1.

The color of natural litmus is: Purple, Acid makes color of natural litmus
red and base, blue and green for neutrals.
2. Most electric conductive materials: Silver, Copper, Gold, Aluminum, Zinc,
Nickel, Brass, Bronze, Iron, Platinum, Carbon Steel, Lead, Stainless Steel
3. Hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution are also known as protons.
4. Bases which are soluble in water are known as Alkalis. There are many bases
which are not soluble in water. So, all Alkalis are bases but all bases are not
Alkalis.
5. The strength of Acid or Base is expressed with a number that is pH. It is the
measure of H+ ions in the solution. The pH value of a neutral is 7. Human body
works within pH range of 7 to 7.8. pH of acid rain is 5.6. Universal indicator is
the accurate way to find pH scale.
6. Universal indicator is a mixture of many things like Phenolphthalein, Sodium
hydroxide, Alcohol etc.
0-3 pH (strong acid) = Red
3-6 pH (weak acid) = orange
8-11 pH (weak base) = Blue
11-14 pH (strong base)= Purple

7. Olfactory indicators are those substances whose smell or odour changes in

acidic or basic solution. Onion, Vanilla, Clove oil etc.
8. Phenolphthalein is synthetic indicator.
9. Metallic oxides are Base in nature, but non- metallic oxides are acidic in
nature.
10. Tomato contains Oxalic Acid, Lemon and orange contains Citric acid.
11. Acid found in ant sting is Methanoic acid (Formic Acid) HCOOH. Methaonic acid
is also used to produce acetate rayon, a polymer.
12. Milk of Magnesia MgCO3, NA2CO3 Sodium carbonate,
13. Amphoteric is a solution which is acidic as well as basic.
14. Endothermic reaction absorbs heat so makes surrounding cool. Exothermic
reaction release heat, causing the surrounding temperature to be high.
15. The energy content of a substance is called its Enthalpy. It is written in H.
Unit is Joule or Joule/Mol.
16. Neutralization reaction is exothermic reaction. Also forms salt and water.
17. The color of methyl orange indicator in acidic medium is Red.
18. The color of Phenolphthalein indicator in basic solution is Pink.
19. The colour of methyl orange in alkaline medium is yellow.
20. Metal reacting with water gives hydrogen gas. Pop method.
21. Weak and /strong base makes Basic Salt.
22. Tooth breaks at pH 5.6. Calcium Phosphate present in tooth enamel is basic in
nature.
23. Aqua Regia � 1:3 (Mixture of HNO3(Nitric acid) and HCl (Hydrochloric acid))
is used to dissolution of Gold.
24. Citric acid is not a mineral acid.
25. A solution of weak acid and strong base forms basic.
26. Bases on ionization release Hydroxide ions.
27. Magnesium and Hydrochloric acid react and produce hydrogen and magnesium
chloride.
28. Some crystals of copper sulphate were dissolved in water. What will be the
colour? Blue
29. Which is more reactive copper or zinc? Zinc is more reactive
30. Which metal is abundant in nature? Aluminium/ Boxite
In the earth crust, the oxygen percentage is 46.6, but oxygen belongs to the non-
metal group.
The most abundant metals are 8.1% of aluminium, 5.0% of iron and 3.6% of calcium,
followed closely by Na, K, Mg and Ti.
Explanation
1. Aluminium is an atomic number 13 metal with the chemical formula Al. It is a
member of the 13th group. In the Boron group, it is a silvery-white, non-magnetic,
and ductile metal. It is the third most plentiful element and the most abundant
metal, accounting for around 8% of the earth�s crust.
2. Bauxite is the primary ore of aluminium
3. Aluminium is a metal with a strong reactivity.
4. Aluminium is light and has a low density. By interacting with air and forming
an aluminium oxide coating, it can resist corrosion. Passivation is the term for
this phenomenon. Aluminium and its alloys are used in the aircraft, transportation,
and construction sectors. Aluminium sulphates and oxides are the most useful
compounds of the metal.
5. Aluminium is not found in its elemental state due to its reactivity. It is
commonly found in the form of oxides or silicates. The earth�s crust has a huge
amount of aluminium silicates. The most prevalent silicate found in the earth�s
crust is feldspar. Beryl, cryolite, garnet, spinel, and turquoise are some other
names for it. It may also be found in gemstones such as ruby and sapphire.
31. Which is the most reactive metal?
In a reactivity series, the most reactive element is placed at the top and the
least reactive element at the bottom. More reactive metals have a greater tendency
to lose electrons and form positive ions.
A reactivity series of metals could include any elements. For example:

