P. CARA et al.

IFMIF/EVEDA PROJECT:
ACHIEVEMENTS AND OUTLOOKS BEYOND 2020

P. CARA
IFMIF/EVEDA
Rokkasho, Japan
Email: philippe.cara@f4e.europa.eu

B. RENARD
IFMIF/EVEDA Project Team
Rokkasho, Japan

K. HASEGAWA, A. KASUGAI, K. KONDO, K. SAKAMOTO, M. SUGIMOTO

National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Rokkasho Fusion Institute
Rokkasho, Japan

Y. CARIN, H DZITKO, D. GEX, G. PHILLIPS

Fusion for Energy, BFD Department
Garching, Germany

S. CHEL
Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Département des Accélérateurs, de la Cryogénie et du Magnétisme, 91191,
Gif- sur-Yvette, France

A. FACCO, A. PISENT,
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro
Legnaro (PD), Italy

J. MOLLA,
Centro de Investigaciones Energéicas, Medioambientales y Tecnolóicas
Madrid, Spain

G. MICCICHE
ENEA
Brasimone, Italy

D. RADLOFF
KIT
Karlsruhe, Germany

V. MASSAUT
SCK-CEN
Mol, Belgium

Abstract

IFMIF, the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) is conceived to generate fusion relevant
neutrons with a broad peak at 14 MeV through Li(d,xn) nuclear reactions. IFMIF will allow accelerated testing of candidate
materials at above 20 dpa/fpy (full power year) in 500 cm3 for the high flux test module. IFMIF is presently in its Engineering
Validation and Engineering Design Activities (EVEDA) stage under the Broader Approach (BA) Agreement signed between
EURATOM and the Japanese Government in 2007. This agreement mandates validating the design of the different systems of
IFMIF and producing an integrated engineering design of IFMIF, together with the data necessary for future decisions on the
construction, operation, exploitation and decommissioning of the plant. While the Engineering Design Activity was completed
with the Engineering Validation Activity (EVA) of the Lithium Target Facility and the Test Facility by constructing prototypes,
the EVA phase of the Accelerator Prototype Facility is still on-going. The BA phase I of the project ended up by 31 March
2020, and a new BA phase II started to target the enhancement of the entire LIPAc system and update the complete design of
the future Fusion Neutron Source.

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1. MANDATE OF THE IFMIF/EVEDA PROJECT

One of the main challenges of the fusion energy is related to the availability of suitable and reliable materials
capable to withstand severe operational conditions with respect to the flux of neutrons generated by the deuterium-
tritium reaction (14.1 MeV). Fission reactor (<2 MeV) material databases are substantial, because several
materials testing facilities worldwide contributed to the enhancement of the databases. Unfortunately, a similar
facility for testing fusion materials under high neutron flux does not exist yet and it is considered as essential in
the path to fusion energy in particular to ensure a safe operation, including the operational license by the
corresponding Nuclear Regulatory Agency [1].

With the decision to build ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), and considering the
fusion road map toward the next nuclear fusion power reactor DEMO, the need to complement the existing
material databases reached a consensus. In February 2007, the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility
(IFMIF)/ Engineering Design and Engineering Validation Activities (EVEDA), one of the three projects defined
in the Broader Approach (BA) Agreement between EURATOM and Japan, received the mandate to produce an
integrated engineering design of IFMIF and the data necessary for future decisions on the construction, operation,
exploitation and decommissioning of the future Fusion Neutron Source.

