CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY

PONTEVEDRA CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

LECTURE NOTES
INTRODUCTION TO
ANIMAL SCIENCE

Compiled by:
JIM BOY G. ASOY

2022

INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE

Learning Plan

Student Intended Learning Outcome (SILO)

At the end of the chapter, you must be able to:
1. Explain the significance of Animal Science as a field in Agriculture
(Affective)
Time Frame: Week 1

Materials Needed: Learning Module/Activity sheets

Reference Books/Guides

Suggested Activity:
In this chapter, it is essential for the students to be open-minded and perform
their ability to initiate enquiry/research to support their curiosity to different ideas and
knowledge covered in this subject matter.

I. Introduction

1. Animals in the Ecological System

[God commanded, “Let the earth produce all kinds of animal life: domestic
and wild, large and small” – and it was done. (Gen. 1:24)]

 Animals interact with the other components of the ecological

system (e.g. man, plants, soil, water, sunlight, air).
 Animals provide for mankind.
 Animal wastes help restore soil fertility and converse natural
resources.
 Promotes cultural heritage and contribute to economic stability of
societies.

2. Animals and their Economic Utility

 As Food
a) High in protein
b) Contains all essential amino acids
c) Moderate amounts of calories
d) Meat and eggs are good sources of P and Fe
e) Milk is a good source of Ca and P
f) Contains all the vitamins required by man
g) Highly digestible

 Non-food role
a) Fertilized and fuel
b) By-products for handicraft and feed milling industries
 c) Transportation and cultivation of crops
d) Storage of capital
e) Medicinal value

3. Animal Agriculture and Population Problem

 As human population increases, demand for animal products and

by-products also increases
 Animal agriculture predominates in less populated areas/countries
 High population pressure tends to replace animal agriculture with
mechanized farming

4. The Animal Industry

Cattle

 Predominantly backyard type (91% backyard vs. 9% commercial)

 Majority of cattle the population is concentrated in Luzon
(Pangasinan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Batangas, Cebu and Bukidnon)
 More of beef type and few dairy type
 Population increase is at slow rate (4.2% annually)
Carabao

 Raised in backyard farms (99.8% backyard vs. 0.2% commercial)

 Top producing regions are Cagayan Valley, Southern Tagalog,
Bicol and Western Visayas
Swine

 79% are raised in backyard farms and 21% are raised in

commercial farms.
 Population growth is continuously increasing with its highest
growth of 8.5% annually in 1995-1995
 Swine production has consistently been a major contributor to the
total livestock output.
Goat

 99.6% are raised in backyard farms and only 0.4% in commercial

farms.
 There increasing demand for chevon and goat products.
 Concentrated in Central Visayas, Southern Mindanao and Ilocos
regions
 Goat population steadily increased from 2.2 M in 1990 to 3.05 M
head in 1999.
Chicken
 The major chicken producing regions are Southern Luzon, Central
Luzon, Western Visayas, Central Visayas, Northern Mindanao and
Southern Mindanao (65%).
 Southern Tagalog – the top broiler – producing region (about 30%
of total)
 Central Luzon, Southern Luzon, Central Visayas and Southern
Mindanao – top layer – producing region (82% of total)
Ducks

 79% are raised in backyard farms and 21% are in commercial farm.
 Concentrated in Central Luzon, Cagayan valley and Western
Visayas.
Feedstuffs Feed millers Breeding Stock
Importation Importation

Breeder Farms

Vet. Drugs & Middlemen Processors Market

Suppliers (Veterinary
Chemical Drugs and Other Inputs)
Importation

Production Farms

Smallhold Farms
Equipment Livestock Equipment
Importation Suppliers

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Philippine Animal Industry

II.
 ANIMAL SCIENCE I02
INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE

Laboratory # 1

Community Livestock Production Assessment

Name: ___________________________ Date Performed:______________________

Program: _________________________ Date Submitted:______________________
Rating: _____________________________

Introduction:
The world food situation is getting more critical every day. The role livestock
will play in providing the world's food supply will depend on public opinion and
political decisions as well as technological developments.

Objectives:
1. To create self-awareness on present status of livestock production in the
Philippines;
2. To express personal views on the future of country’s livestock industry;
and
3. To get an idea of the type and importance of livestock in your community.

