1 Which organ is most often damaged by regularly drinking too much alcohol?

A heart
B liver
C pancreas
D stomach

2 Which organ breaks down heroin and alcohol?

A bladder
B brain
C kidney
D liver

3 What is a result of the excessive intake of alcohol?

A improved self-control
B liver damage
C reduced chance of HIV infection
D shorter reaction time

4 Possible effects of drug abuse include

1 addiction,
2 reduced self-control,
3 severe withdrawal symptoms.

Which effects may occur as a result of drinking too much alcohol?

A 1 2 and 3
1, B 1 and 2 only C 1 only D 2 and 3 only
5 What is not an effect of consumption of alcohol?

A liver damage
B loss of muscle coordination
C poor self control
D stimulation of the nervous system

6 A woman has been smoking heavily for many years.

Which statement could not be correct?

A Her arteries are blocked with tar.

B She is addicted to nicotine.
C The cilia in the trachea have been destroyed.
D The surface area of the lungs is reduced.

7 The oxygen carrying capacity of the blood of smokers is less than that of non-smokers.

Which component of cigarette smoke causes this?

A carbon monoxide
B nicotine
C smoke particles
D tar
8 The graph shows the effect of an antibiotic treatment on bacterial populations in the blood.

start of
antibiotic
treatment

bacterial
population

0 10
time / days

What conclusion can be drawn from the graph?

A Antibiotics are effective against viral and bacterial infections.

B Antibiotics cause reduction division in bacteria.
C Antibiotics take ten days to kill all bacteria.
D Before the start of antibiotic treatment the bacterial population was rising.

9 Which two statements describe the effects of smoking cigarettes?

1 Cilia beat more quickly.

2 Cilia beat more slowly.
3 Goblet cells stop producing mucus.
4 Goblet cells produce more mucus.

A 1 and 3 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4

10 What are the effects of tobacco smoke on the gas exchange system?

11 The diagram represents some human organs and their blood vessels.

liver
P
Q

gut

kidney
R

Immediately after taking an alcoholic drink, how would the levels of alcohol compare in blood
vessels P, Q and R?
12 In which part of the body do drugs break down?

A brain
B heart
C kidneys
D liver

13 Where do the breakdown of drugs and the storage of urine occur?

14 In which organ is alcohol broken down?

A brain
B kidney
C liver
D stomach

15 A person has been smoking heavily for many years.

A lot of dust and micro-organisms enter their lungs.

Which statement explains why this occurs?

A Their arteries are blocked with tar.

B The cilia in the trachea have been destroyed.
C The person is addicted to nicotine.
D The surface area of the lungs is reduced.
16 Cilia are present on the surface of the cells of the trachea. The cilia of a smoker work less
effectively than those of a non-smoker.

How does this affect the smoker?

A Less carbon dioxide is released.

B Less oxygen is released.
C More bacteria enter the lungs.
D More mucus is removed from the lungs.

17 Which component of cigarette smoke is most likely to cause lung cancer?

A carbon dioxide
B carbon monoxide
C nicotine
D tar
1 B

2 D

3 B

4 A

5 D

6 A

7 A

8 D

9 D

10 D

11 B

12 D

13 B

14 C

15 B

16 C

17 D
1 Penicillin is an antibiotic produced by the fungus Penicillium chrysogenum.

Fig. 4.1 shows the process used to produce penicillin.

waste
gases
cooling water out

water jacket

fungus and
acid or alkali
nutrients
pH monitor
temperature
monitor

stirring
paddles residue

sterile air

filtrate
containing
penicillin
cooling water in

fermenter filter

Fig. 4.1
(a) Enzymes in the fungus are used to make penicillin.

Explain why there is a water jacket around the fermenter and why acids or alkalis are
added to the fermenter.

water jacket

addition of acids or alkalis

[6]
Fig. 4.2 shows the mass of fungus and the yield of penicillin during the fermentation
process.

50 10

45 9

40 8

35 penic l in
penicillin 7

30 6
yield of
mass of
penicillin /
fungus 25 5
arbitrary
/ g dm–3
units
20 4
fungus
ungus
15 3

10 2

5 1

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

time / hours
nutrients added

Fig. 4.2

(b)
b) State the time interval over which the fungus grew at the maximum rate.

[1]

(ii) As the fungus grows in the fermenter, the nuclei in the fungal hyphae divide.

State the type of nuclear division that occurs during the growth of the fungus in the
fermenter.

[1]
 (iii) Explain why the growth of the fungus slows down and stops.