Hence the IFMIF/EVEDA [2] project is implemented, pursuing the Engineering Design Activities (EDA)
and the Engineering Validation Activities (EVA) in parallel. The IFMIF Neutron source concept considered (FIG.
1) is based on an accelerator-driven neutron source using the Deuterium Lithium nuclear stripping reaction to
produce high energy neutrons flux (> 1018 m-2.s-1), at sufficient intensity and irradiation volume to replicate as
closely as possible the first wall neutron spectrum of the future nuclear fusion reactors [3]. In order to implement
this concept, two high intensity deuteron accelerators are required. Their beams need to hit a flowing lithium
target, and the cone behind the target is the area of interest for material testing in severe neutron flux. Thus, the
validation activities consist of the three main facilities defined by:

— Accelerator Facility: engineering validation of the low energy section up to 9 MeV of the linear
accelerator generating a deuteron beam with a current of 125 mA in Continuous Wave (CW),
— Lithium Facility: engineering validation of the Lithium Loop with a 25-mm thick liquid lithium target
flowing at about 15 m/s,
— Test Facility: engineering validation of independently cooled capsules housing small test material
specimens for a total of around 1000 specimens (> 20 dpa per year of operation).

FIG. 1. IFMIF Fusion Neutron Source concept.

2. ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE IFMIF/EVEDA – BA PHASE I

This first phase, initiated in February 2007 and concluded in March 2020, consisted in the achievement of
most of the engineering validation and engineering design activities, allowing to define much in detail the road
map and strategy for the construction of an IFMIF-like Fusion Neutron Source (i.e. DONES [4], A-FNS [5][6])
as well as its preliminary engineering design. It has also allowed to determine the future activities to be developed
in the next phase, brought by the outcomes of this first phase.
 P. CARA et al.

2.1. IFMIF Engineering Design Activity

The Engineering Design Activity phase of IFMIF was accomplished within the allocated time and approved
in December 2013 successfully fulfilling its mandate [7]. It is composed of an IFMIF Plant Design Description
(PDD) document including interfaces based on a 3D-model of the full plant, licensing scenarios and nuclear safety
aspects. A careful cost and schedule report, based on the experience gained in recent years with the construction
of prototypes, was also prepared. The PDD is supported by 35 different Design Description Documents (DDDs)
of all plant sub-systems. The design is also supported by a profound Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and
Inspectability (RAMI) analysis performed for each facility that is an integral part of the Annexes of the PDD.

2.2. Lithium Target Facility

The construction of the EVEDA Lithium Test Loop (ELTL) started on November 2, 2009 at Oarai (JAEA,
Japan) and was completed one year after. The commissioning lasted about 2 years, with 2 commissioning phases,
and was followed by the experimental campaign which started at the end of 2012, and ended in March 2015.
During this experimental campaign, the integration of the Lithium target and cold trap (FIG. 2), and the day-and-
night continuous operation (25 days, 571 h of nonstop operation) with lithium flow characterized by thickness
variations within +/- 0.5 mm, successfully demonstrated the long-term stability of a lithium flow under IFMIF
nominal operational conditions [8][9].

FIG. 2. Li target in nominal operational conditions V=15 m/s, P=0.12 MPa, T=250 oC (1/2.6 scaled in width
direction)

In turn, the feasibility of a lithium target was demonstrated in Brasimone (ENEA, Italy) implementing a
concept that allows its removal every year without welding operations [10]. The ENEA studies included also
erosion/corrosion tests at the LIFUS6 facility where Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic (RAFM) structural
material candidates, namely F82H and EUROFER97 steels, were exposed to flowing lithium under IFMIF-
relevant conditions. All the activities including the reporting were completed by the end of March 2017, and the
major conclusions of the tests reported are as follows [11][12][13]:

— Purification of lithium from non-metallic impurities, mainly N < 30 wppm, is feasible,

— Erosion-corrosion rate in RAFM steel can be kept under control (< 1 µm/y) at least up to 4000 h
operation,
— Online monitoring of the non-metal impurity in lithium requires further efforts to improve the design of
resistivity meters, in particular the measurement method of small variation of resistance.