Materials:
Ballpen
Paper/Notebook
Online References

Activity # 1

DEVELOP AN OPINION ON THE FUTURE OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION

Procedure:
1. Write a few paragraphs outlining your views on the future of livestock
production and the role livestock should play in providing the world's
food supply.
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Activity # 2

CONDUCT A COMMUNITY SURVEY OF LIVESTOCK RAISED IN THE AREA

Procedure:
1. Looked at the livestock industry on a national level.
2. Take an informal survey of your community to find out the types and
approximate numbers of different livestock raised in the area.
3. People to ask would possibly be farmers, agribusiness people and even
the extension people in your LGU.
4. Use at least three sources of your information.

Source Type/s of Animal Numbers Reason/s of Raising

1.

2.

3.
Question based on your interview:

1. What is/are the most popular animal/s raised in your community? and Why?
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2. How livestock farming contributes to the welfare of your respondents?

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3. What are the common problems met by the respondents in their farming?
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4. How these problems are being solved?

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Conclusion:

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III. Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals

1. Introduction
 Definition of Terms:
Anatomy - science which deals with the form and
structure of Organisms. Literally, it
means “to cut apart”

Physiology - study of the integrated functions of the

body, and the Functions of all its parts
(systems, organs, tissues, Cells and cell
components).

Histochemistry - combination of chemistry and

microscopic anatomy.

Gross (Macroscopic)
Anatomy - study of the form and relation of
structures of the body That can be seen
with the unaided eye.
Comparative
Anatomy - study of the structures of various
species of animals, With emphasis on
characteristics that aid in Classification.

Embryology - study of developmental anatomy (from

conception to birth).

Histology - also refers to microscopic anatomy

Ultrastructural
Cytology - deals with the portion of cells and
tissues viewed under electron
microscope.

2. External Anatomy of Farm Animals

a) The head – composed of sensory organs

b) The trunk – composed of dorsal and ventral cavities, neck and
appendices
c) The tail – begins at the caudal end of the digestive tract
3. Internal Anatomy of Farm Animals

Skeleton – framework of hand structures which support and

protect the soft tissues of animals

Osteology – study of the bones which collectively make up

the skeleton.

3.1.1 Classification of bones

a. Long bones – elongated, cylindrical from with enlarge

extremities
Function: As support and as lever
Examples: Femur
Humerus
Radius Long
bones
Ulna
Tibia
b. Short bones – similar dimension in length. Width and
thickness

Function: Diffusing concussion

Example: Carpus and Tarsus

c. Flat bones – expanded in two directions

Function: Protects the organ they cover

Example: Bones of the skull, scapula and Pelvic

bones

d. Irregular bones – irregular in shape

Function: not clearly specialized

Example: vertebrae

3.1.2 Function of Bones

a) Protection of vital organs

b) Give rigidity and form to the body
c) Acts as lever
d) Storage of minerals
e) Site for blood formation
3.2 The Muscular System

Myology – study of muscles and their accessory structures

3.2.1 Kinds of Muscle Tissue

a) Voluntary Striated muscles

 Connected directly or indirectly with the skeleton
(skeletal muscle)
 Covers the greater part of the body
 Determines the form of the body
 Red in color with varying shades
 Some are attached to the skin (cutaneous muscles)
 Individual cells are striated (striped), multinuclear
located near the surfaces
 Each muscle fiber is controlled by voluntary nerve
(motor neuron) and is under conscious condition.

b) Involuntary striated muscles

 Known as cardiac muscle (found in the heart)
 Cells are arrange in a network, striated and nuclei
are centrally located
 Contraction requires no nerve stimulates (no
conscious control)

c) Smooth muscles
 Involuntary and striated
 Found in visceral organs, walls of blood vessels.,
urogenitals and respiratory organs
 Contraction requires no nerve stimulus
 Cells are spindle-shaped, arrange in sheets, bundles
or network with centrally-located nuclei
 Some cell are scattered throughout the tissue (e.g.
skin muscle that raises the hair).

3.2.2 Function of Muscles

a) Source of protein
b) Provide power for movement of various body parts (e.g.
extensor muscle strengthens body parts, flexor muscles
causes body parts to bend, abductor muscle moves away
from plane and adductor muscles draws parts toward the
body plane).
 c) Expel or force out secretions of organs, except endocrine
glands (involuntary muscles).
d) Provide impetus for movement of ingesta.
e) Responsible for urine motility
f) Aid in expelling fetus at parturition
g) Causes contraction of the heart and increase or decrease the
diameter of blood vessels (regulates blood flow)