[3]

(c) Penicillin is not needed for the growth of P. chrysogenum.

(i) State the evidence from Fig. 4.2 that shows that penicillin is not needed for this
growth.

[2]

(ii) The people in charge of the penicillin production emptied the fermenter at
160 hours.
Use the information in Fig. 4.2 to suggest why they did not allow the fermentation
to continue for longer.

[1]
(d) Downstream processing refers to all the processes that occur to the contents of the
fermenter after it is emptied. This involves making penicillin into a form that can be
used as a medicine.
Explain why downstream processing is necessary.

[3]

(e) Explain why antibiotics, such as penicillin, kill bacteria but not viruses.

[2]

[Total: 19]
2 The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects white blood cells. The virus is reproduced
inside these white blood cells.

(a) Describe what may happen to viruses that leave infected white blood cells.

[2]

(b) Describe the possible long-term effects of HIV on the immune system.

[3]

(c) People with HIV may be treated with a variety of drugs.

(i) Define the term drug.

[1]

(ii) Explain why antibiotics cannot be used to control HIV.

[2]

[Total: 8]
3 Bacteria can be grown on nutrient agar in Petri dishes. The main nutrients in the agar are glucose
and amino acids. The bacteria reproduce asexually to form colonies. Each colony is formed from
one bacterium.

(a) (i) Explain why glucose and amino acids are included in the agar medium.

glucose ..............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

amino acids .......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Describe how bacteria reproduce asexually.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]
A microbiologist collected bacteria from a kitchen which was suspected to be responsible for an
outbreak of food poisoning.

The microbiologist spread the bacteria on nutrient agar and let them reproduce to form colonies.
The bacterial colonies were transferred onto new nutrient agar that contained high concentrations
of antibiotics S or T, as shown in the flow diagram in Fig. 5.1.

sample of bacteria collected

from the kitchen, spread
across the surface of an
agar plate

many bacterial
colonies agar plate 1 incubated for
24 hours at 30 °C

bacteria transferred from

agar plate 1 to agar plates 2,
3 and 4 at the same time

agar plate 2 agar plate 3 agar plate 4 with

with no antibiotic with antibiotic S antibiotic T

bacteria transferred to
a growth medium and
incubated for 24 hours

bacteria transferred bacteria transferred

to agar plate 5 to agar plate 6

agar plate 5 with agar plate 6 with

antibiotic S antibiotic T

Fig. 5.1
(b) Explain the appearance of agar plates 3 and 4.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(c) Explain why many bacterial colonies were found on agar plates 5 and 6.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(d) Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by the bacterium,

Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Many strains of this bacterium cannot be treated by common
antibiotics.

Explain how strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are formed and then spread.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[5]

[Total: 13]
4 Crabs are classified, along with prawns, shrimps and lobsters, as crustaceans. Most crabs
live in the sea, although some live in freshwater and there are a few land-dwelling crabs.

Fig. 1.1 shows the structure of a typical crab.

cheliped / claw
eye

carapace
walking legs

abdomen, often tucked

beneath the rest of the body

Fig. 1.1

(a) State the group of animals that includes crustaceans, insects, arachnids and
myriapods.

[1]
Fig. 1.2 shows four different species of crab.

A spiny spider crab B hairy hermit crab

Maia squinado Pagurus hirsutiusculus

C West African fiddler crab D sand crab

Uca tangeri Portunus pelagicus

Fig. 1.2
(b) Biologists use dichotomous keys to identify different species.

Use Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2 to state one visible feature of each species of crab A, B, C
and D, that could be used in a dichotomous key to identify crabs.

[4]

(c) Crabs show variation in many features.

(i) State one feature of crabs that shows continuous variation.

[1]

(ii) Describe how you would measure variation in the feature you have given in (i).

[1]
(d) Crabs produce huge numbers of offspring, but their populations remain fairly constant
from year to year.

Explain why.

[3]

(e) Emergency medical packs contain bandages made from chitosan.

Chitosan comes from the exoskeleton of crustaceans and has a positive charge to
attract red blood cells. It helps blood clot quickly and also has antibacterial properties.

Explain the benefits of using bandages made from chitosan.