2.3. Test Facility

A full-scale prototype of the High Flux Test Module Double Compartment was built and successfully tested
in the HELOKA loop in Karlsruhe (KIT, Germany - FIG. 3) [14] demonstrating the technical feasibility of the
uniformity in the temperature selected for the specimen set to be irradiated in each capsule. An irradiation volume
of 500 cm3 contains 12 independently cooled capsules housing each around 2 x 40 small specimens for a total of
around 1000 specimens [15]. Each capsule can be independently cooled at a target temperature ranging 250 °C <

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T < 550 °C with the specimens presenting a ΔT < 3% during irradiation The combined effect of the capsule
heaters, the innovative cooling channels design, the NaK filling thermalization and the He gas cooling
demonstrated the target temperature uniformity. Isothermal conditions with temperature deviation <3 % were
achieved in 97 % of the capsule volume at any target temperature within the specified range.

FIG. 3. HELOKA loop in Karlsruhe (KIT, Germany)

In turn, three capsules fitted with small specimens, heaters and thermocouples were irradiated at the fission
reactor BR2 in Mol (SCK-CEN, Belgium) to validate the technological choices/solutions to address the challenges
of the capsules.

2.4. Accelerator Facility

The Accelerator Facility validation activities were developed and operated until March 2020 within the
originally assigned credits by the BA Agreement. Starting from the Fusion Material Irradiation Test Facility
(FMIT) conceptual design [2] and outcomes of high intensity beam experiments carried out at Los Alamos in the
80’s, the Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator (LIPAc) aims at demonstrating the acceleration of 125 mA D+
beam up to 9 MeV while keeping the beam losses under 1 W/m.

It is now the goal of the LIPAc, a 36-meter long accelerator, presently under installation and commissioning
in Rokkasho (FIG. 4), to validate the concept of the IFMIF Accelerators with a D+ beam of 125 mA and 9 MeV.
 P. CARA et al.

FIG. 4. Japan-Europe scientific collaboration to build LIPAc at the Rokkasho Fusion Institute

A 140 mA and 100 keV D+ beam with beam emittance <0.3π.mm.mrad is generated in an Electron Cyclotron
Resonance (ECR) ion source. The ions are extracted, accelerated and transported by an accelerator column up to
the Low Energy Beam Transport (LEBT) aiming to transport the beam up to the entrance of the Radio-Frequency
Quadrupole (RFQ) which accelerate the beam up to 5 MeV with <10% transmission losses. The 125 mA beam at
5 MeV is injected in a Superconducting Radio-Frequency (SRF) linac after transfer through the Medium Energy
Beam Transport (MEBT) line. The beam is accelerated in the SRF Linac to the LIPAc design value of 9 MeV. It
is then transported through the High Energy Beam Transport (HEBT) line, which includes a Diagnostics Plate (D-
Plate) for beam characterization and a bending magnet in order to limit the irradiation from the 1.125 MW Beam
Dump (BD), where the beam is finally stopped [16].

The design of the LIPAc systems are shared among the different institutions involved. The design, the
manufacturing and the test of the accelerator components are provided by European Institutions (CEA, CIEMAT,
INFN, SCK-CEN and F4E) which procure the Injector, the RFQ and its couplers, the MEBT, SRF Linac, HEBT,
BD, RF Power System, Cryoplant, Local Control Systems and Beam Instrumentation. The construction of the
building, the supply of the conventional facilities, the control system, the protection and timing systems as well
as the spare RF couplers for the RFQ, are provided by QST.

The design of the LIPAc systems started in 2007 and the manufacturing of all the devices was completed
during this first phase of the project ended on March 31, 2020. Related to the installation, and except for the SRF
Linac currently under assembly, all the components have been installed and the commissioning is ongoing
following the commissioning plan defined to cope with the different challenges inherent to this accelerator.

2.4.1. Commissioning with staged approach

Considering the research innovation challenges of the LIPAc, combining major technical and beam
breakthrough performances:
— Highest current for a linac in CW,
— Longest RFQ manufactured ever,
— Highest light hadron current through superconductive cavities,
— Highest beam perveance,

The decision was made to have a commissioning by stages to minimize the risk, in addition to ensure a full
characterization of the beam at each stage, to avoid mismatching with the installed concurrent system. For this
purpose, 4 configurations are tested in 5 main phases to validate the LIPAc performances (FIG. 5).