A good way to remember the order of a reactivity series of metals is to use the
first letter of each one to make up a silly sentence. example: People Say Little
Children Make A Zebra Ill Constantly Sniffing Giraffes.
32. Name a non- metal which is liquid? Bromine
33. Sodium Chloride is an Ionic compound.
34. Non-metals which are lustrous and good conductor of electricity are iodine
and graphite.
35. With the increase in temperature the resistance of semiconductors Decrease.
For others it increases. Semiconductors are also known as negative coefficient of
resistance.
36. Good conductors have many loosely bound electrons. Band Theory

37. Conductivity of semiconductors also can be changed with doping method.

38. The energy gap is maximum in insulators.
39. When a non- metal is allowed to react with water H2 gas is formed.
40. Aqua Regia is a freshly prepared mixture of HN03 and concentrated HCl in the
ratio of 1:3. Is stored in glass.
41. Water boils at a lower temperature at higher altitudes, because of low air
pressure.
*Boiling point increases when pressure increases (Clausius-Clapeyron Equation)
42. Which is the main component of Gobar gas? Methane (CH4)
43. The best conductor of heat among liquids is mercury.
44. Sublimation is the process of changing from solid to vapour.
45. Graphite and Diamonds are allotropes.
Isotopes: Same atomic number (proton same)
Isobars: Same atomic weight (proton + neutron same)
Isotones: Same neutrons (neutrons same)
Allotropes: Allotropes are different structural forms of the same element and can
exhibit quite different physical properties and chemical behaviours. The change
between allotropic forms is triggered by the same forces that affect other
structures, i.e., pressure, light, and temperature.
Isomers: Isomers are compounds that contain exactly the same number of atoms, i.e.,
they have exactly the same empirical formula, but differ from each other by the way
in which the atoms are arranged. Examples of isomers with the formula C8H10 are
ethyl benzene, m-xylene, p-xylene, and o-xylene.
46. Which gases produce red light when electricity flows through it?
Sodium- yellow
Neon- Red
47.
Current affairs (union budget)

1. Which bank will introduce a digital rupee in India?

a) RBI b) SBI c) PNB d) BOB
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced the government's intent to introduce
a digital rupee in her Union Budget 2022-23 speech on February 1, 2022. The Finance
Minister announced that the digital currency or digital rupee will be introduced by
the central bank of India using blockchain and other technologies.
2. How much tax will be levied on the transfer of virtual assets?
a) 20 percent b) 30 percent c) 40 percent d) 50 percent
30 percent Any income earned from the transfer of virtual digital assets shall be
taxed at a rate of 30 percent, announced FM Nirmala Sitharaman during her Union
Budget 2022 speech.
3. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced how much increase in capital
expenditure for FY 2022-23?
a) 30 percent b) 20 percent c) 35 percent d) 25 percent
(c) 35 percent
Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a 35 per cent increase in the
outlay for capital expenditure in Financial Year 2022-23 in her Union Budget 2022
speech on February 2, 2022.
4. Custom duty for cut and polished diamonds has been reduced to how much percent?
a) 5 percent b) 10 percent c) 15 percent d) 7 percent
4. (a) 5 percent
Customs duty on cut and polished diamonds and gems have been reduced to 5 percent
in the new changes announced by FM Nirmala Sitharaman during her Union Budget 2022
speech.
5. The customs duty on umbrellas has been raised to how much?
a) 15 percent b) 20 percent c) 25 percent d) 30 percent
5. (b) 20 percent
The customs duty on umbrellas has been raised to 20 percent and the exemption on
the import of parts of umbrellas has been withdrawn.
6. Which among the following commodities will become costly after the Union Budget
2022-23 presentation?
a) Umbrella b) Gemstone c) Diamond d) Imitation Jewelry
6. (a) Umbrella Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a slew of
changes in the customs duty for several products in her Union Budget Speech 2022
including a 5 percent reduction in customs duty on gems, cut and polished diamonds.
The customs duty on imitation jewelry and chemicals has also been reduced, while
the customs duty on umbrellas has been increased to 20 percent.

7. Recently announced union budget 2022-23 was which numbered budget of the
country?
(a) 90th (b) 91th (c) 92nd (d) 93rd (e) 94th
Answer: C
Solution:
The Union Minister for Finance & Corporate Affairs, Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman tabled
the Union Budget 2022-23 in Parliament on February 01, 2022. Union budget 2022-23
was the 92nd union budget of India. The Union Budget seeks to complement macro-
economic level growth with a focus on microeconomic level all-inclusive welfare.