[3]

[Total: 13]
Question
uestion E Answers Marks Additional Guidance

1 (a) water jacket

1 maintain optimum / constant temperature ; A prevent overheating
2 to prevent enzymes denaturing ; R fungus denatures
3 loss of shape / ref. to active site ;
4 (because as) fungus respires ;
5 releases heat ;
6 so temperature in the fermenter increases ; MP 6 must be linked to MP4 or 5
7 which would kill fungus ;
8 (therefore) no, product / penicillin / AW ; max 4

addition of acids and alkalis

9 maintains pH / keeps pH constant ; R to maintain neutral pH
10 enzymes need optimum pH ;
11 (otherwise) enzyme activity / rate of reaction, slows ; R fungus needs optimum pH
12 to give maximum yield / AW max 3 = A stop enzymes denaturing
max 6

(b) (i) 40–50 / 40–60 / 40–80 ; 1 R 40–45 / 50–60 / 60–80

(ii) mitosis ; 1

(iii) 1 nutrients are used up ; A food

2 limiting (factors) ;
3 explanation of limiting factor ; A factor in shortest supply / AW
4 waste products accumulate ;
5 wastes are toxic ;
6 penicillin could inhibit growth ;
7 population reaches carrying capacity ;
8 AVP ; max 3
Question
uestion E Answers Marks Additional Guidance
(c) (i) fungus grows when no penicillin produced ;
1
during first 20 hours ;
only nutrients and fungus added at the beginning / no
penicillin added ; max 2

(ii) penicillin production stopped / no more penicillin accept yield stays the same
produced ; 1

(d) purifying / separating, penicillin ; R ‘make into a medicine’

from, waste / toxins / AW ;
concentration ;
making into, pills / packaging / AW ;
AVP ; e.g. colour / taste max 3

(e) viruses are not cells ; ignore ‘viruses are not alive’
viruses have no metabolism ; A viruses do not have ribosomes

idea that viruses have no target for antibiotics ;

antibiotics stop cell wall growth ;

viruses have no cell wall ;

antibiotics stop enzymes working ; max 2 A viruses have no enzymes

[Total: 19]
Question E Answers Marks Additional Guidance

2 (a 1 enter, blood / plasma / lymph ; A ref. to antibodies combining with virus

2 infect / enter, white blood cell / lymphocyte / phagocyte / A ‘attack’ / ‘invade’ white blood cells
AW ; A ‘attack’ / ‘invade’ / enter
3 infect, brain / liver / lungs / skin / reproductive system /
kidney / gut ;
4 cannot reproduce ;
5 may be transmitted to another person ; MP6 A sexual intercourse / in blood / in breast milk /
6 e.g. of method of transmission ; across placenta / needle stab
R excreted, die [max 2]

(b) 1 infects / destroys / kills, phagocytes ; A no phagocytosis

2 destroys / kills / disables, lymphocytes ; A fewer lymphocytes R ‘attacks’ / ‘damages’
3 fewer antibodies produced ;
4 ref. to, T lymphocytes / T cells ;
5 slow / no / weaker, immune response / response by immune A ‘immune system not working’
system ; A suppresses / damages, immune system
6 idea of increased susceptibility to
disease / infection / (named)pathogens ; A viruses / bacteria A ‘can’t fight disease’
7 cancers ;
8 fungal infections / TB / pneumonia / named disease linked MP3–8 A answers that give role(s) of immune
with HIV ; R common cold system followed by ‘this doesn’t happen’
9 develop AIDS ;
10 AVP ; [max 3]

(c) (i) (substance) changes / modifies / affects, (chemical) reactions in I category of drug, medicine, specific effects of
the body / how the body works ; [1] named drug, etc.

(ii) antibiotics if ‘antibodies’ written rather than antibiotic – mark to I viruses inside cells
max 1 A do not work against viruses
are not effective against viruses / only effective against bacteria ; A ORA
idea that nothing for them to act on ; e.g. cell wall / protein R ‘life processes’
synthesis / cellular structure / capsule [2]

[Total: 8]
Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

3 (a (i) glucose
provides energy / required for (aerobic / anaerobic) respiration ; R to produce / AW, energy
amino acids
used, to make (named), proteins / polypeptides ; [2] A for (cell) growth / make new cytoplasm

(ii) DNA / chromosome / genetic material, replicates / is copied ; ignore mitosis / RNA /chromosomes
cell membrane / cell wall, develops in the middle of the cell ;
binary fission ;
bacteria / cell / cytoplasm, divides into two ; max [2]

(b) some bacteria were resistant to antibiotic, S / T / both S and T ; R immune / antibodies
fewer were resistant to antibiotic T / antibiotic T is more effective (than S) ;
both antibiotics, killed / inhibited growth or reproduction of, (susceptible)
bacteria ; max [2]