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FIG. 5. The 4 configurations of LIPAc for 5 phases (Phase A, Phase B, Phase B+ and Phase C/D)

The main requirements and objectives of the different phases are defined by:
Phase A:
— Validation of the Injector design demonstrating a reliable prediction of D+ beam @ 140 mA at 100 keV
at the entrance of the RFQ, meeting the requirements (125 mA D+ Beam, transverse normalized RMS
emittance lower than 0.3 π.mm.mrad, with a target value of 0.25 π.mm.mrad);
— Validation of the Injector operation in CW.
Phase B:
— Validation of the RFQ design, thanks to the transmission measurements and energy measurements
through the determination of the time of flight of the particles;
— Determination the overall transmission through RFQ, MEBT, D-Plate from injector to the Low Power
Beam Dump (LPBD);
— Validation of the LIPAc diagnostics at low duty cycle;
— Transverse beam emittances at D-Plate level;
— Test of the scaling law (from proton to deuteron). This is to use proton beam as a test beam to tune and
test LIPAc subsystems components before using deuterons, and thereby mitigate the risk of damages, in
addition to limit the activation of materials;
— Determination of reference points for the beam transport into the drift line of the phase B+ configuration
at low, medium, and high beam intensity with protons and deuterons;
— Validation of the various beam operation procedures and instructions;
— Validation of the RF power system in pulsed mode [17];
— Check of the activation level.
Phase B+:
— Validation of the RFQ performance towards high DC up to CW (100% DC) and nominal beam intensity
(Deuterons) for 30’;
— Validation of the buncher cavities in CW and with maximum beam loading;
— Validation of the scrapers behavior in high DC (key element for the protection of the Cryomodule);
— Pre-validation of the BD at higher power (0.6 MW) with associated diagnostics;
— Validation of the non-interceptive Diagnostics at high DC;
— Validation of the beam operation scenarios for the first beam injection in the Cryomodule.
 P. CARA et al.

The parameters of the beam delivered by injector are reproducible even after dismounting/mounting of the
LEBT.

Phase C:
— Optimization of the beam characterization satisfying beam dynamics model of that section, from which
a reliable prediction of beam behavior at low beam power can be established.
— Validation of accelerating a D+ beam of 125 mA D+ beam to 9 MeV at low DC through the all
components up to the BD.
Phase D:
— Validation of the capacity of accelerating a 125 mA D+ beam to 9 MeV, for different duty cycles from
0.1 % to 100% through all components up to the BD;
— Validation of all the LIPAc systems thermo mechanical design in CW operation.

2.4.2. LIPAc Achievements: Phase A and Phase B

The LIPAc commissioning is currently on-going in Rokkasho Fusion Institute [18]. The commissioning of
the Injector (ion source and LEBT) at 100 keV started in November 2014 with the 1st proton beam [19] and was
followed by the 1st deuteron beam in July 2015 [20]. The phase A was completed in August 2017, and the
optimization of beam characterization for the phase B was reached in December 2017 with the required emittance
values obtained for an extracted beam current from deuterium plasma of 155 – 170 mA at 100 keV, 5% DC [21]
[22]. The optimization of the operation in CW is continuing, in preparation of the Phase B+. In November 2019,
with a plasma electrode of 10 mm, an important step was reached with 130 mA total beam current extracted from
deuterium plasma (i.e. D+ beam of 117 mA) in CW mode for 5 hours in stable conditions.

FIG. 6. Left figure, Injector beam performance for 100 keV D+ beam – Right figure, Normalized emittance measured
with the Emittance Measurement Unit

Although the Phase A was not completed at the time the component for the Phase B configuration were
delivered (i.e. RFQ, MEBT, DPlate, LPBD and RF Power System), the decision was taken to proceed with their
installation and the continuation of the Injector commissioning. During that period, the installation of the cryoplant
(required for the Phase C) was also completed and successfully commissioned in April 2017 [23][24]. In July
2017, after more than one year of installation and individual commissioning of the RF power module, the RFQ
conditioning started and the LIPAc was fully connected in October 2017 in its phase B configuration (FIG. 8).

