone, the hairband allows users to answer phone calls easily, but makes other
uses of the phone more difficult (including simple texting).

In his words, ―Every time you want to use your phone, this brings about a mindfulness exercise
and makes you ask „what is my intention?‟ If you really want to use the phone, set your intention
for why, and remove the hair band.”

The hairband trick is not about making your phone impossible to use. The practice is about
bringing greater mindfulness to each specific use of it… as opposed to mindlessly unlocking
your phone every 3 minutes.

When used as a collection of tools to improve my work, health, parenting, and life, cell phones
are wonderful and bring countless benefits. But when used mindlessly and unintentionally, they
become a distraction from the things in life that matter most—in addition to the negative effects
listed above.

Learning how to use our smartphones effectively may be one of the most important life skills any
of us can learn.

48
 5.3 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the present study underlines the association between life satisfaction, stress
perception, and commuting. Extending previous findings in literature, our results show that the
reason to commute (business or private) has the potential to explain differences in life
satisfaction variables, namely income and lodging. We also replicated previous findings
concerning the gender specific role of stress in a commuting situation and its specific impact on
females. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this association (in contrast to life satisfaction and
commuting) did not vary, regardless of whether the commute was due to business or private
reasons. Finally, the current study finds an association between the attitude towards
commuting/stress and Internet addiction. Here, a more negative attitude towards commuting was
associated with higher tendencies towards excessive use of the Internet. For future research, it
would be beneficial to further investigate the association between the frequency and type of
commuting behavior with Internet addiction. Moreover, strong insights can be provided by the
use of applications to track activity on ubiquitous smartphones, while allowing access to specific
questionnaires, and having GPS tracking activated. Essentially, this would mean combining self-
reports with objective data directly collected from the smartphone. This research methodology
will be complimentary to the emerging research discipline of Psychoinformatics [50].
Furthermore, this design would allow longitudinal studies to be conducted in an accessible and
efficient way. Finally, future studies should aim to assess smartphone addiction, as inclinations
of an overlap between Internet and smartphone addiction have been shown to exist [51,52],
though they are not synonymous. Moreover, smartphones are clearly of high relevance in 10 Int.
J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1176 a commuter‘s life, and recently, associations
between smartphone addiction and lower productivity have also been reported [53].
Supplementary Materials: The following are available online at www.mdpi.com/1660-
4601/14/10/1176/s1, Table S1: Means and Standard Deviation, Minimum, Maximum, and Skew
of personality variables for for the complete sample (CS) and non-commuters (NC), Table S2:
Means and Standard Deviation, Minimum, Maximum, and Skew of personality variables for
business-commuters (BC) and private commuters (PC). Acknowledgments: The present study
was funded by the German Research Foundation (MO 2363/2-1). Moreover, the position of

49
Christian Montag is funded by a Heisenberg grant awarded to him by the German Research
Foundation (MO 2363/3-2). Author Contributions: Bernd Lachmann and Christian Montag
designed the study. Moreover they developed the attitude towards commuting (ATC) items.
Christopher Kannen programmed the online platform and preprocessed the data. Bernd
Lachmann performed statistical analyses. Bernd Lachmann wrote the manuscript. Christian
Montag, Bernd Lachmann, Rayna Sariyska and Maria Stavrou critically worked on the
manuscript. Moreover, Maria Stavrou checked the manuscript for language. All authors
contributed substantially to the final version of the paper. Conflicts of Interest: The authors
declare no conflict of interest.

50
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 1. APPENDIX

QUESTIONAIRE

1. Name________________________________

2. Age

3. Gender

o male
o female

4. Name of the college

5. Department
6. Which type of mobile phones device you can used?

o Smartphone
o future phone

7. Mobile phone first time which reason to you pick you?

o See time
o Social media update
o Notification check
o Call
o Remainder
o Other:

8. How many hours using mobile phone in daily?

o hours
o 1-3 hours
o 3-5 hours
o 5-10 hours
o 10-15 hours
o 15+

9. Mostly using mobile phone in?

o Mobile gaming
o Call
o Social media

56
 o Chatting
o Movie
o Education

10. How many rupees per month spending recharge?

o 0-100 rupees
o 100-500 rupees
o 500-750 rupees
o 750-1000 rupees
o 1000+

11. How many data daily spending?

o 1MB-100MB
o 100MB-250MB
o 250MB-500MB
o 500MB-1GB
o 1GB-2GB
o 2GB-5GB
o Other:

12. After long time mobile phone using you facing problem?

o Eye problems
o Heat problems
o Back pain
o Mental problems
o Other

13. How many rupees spending paid subscription for month?

o Nothing
o 1-100 rupees
o 100-250 rupees
o 250-500 rupees
o 500-1000 rupees
o 1000+

14. Daily how many time pick your Mobile seeing time?

o below 10
o 10-15 time
o 15-20 time
o 20+

57
15. You‘re Mobile with out internet how many hours using?

o below 1 hours
o 1-2 hours
o 2-3 hours
o more than 3 hours

16. You mobile phone using with?

o Mark only one oval.

o internet
o without internet

17.mobile phone addiction affected your education?

o highly agreed
o agreed
o neutral
o disagree
o highly disagree

18. Mobile Phone using make any changes in your thinking style?

o highly agreed
o agreed
o neutral
o disagree
o highly disagree

19. You mobile price?

o below 10,000
o 10,000-25,000
o 25,000-50,000
o 50,000+

20. Month you‘re spending how many rupees for education purpose?

o below 100
o 100-500
o 500-1500
o 1500-10,000
o 10,000+

58