(c) bacteria are resistant ; R ‘growing / becoming, resistant’

have reproduced / multiplied, (in culture) ;
all genetically identical, so all resistant ; max [2]
3 (d) antibiotic resistant bacteria are formed by
mutation ;
change to, DNA / gene ;
produces, new / different, protein ;
ref to anything that increases risk of resistance ; e. not completing the full course /do
e.g.
or taking antibiotics when not necessary
spread
(when antibiotic is used) susceptible / AW, bacteria die ; ORA
less competition / example ; e.g. more food / resources (available for
resistant bacteria)
ref to fewer limiting factor(s) ;
resistant bacteria, reproduce / multiply ; pass on their
(DNA / gene(s) / allele(s)) for (antibiotic) resistance ;
ref to, (unprotected) sexual intercourse / many sex partners / AW ;
any two methods of transmission (from host to host) ;; e.g. body fluids / droplets (in
air) / blood / needles or
syringes / food / water / (named)
vector / across placenta / at birth / breast milk
AVP ; max [5]

[Total: 13]
Question
uestion Answers Marks Additional Guidance

4 (a) arthropods/Arthropoda ; [1] R ‘anthropod’

(b) A – spiny/oval, carapace/AW ; A descriptions of carapace/back/‘shell’

jagged edge of carapace ; ignore exoskeleton for carapace
claws same length ;
eyes on (short) stalks ;

B – long/coiled/soft , abdomen ; ignore ‘tail’ for abdomen

abdomen not under carapace ; ignore segmented abdomen
(long) antennae ;
multiple, appendages/mouth parts ;
shorter back (walking) legs ;
uneven length of, chelipeds/claws/pincer ; ignore clamp
hair on claws ; ignore fur for hair
eyes on stalks ;

C – uneven length of, chelipeds/claws/pincers ;

square/rectangular, carapace ;
eyes on (long) stalks ;

D – rounded/flattened/less hairy, back/hind

(walking) legs ; A larger/bigger as BOD (for hind legs)
longer/wider back (walking) legs (compared to
other legs) ;
jagged edge on claws ;
jagged/pointed edge, of carapace ;
short antennae ;
no eye stalks ;
claws same length ; [4]
Question
uestion Answers Marks Additional Guidance

4 (c) (i) mass ; features qualified in (c)(ii) may be credited in (c)(i)

size of a named suitable feature ;
length of named suitable feature ; R number of anything absolute (e.g. legs)
width of named suitable feature; R shape unqualified
number of hairs ; R colour unqualified
number of spikes/roughness ; R fur
thickness of a suitable named feature ; ignore comparing species rather than individuals
hardness of a suitable named feature ;
depth of colour ; [max 1]

(ii) balance/weighing machine/scales ; ignore measure unqualified

use of ruler described ; No ECF from (c)(i)
calipers ;
any other suitable method for the feature given in (i) ; [max 1]

1 (d) 1 population remains the same if birth rate = death rate/ref to examples of MP4 and MP5
carrying capacity ; eaten by predators
2 death rate must be high ; competition with other crabs (of the same species/other
3 many young crabs do not survive to, adulthood/breed ; species)
4, 5 example of cause of high death rate ;; competition with other non-crab species
6 lack of/competition for, food ; (infectious) disease
7 ref to limiting factor(s) ; effect of abiotic factor (e.g. dehydration)
indirect effect of man, e.g. pollution/habitat destruction
genetic disease/genetic ‘fault’
[max 3] fishing/crabbing
4 (e) 1 stops/reduces, blood loss/bleeding ; ignore bandages help quicker clotting
2 reduce (bacterial) infection/bacteria killed in wound ;
3 (clotting) prevents entry of pathogens ; R viral infections
4 more red blood cells, trapped in mesh/fibrin (forming a
clot/scab) ;
5 promotes healing ;
6 (in an emergency) may need wound to be sealed quickly ;
7 less chance of allergies ; [max 3]

[Total: 13]
1 The fungus, Trichophyton violaceum, reproduces asexually by releasing spores.

A single spore was placed in the centre of a Petri dish containing an agar medium with
starch and protein.

Fig. 1.1 shows the fungus that grew from the spore.

Fig. 1.1

(a) State the name given to

(i) the body of the fungus that grows from a single spore

[1]

(ii) the thin threads that make up the body of the fungus.

[1]

(b) Describe how a fungus, such as T. violaceum, obtains nutrients from the agar medium.