8 . Who amongst the following has presented the first union budget of independent
India?
(a) Annie Besant (b) B.R. Ambedkar (c) Jawaharlal Nehru (d) C.D. Deshmukh (e)
R. K. Shanmukham Chetty
Answer: E
Solution:
The first union budget of independent India was presented by R. K. Shanmukham
Chetty on 26 November 1947. Total revenues stood at ?171.15 crore, and the fiscal
deficit was ?24.59 crore.

9. In which of the following sectors the union government has recently announced
100% FDI through automated route?
(a) Telecom Sectors
(b) Defence Sectors
(c) Banking Sectors
(d) Insurance Sectors
(e) Civil Aviation Sectors
Answer: A
Solution:
Recently the Government of India has allowed 100% FDI through automated route in
Telecom Sectors to boost the advance technologies development in India. This is the
first time in India to have 100% FDI through an automated route in any sector of
the country.

10. Which of the following is not one of the key highlights of the union budget
2022-23?
(a) Economy growth rate at 9.2%
(b) Economy growth rate at 8.5%
(c) 60 lakh new jobs to be created
(d) Additional production of Rs. 30 lakh crore through PLI
(e) Productivity linked incentive scheme in 14 sectors
Answer: B
Solution:
Key highlights of the budget 2022-23:
� India�s economic growth is estimated at 2%to be the highest among all large
economies.
� 60 lakh new jobs to be created under the productivity linked incentive scheme
in 14 sectors.
� PLI Schemes have the potential to create an additional production of Rs. 30
lakh crore.
11. Which of the following is not one of the four pillars of the Union Budget 2022-
23?
(a) Exclusive Development
(b) PM Gati Shakti
(c) Inclusive Development
(d) Financing of Investment
(e) Productivity Enhancement & Investment, Energy Transition and Climate Action
Answer: A
Solution:
Union Budget 2022-23 consists of four pillars:
� PM Gati Shakti
� Inclusive Development
� Productivity Enhancement & Investment, Sunrise opportunities, Energy
Transition, and Climate Action.
� Financing of investments

Q1. According to which article of the Indian Constitution, the Union Budget of a
year is referred to as the Annual Financial Statement?
(a)Article 108 (b) Article 101 (c) Article 115 (d) Article 113 (e) Article 112
Q2. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, while presenting the Budget, said that the
country is expected to grow at ______ per cent.
(a) 5.27 (b) 6.27 (c) 7.27 (d) 9.27 (e) 8.27
Q3. How many new-generation Vande Bharat trains with higher efficiency and better
facilities for passengers will be developed in the next 3 years?
(a) 100 (b) 250 (c) 400 (d) 350 (e) 500
Q4. How many post offices will come on the core banking system?
(a) 1.2 lakh (b) 1.3 lakh (c) 1.4 lakh (d) 1.5 lakh (e) 1.6 lakh
Q5. Income from transfer of digital assets (Cryptocurrency) to be charged _____
tax, plus 1% tax on the transaction.
(a) 25% (b) 30% (c) 15% (d) 12% (e) 05%
Q6. What is the Fiscal Deficit target set for FY23?
(a) 6.1% (b) 6.2% (c) 6.3% (d) 6.4% (e) 6.5%
Q7. The surcharge on cooperative societies to be reduced from 12% to ____, for
those whose income is between Rs 1 crore and Rs 10 crore.
(a) 3% (b) 4% (c) 5% (d) 6% (e) 7%
Q8. Nirmala Sitharaman announced a new tax rule for taxpayers where a taxpayer can
file an updated return on payment of taxes within?
(a) 1 year (b) 2 years (c) 3 years (d) 4 years (e) 5 years
Q9. Nirmala Sitharaman is presenting the Union Budget for the how many time in a
row.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 (e) 5
Q10. One class, one TV channel� program of _______ will be expanded from 12 to 200
TV channels.
(a) PM eVIDYA (b) PM ePADHSHALA (c) PM eGURU (d) PM eSARASWATI
(e) PM eBOOK
Q11. What are the GST collections for the month of January 2022?
(a) Rs 1,10,986 crore (b) Rs 1,20,986 crore (c) Rs 1,30,986 crore (d) Rs 1,40,986
crore (e) Rs 1,50,986 crore
Q12. Production Linked Incentive schemes in 14 sectors with the potential to create
how many new jobs?
(a) 60 lakh (b) 50 lakh (c) 40 lakh (d) 30 lakh (e) 20 lakh
Q13. Defence R&D will be opened up for industry, startups and academia with ______
of the defence R&D budget.
(a) 15% (b) 25% (c) 35% (d) 45% (e) 55%
Q14. Finance Minister announced a reduction of surcharge on unlisted shares from
28.5 per cent to ________.
(a) 22 per cent (b) 12 per cent (c) 28 per cent (d) 23 per cent (e) 15 per cent
Q15. In 2022-23, ________ houses will be completed for identified beneficiaries of
PM Awas Yojana.
(a) 60 lakh (b) 70 lakh (c) 80 lakh (d) 90 lakh (e) 01 Crore
Q16. When was the first Budget of Independent India introduced?
(a) 1860 (b) 1948 (c) 1945 (d) 1946 (e) 1947
Q17. Who holds the record for delivering the longest Budget speech in India?
(a) Nirmala Sitharaman (b) Arun Jaitley (c) Indira Gandhi (d) Jawaharlal Nehru
(e) ManMohan Singh
Q18. Deduction for employer contribution to NPS increased to _____ from 10% earlier
for State govt employees on par with central govt employees
(a) 10% (b) 11% (c) 12% (d) 13% (e) 14%
Q19. How many focus areas of Budget are presented in Union Budget 2022-23?
(a) 7 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 4 (e) 3
Q20. How many digital banking systems will be set up in 75 districts by scheduled
commercial banks?
(a) 25 (b) 50 (c) 75 (d) 100 (e) 125