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Then, the commissioning of the full accelerator, divided in 2 sub-phases (i.e. Proton characterization, Deuteron
characterization), started and on June 13, 2018 an important milestone was reached with the 1st proton beam
accelerated in the RFQ at 2.5 MeV [24]. In July 2019 (FIG. 7) another significant scientific achievement was
obtained with a 125 mA deuteron beam accelerated at 5 MeV with 0.1% duty cycle (1 ms pulse) and transported
up to the LPBD [25].

FIG. 7. Completion commissioning 125 mA, D+, 5MeV, 0.1 d.c.

To reach this important milestone, a fine adjustment of the system composed by the RFQ and its RF chains
was mandatory. Indeed, to enable the transmission of the nominal deuteron beam, the conditioning of the RFQ up
to the required electrical field at low duty cycle was reached by tuning and controlling the eight RF chains, to
minimize the reflecting power, and by optimizing the beam loading compensation control as well as the beam
injected in the RFQ [26][27]. During the beam operation, after having commissioned the different beam
instrumentations distributed along the line [28], the beam distribution was characterized, validating the modelling
developed during this commissioning stage [29]. For instance, the use of the Beam Loss Monitor for the neutron
measurements has demonstrated the absence of any significant beam losses trace at high energy, in line with the
simulation [30][31].

This outstanding achievement and significant project milestone reached allows to validate the correlation of
the beam physics simulation with the measurement performed along the accelerator. Hence, we have been able to
demonstrate that all the components needed to run the LIPAc accelerator in the phase B configuration are working
as expected, including validating the beam transmission that are only awaiting the thermo-mechanical design
validation in CW operation. The Phase B was completed in August 2019, meeting all the milestones defined for
this phase (FIG. 8).
 P. CARA et al.

FIG. 8. Phase B configuration with the timeline of achievement

2.4.3. Phase B+ and C/D current status

One of the main objectives of the Phase B+ is to fully validate the engineering design of RFQ performance
towards high duty cycle up to CW at nominal beam intensity, for around 30 minutes to reach the thermal
equilibrium. Having the HEBT line and its BD [32] installed, in addition to validate the full integration of this
section with its associated diagnostics, the experimental programme also considers the opportunity to validate the
steady state of the re-buncher cavities with high beam loading, the validation of scrapers as key elements for the
security of the SRF Linac, and furthermore the validation of the technical solution to be used for the beam profile
measurement near the target in an IFMIF-like FNS. The Phase B+ is also considered as a mitigation plan to cope
with any potential delay which may happen during the final integration stage of the Cryomodule [34].

To implement this Phase B+ configuration, a drift line was designed, so called MEBT Extension Line
(MEL). The main requirements considered is the transport the beam from the MEBT to the HEBT line, but also
to ensure a proper interfacing between the MEBT and the HEBT (i.e. to substitute the SRF Linac - FIG. 9), to be
easily reversible, to avoid risk of pollution at the interface with the Cryomodule and to minimize the beam losses
for limiting the activation of material.

FIG. 9. Phase B+ configuration vs Phase C/D configuration

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The design of the mechanical components of the MEL was completed in December 2018 and the
manufacturing completed in September 2019. The quadrupole magnets, focusing element of this line, were given
by the KEK institutes, Tsukuba, Japan [33].

During 2019, and to optimize the project schedule, a deep coordination of the activities on site was
implemented to proceed with the installation of the equipment already delivered (i.e. main part of HEBT line and
BD) without compromising the ongoing beam operation. By the end of March 2020, the installation of the LIPAc
in its Phase B+ configuration was completed as the project milestone marking the end of the IFMIF/EVEDA
Project BA Phase I.