3.3 The Nervous System

3.3.1 Importance

 Responsible for functional relation between the organism

and its environment
 Coordination of various parts or body systems

3.3.2 Basic Unit of the Nervous System

 The Nerve or Neuron is the basic unit of the Nervous

System and specialized in impulse conduction or the relay
of messages from the effector organs to nervous system and
vice versa.
 Classification according to the direction of impulse
conduction:
o Afferent (Sensory) Neurons – transmit nerve
impulses from effector organ to the spinal cord
or brain.
o Efferent (motor) Neurons - transmit nerve
impulses from away from the spinal cord or
brain to or towards muscles of glands (effector
organs).
o Interneurons – conduct impulses from an
afferent neurons to an efferent neuron within the
Central Nervous System (CNS).
 Classification of Neurons according to structure based
upon the number of processes that extend out from the
cell body:
o Multipolar Neurons – major neuron type defined
as having three or more processes that extend
out from the cell body. Found in CNS and the
efferent division of the PNS.
o Bipolar Neurons – only two processes that
extend out from the cell body. One process is
called a dendrite and another process is called
the axon.
 o Unipolar Neurons – have single, short process
that extends out from the cell body. Found
primarily in the afferent division of the PNS.

3.3.3 Divisions of the System

1. Central Nervous System

a) Brain
o Cerebrum (cells of cerebral cortex or gray matter)
- For highest type of mental activities, e.g.
voluntary muscle control, interpretation of
sensations and reasoning
o Cerebellum (centrally-located or the white matter)
o Brain stem (medulla oblongata)

b) Spinal Cord – caudal continuation of the medulla

Oblongata
o Receives sensory (afferent) fibers by the way of
the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves.
o Gives off the motor (efferent) fibers to the
ventral roots of the spinal nerves.
2. Peripheral nervous system
o Includes all nervous structure outside the brain
and spinal cord.
Spinal nerves - supply sensory and motor fibers. The
appendages are supplied by braidlike
arrangements of nerves known as
plexuses.

a) Branchial plexus – supplied to each fore climb.

b) Lumbo-sacral plexus – composed of right and left

plexuses made of ventral
branches of the few lumbar and
first 1 or 2 sacral nerves.
3. Automatic nervous system
o Part of the peripheral nervous system that
innervates smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and
glands, subdivided into:

a) Sympathetic nervous system – also called

the thoraco-lumbar portion because the
 sympathetic outflow is mainly from the
thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves.
b) Parasympathetic nervous system – made up
of a cranial and sacral portion.
 ANIMAL SCIENCE I02
INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE

Laboratory # 2

Review of Introduction to the Nervous System

1. The diagram below shows a neuron with other neurons connected to it. In the blanks below, write the appropriate term for each
numbered item from the choices listed below:

 axon  
neurotransmitter rough ER (Nissl body)
 axon terminal  
node of Ranvier Schwann cell nucleus
 dendrites  
nucleolus Schwann cell with myelin sheath
 neuron cell membrane  
receptor synapse
 neuron nucleus
1. _________________________ 16.________________________
5. ________________________ 17. ________________________
6. ________________________ 18. ________________________
7. ________________________ 21. ________________________
12. ________________________ 22. ________________________
13., 14., 19., 25. _________________ 23. ________________________
15. ________________________

2. Below is a microscopic image of neural tissue. What structural classification of neuron is this (pseudo unipolar, bipolar, or
multipolar)? How do you know?

3. On the microscopic image of neural tissue below, label the following structures:

 cell body (of neuron)  dendrites 

nuclei (of glia cells)
 nucleus (of neuron)  synapse
4. For each of the descriptions below, indicate whether it refers to a sensory neuron or a motor neuron by writing either "sensory" or
"motor" in the spaces provided.

a. ________________________ Neurons that carry olfactory (scent) information from the nose to the brain.

b. ________________________ Neurons that increase glandular secretions.

c. ________________________ Neurons that cause muscles controlling the jaw to contract during chewing.

d. ________________________ Neurons that transmit pain when stung by a bee.

e. ________________________ Also known as efferent neurons.

f. ________________________ Also known as afferent neurons.

g. ________________________ Neurons causes heart beats.

h. ________________________ Neurons causing diaphragm contractions to enable breathing.

i. ________________________ Neurons transmitting light information from the eyes to the brain.

j. ________________________ Neurons that cause smooth muscle in the blood vessels close to the skin to contract in cold
weather to prevent heat loss through the skin.

k. ________________________ Neurons that collect and transmit auditory (sound) information to the brain.

l. ________________________ Neurons that sense the touch of an insect that lands on the skin.

m. ________________________ Neurons that sense an itchy feeling after being bitten by a mosquito.

n. ________________________ Neurons that cause the eyes to blink.

References:

Laboratory Activities and Assignment. (2021, June 7). West Hills College Lemoore. https://bio.libretexts.org/@go/page/53711