Solutions
S1. Ans.(e)
Sol. According to Article 112 of the Indian Constitution, the Union Budget of a
year is referred to as the Annual Financial Statement (AFS).
S2. Ans.(d)
Sol. Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, while presenting the Budget, said that
the country is expected to grow at 9.27 per cent.
S3. Ans.(c)
Sol. 400 new-generation Vande Bharat trains with higher efficiency and better
facilities for passengers will be developed in the next three years.
S4. Ans.(d)
Sol. 100% of 1.5 lakh post offices will come on the core banking system, enabling
financial inclusion and access to accounts through net banking, mobile banking,
ATMs, and also providing online transfer of funds between post office accounts and
bank accounts.
S5. Ans.(b)
Sol. Income from transfer of digital assets (Cryptocurrency) to be charged 30% tax,
plus 1% tax on the transaction.
S6. Ans.(d)
Sol. Union Budget 2022: FY23 fiscal deficit targeted at 6.4 per cent of GDP.
S7. Ans.(e)
Sol. The proposal will reduce the surcharge on cooperative societies to be reduced
from 12% to 7%, for those whose income is between Rs 1 crore and Rs 10 crore.
S8. Ans.(b)
Sol. Nirmala Sitharaman announced a new tax rule for taxpayers where a taxpayer can
file an updated return on payment of taxes within two years from the end of the
relevant assessment year.
S9. Ans.(d)
Sol. Union Finance Minister, Nirmala Sitharaman is presenting the Union Budget 2022
for the 4th time in a row.
S10. Ans.(a)
Sol. One class, one TV channel� program of PM eVIDYA will be expanded from 12 to
200 TV channels. This will enable all states to provide supplementary education in
regional languages for classes 1 to 12.
S11. Ans.(d)
Sol. The gross GST collections for the month of January 2022 are Rs 1,40,986 crore
�the highest since the inception of the tax.
S12. Ans.(a)
Sol. Production Linked Incentive schemes in 14 sectors with the potential to create
60 lakh new jobs, and the additional new production of Rs 30 lakh crore.
S13. Ans.(b)
Sol. Defense R&D will be opened up for industry, startups and academia with 25% of
the defence R&D budget.
S14. Ans.(d)
Sol. Finance Minister announced a reduction of surcharge on unlisted shares from
28.5 per cent to 23 per cent.
S15. Ans.(c)
Sol. In 2022-23, 80 lakh houses will be completed for identified beneficiaries of
PM Awas Yojana. 60,000 houses will be identified as beneficiaries for PM Awas
Yojana in rural & urban areas.
S16. Ans.(e)
Sol. The first Budget of Independent India was presented in 1947 by the then
Finance Minister R K Shanmukham Chetty.
S17. Ans.(a)
Sol. Nirmala Sitharaman holds the record for delivering the longest Budget speech
in India. While presenting the Union Budget 2020-21, she spoke for 2 hours and 42
minutes, breaking her previous record of July 2019 speech (2 hours 17 minutes).
S18. Ans.(e)
Sol. Deduction for employer contribution to NPS increased to 14% from 10% earlier
for State govt employees on par with central govt employees.
S19. Ans.(a)
Sol. 7 focus areas: PM Gati Shakti, Inclusive Development, Productivity
Enhancement, Sunrise Opportunities, Energy Transition, Climate Action and Financing
of investments.
S20. Ans.(c)
Sol. Govt continuously encouraging digital banking. Taking forward, 75 digital
banking units will be set up in 75 districts.