[4]
Streptomyces, a soil bacterium, is a major source of antibiotics that are produced by
pharmaceutical companies. An antibiotic sensitivity test can be carried out to help doctors
decide which antibiotic should be used to treat a specific disease, such as gonorrhoea.

Gonorrhoea bacteria isolated from a person are grown on an agar medium. A ring with
eight different antibiotics (1 to 8) is placed on the agar medium and left for 24 hours at
35 °C.

Fig. 1.2 shows the growth of bacteria on the agar medium after 24 hours.

1
8 2 bacterial
growth

7 3

6 4
5

Fig. 1.2

(c) (i) Suggest why there is a clear area around some of the antibiotics.

[2]

(ii) Explain why antibiotics 1 and 5 would not be chosen to treat the gonorrhoea
infection.

[2]
(iii) People who take antibiotics should always be told to complete the treatment rather
than stop taking the antibiotics when they feel better.

Suggest why people are given this advice.

[2]

[Total: 12]
2 When bacteria are spread onto agar in a Petri dish they form colonies. Each colony forms
from one bacterium. Fig. 4.1 shows an investigation into antibiotic resistance in a species of
bacterium that causes disease.

colonies of bacteria
no antibiotic
added to agar

transfer of START OF PROCESS

agar bacteria
culture to
A dish A

culture of bacteria
in a liquid medium

antibiotic transfer of
added bacteria
to agar culture to
dish B

transfer of bacteria
culture from dish B to
liquid medium bacteria exposed
to X-rays

transfer of bacteria
culture to dish D
transfer of bacteria
culture to dish C
after 24 hours
antibiotic
antibiotic added
added to agar
to agar

C D

Fig. 4.1
(a) Explain what is meant by the term antibiotic.

[2]

(b) Explain why

(i) only a few bacteria grew in dish B compared with dish A,

[1]

(ii) more bacteria grew in C than in B.

[1]

(c) Fig. 4.1 shows the effect of an antibiotic on a species of disease-causing bacterium.

Suggest why antibiotics should not be used too often.

[2]

(d) Explain the possible effect of the X-rays on the bacteria.

[3]
(e) State two ways in which the structure of a bacterium differs from the structure of a
virus.

1.

2. [2]

(f) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects cells of the immune system.

Describe the effects of HIV on the immune system.

[4]

[Total: 15]
3 The lymphatic system consists of:

• thin-walled lymph vessels that drain tissue fluid from many organs of the body

• lymph nodes that contain the cells of the immune system

The fluid in the lymph vessels is moved in a way similar to the movement of blood in veins.

Fig. 4.1 shows part of the lymphatic system.

from head

vena cava

direction of
flow of lymph

ileum

from legs

Fig. 4.1

(a) Suggest how lymph is moved in the lymph vessels.

[2]
(b) After a meal rich in fatty foods, the lymph leaving the ileum is full of fat droplets.

Explain why there are fat droplets in the lymph leaving the ileum.

[2]
Lymph flows through lymph nodes. Fig. 4.2 shows the action of white blood cells in a
lymph node when bacteria are present.

P
bacteria

P P

not to scale
cell R

Fig. 4.2

(c) (i) Name the type of nuclear division shown at P in Fig. 4.2.

[1]

(ii) Name the molecules labelled Q in Fig. 4.2.

[1]

(iii) Describe how bacteria are destroyed by cell R.

[3]
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. An investigation was carried out into the
effect of prescribing antibiotics on antibiotic resistance in 20 countries. Fig. 4.3 shows the
results of this investigation. Each point represents the result for a country.

60

50

40

percentage
of bacterial
infections that 30
are antibiotic
resistant

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4
percentage of population taking antibiotics

Fig. 4.3

(d) Describe the results shown in Fig. 4.3. Credit will be given for using figures from
Fig. 4.3 to support your answer.

[3]
(e) Many different antibiotics are used.

Suggest why some antibiotics are used less frequently than others.