FIG. 10. Phase B+ installation completed – March 2020

As aforementioned, with respect to the Phase C/D all the LIPAc systems have been installed and are currently
under individual commissioning, except for the SRF Linac [34], of which almost all components have been
delivered [35]. The superconducting solenoids are expected to be delivered third quarter of 2021, provided that
the final cold testing procedure is completed successfully, as an outcome to weld problems [36] mitigation actions
taken in 2019. The assembly, already initiated in 2019 (FIG. 11) with the preparation of the tooling and the pre-
assembly of components in the clean room [37], will be resumed at the Rokkasho Fusion Institute by last quarter
2021.

Cryostat
FIG. 11. SRF Linac cryostat and assembly in the clean room at Rokkasho Fusion Institute

2.5. Summary of all achievements IFMIF/EVEDA BA Phase I

The Engineering Design Activities were successfully accomplished on schedule in June 2013, and all Target
and Test Facility validation activities were successfully terminated by February 2017. The validation of the LIPAc
is not yet completed but important achievements were already reached (FIG. 12) as detailed in the above sections.
 P. CARA et al.

FIG. 12. Achievement of the IFMIF/EVEDA from March 2007 to March 2020

3. IFMIF/EVEDA OUTLOOK BEYOND 2020 – BA PHASE II

In March 2020, an agreement was reached between EURATOM and Japan to continue this fruitful
collaboration, pursuing the mandate assigned to IFMIF/EVEDA Project within the BA phase II by:
— Complementing the engineering design of the IFMIF-like Fusion Neutron Source and complementing
the Lithium Target Facility engineering validation,
— Continuing the commissioning of the LIPAc (Phase B+, C and D), by enhancing systems already
validated during the first phases.

The Fusion Neutron Source engineering design activities and the Lithium Target Facility engineering
validation activities have restarted in 2020, with the development of dedicated work plans to be implemented from
2021 to 2025. Theoretical and experimental work are aiming to provide an updated Fusion Neutron Source
Engineering Design report. The main activities will be dedicated to the enhancement of the design of the Lithium
loop (e.g. tritium migration, erosion/deposition modelling, purification, accident analysis, optimization of the Li-
Oil Heat Exchanger) and the update of the Fusion Neutron Source Design focusing in the design activities for
safety and accidental analyses.

With respect to the enhancement of the LIPAc, the beam operation in Phase B+ configuration was expected
to be resumed in 2020, but the Covid-19 outbreak has severely impacted our activities on/off site, due to the
difficulty that part of our staff is coming from Europe. Consequently, from April 2020 the activities were mainly
reassigned to prepare the experimental campaign by developing new processes and procedures, to proceed with a
long-term maintenance for improving reliability of the system, and to prepare Remote Participation Access tools.
Remote Participation Access tools are essential to allow the European staff to support the immediate maintenance
and individual commissioning activities on-site; furthermore they are cutting-edge technological tools to improve
LIPAc operation, developed jointly with the International Fusion Energy Research Centre (IFERC). Considering
the current plan, it is expected to resume the beam operation during the 2nd semester 2021. With the activities of
facility enhancement started in 2020, the main LIPAc objective of the BA phase II is to demonstrate that the
IFMIF accelerator concept works with an higher reliability by boosting the integrated reliability of the prototype
systems and their components. The LIPAc facility will be used for developing advanced operational procedures
towards constant beam operation (CW), to improve both reliability and availability required for the fusion neutron
source. By 2025, after having demonstrated the primary goal of accelerating a 125 mA D+ beam at 9 MeV in CW,
the ultimate goal will be to have installed and commissioned new enhanced systems to increase the availability of
the machine.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work was undertaken under the Broader Approach Agreement between the European Atomic Energy
Community and the Government of Japan. The views and opinions expressed herein do not necessarily state or
reflect those of the Parties to this Agreement.
The authors thank all the members of the home institutions and research founders, especially those who have
been involved in, or supported, the IFMIF/EVEDA project; the former IFMIF/EVEDA project leaders, P. Garin,
H. Matsumoto and J. Knaster; the former home team leaders, R. Heidinger, Y. Okumura, T. Nishitani, and S.
O’hira.

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