[3]

[Total: 15]
Question
Question Answers Marks Additional Guidance

1 (a) (i) mycelium ; [1]

(ii) hypha ; [1]

(b) hyphae, secrete / release ; ignore produce

enzymes ;
amylase ;
breaks down starch to, maltose / glucose ;
protease ;
breaks down protein to, peptides / amino acids ;
products absorbed ; accept soluble nutrients if no digestion given
by diffusion / active uptake ; [max 4]
1 (c) (i) antibiotics diffuse through the agar ;
(some) kill / stop reproduction of, bacteria
ref to not all antibiotics being effective [max 2]

(ii) bacteria grew around the discs ;

bacteria are resistant to antibiotics 1 and 5 ; R immune
any explanation of resistance ; [max 2] bacteria break down antibiotic

(iii) kill all the bacteria ;

some still present even after person feels better ;
prevents bacteria becoming resistant ;
prevents selection of resistant strain ; [max 2] accept description of selection even if the term is not used

[Total: 12]
 Question
Question Answers Marks Guidance
2 (a) drug / medicine(AW) / chemical / substance ; medicine / AW e.g. ‘(antibiotic) used to treat
produced by microorganisms ; infection’ is worth a mark
A ref to idea of synthetic analogues A examples e.g. penicillin qualified
kills / stops, growth of, bacteria / other microbes ; ‘penicillin is an antibiotic that kills bacteria/AW’
would gain 2 marks
penicillin alone cannot score
[max 2] R viruses
(b) (i) (most) were killed by the antibiotic ; ora
[1]
(ii) (only) antibiotic-resistant bacteria transferred from B / (only)
resistant bacteria in C / fewer resistant bacteria in B / non-resistant
bacteria were killed in B ; [1]
(c) resistant bacteria, survive / not killed / are selected for / selection R references to immunity as alternative to
pressure ; resistance
eventually, all / many, become resistant ;
AVP ; e.g. any consequence of overuse / antibiotic no longer
effective ; [max 2]
(d) X-rays caused mutations ; ALLOW radiation
change in DNA ;
ref to, gene / allele ;
mutation causes antibiotic resistance ; [max 3]
(e) assume answer is about bacteria unless told otherwise, accept ora / R nucleus in bacteria
AVP for viruses e.g. capsid IGNORE composition of cell wall

bacteria have cells ;

cell wall ;
cell membrane ;
cytoplasm ;
ribosome(s) ;
flagellum ;
capsule ;
AVP ; [max 2]
 Question
Question Answers Marks Guidance
(f) HIV infects lymphocytes ;
2
T helper (lymphocytes / cells) ;

fewer antibodies produced ;

infected cells not killed (by immune system) ;
phagocytes less effective ;

increased susceptibility to / longer recovery time for, (infectious)

diseases / named disease (TB) ;
cancers ;
opportunistic diseases ;

ref to AIDS ; [max 4]

[Total: 15]
Question
Question Answers Marks Additional Guidance

3 (a) muscles / surrounding tissues, contract / squeeze, vessels ;

valves, prevent backflow / ensure one way flow ;
ref. to breathing (lowering pressure in chest) ; [2]

(b) 1 fat / fatty acids (and glycerol), absorbed (in ileum ) ;

2 ref. to making fat water soluble ;
3 fat enters lacteals ;
4 lacteals, empty into lymph vessels / are part of lymphatic
system ; other possible AVP idea that not overloading blood
5 AVP ; with fat / by-passes the liver / goes to adipose tissue
e.
e.g. transport of fat in lymph may reduce risk of plaque first
arteries [max 2]

(c) (i) mitosis ; [1]

(ii) antibody ; [1]

(iii) ref. to antibodies in context of, immobilising / ‘marking’ / A any alternative wording for effect on bacteria
agglutinating, bacteria ;
phagocytosis (by cell R) ; A cell R is a phagocyte
(bacteria) ingested / engulfed ;
into a, vacuole / vesicle ;
digested / broken down ; I ‘killed’ / destroyed (in question) unless qualified
by, enzymes / acid ; [max 3]
Question
Question Answers Marks Additional Guidance

3 (d) 1 positive correlation ;

2 more antibiotics used, more bacteria are resistant ;
3 variation between countries at each dosage ;
4 data quote 1 ;
5 data quote 2 ;
e.
countries with antibiotic use of <1%, less than 10% bacteria
are resistant data quotes must have figure (or range) for use of
countries with antibiotic use of 3(+)%, more than 40% antibiotics and % resistance
bacteria are resistant

variation – e.g. some countries at 2.5%, with 4.5% and

32.5% [max 3]

(e) accept ora

1 bacteria are resistant to some antibiotic ; R people become, immune / resistant

2 ref. to selection ;
3 result of overuse ;
4 some are specific ;
5 some antibiotics used for rare disease(s) ;
6 some only used as last resort ;
7 have (many / unpleasant) side-effects / harmful / cause
allergy ;
8 too expensive ;
9 cannot be used on children ;
10 AVP ; ref. to other uses, e.g. on animals [max 3]

[Total: 15]