‫ص نا ه و نا ه طا عات را ردی ع وم ا سا یو اسﻼ ی‬

Journal of Humanities and Islamic

Strategic Studies

٤١٥-٤٣٠ ‫ ﺻﺺ‬.١٤٠١ ‫ تابستان‬.٤٦ ‫ شماره‬.‫سال چهارم‬

Vol 4. No 46. 2022. P 415-430

ISSN (2538-4317) (٢٥٣٨-٤٣١٧) ‫شماره شاپا‬

Social cynicism toward government institution

Ali Abdulhassan Abbas

University of Kerbala / College of Administration and Economics /
Department of Accounting. Iraq/Kerbala

Abstract
The current research aims to explore the nature of social cynicism in a
sample of government departments in the Karbala governorate and to know
the reasons for social cynicism and its increase in recent times due to the
deprivation of several groups in society as well as the failure to meet the
desires of citizens, and the lack of credibility by government institutions,
which was considered as a primary motive for social cynicism Also, the
fluctuation of wealth among social and political circles, which makes their
view of this life sarcastic and the violation of the psychological contract by
organizations towards citizens. The conceptual content of the research was
adopted to highlight the most important concepts of social cynicism and to
identify the main causes of social cynicism.
Keywords: Social Cynicism
 Journal of Humanities and Islamic Strategic Studies

Introduction
Although we aspire for all institutions to be perfect in carrying out their
work, reality shows a different thing. It often appears that organizations act
as tools for domination and control and the promotion of their own interests,
and this will generate the belief among workers that the organization lacks
credibility and integrity and that honesty, justice, and sincerity will be
sacrificed to achieve the interests of several individuals and this will lead to
the emergence of negative feelings and frustration among individuals
towards these institutions, which It leads to social cynicism.
With the current global collapse, wars, and economic crises that the country
is going through, which affected all fields, as well as fluctuations in wealth
in society, and failed covenants from the government in not achieving goals,
this led to the emergence of social cynicism among individuals, which was
represented in frustration and mistrust in government institutions, which is a
reaction towards Failure to meet their desires and achieve the goals The
problem was the loss of confidence in the government and its institutions.
This current study focused on achieving a set of basic objectives, namely: an
integrated cognitive framing of the main topic of study represented by social
cynicism, identifying the main sources of social cynicism.

1. Social Cynicism
Dean, et al, (1998); Abbas & Al Hasnawia, (2020) indicated that social
cynicism comes from two sources: (1) The fluctuation of wealth in social
and political circles makes their view of this life cynical. (2) Workers who
believe that they will be exploited during the early stages and the failed
promises of modern organizations to improve the work environment. There
is an overlap between the individual's perception of cynicism and the
approach that the individual follows. Kanter & Mirvis, (1989) notes that
levels of cynicism can be managed and that it can provide many ways in
which organizational cultures can be created to counteract it. Peterson,
(1991) pointed out that social cynicism is a product of penetrating the social
contract between the individual and society. Ozler & Atalay, (2011) added
that social cynicism is a violation of the social contract between the
individual and society, and it includes disillusionment with society,
institutions, and other elements. Delken, (2004) see that social cynicism is a
form of organizational cynicism toward the citizens of a country when they
do not trust their government.
Abraham, (2000) argues that profit margins across the industrial landscape
since 1973 have been negatively affected by the combined effect of
increased energy prices, higher payroll taxes, stock market crashes in
leading industries, factory closures, job losses, and a desperate attempt to
maintain competitiveness. American companies produce it abroad. Violation
of the social contract can be considered a breach of faith, where the
individual feels wronged, trust in the system is eroded, and the faith of
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 Social cynicism toward government institution

others is challenged. Amedee, (2011) added that social cynicism is

pessimism that aims to disrupt society's potential for change, and it is a form
of social pessimism. Pitre, (2004) believes that social cynicism is the breach
of the social contract between the individual and society. A social contract is
a belief by an individual that there is a mutual agreement with another
person that is upheld. When a person exhibits social or institutional
cynicism, that person has a feeling that he or she is justified in expectations
that he or she did not meet. Gavreliue, et al, (2008) added that social
cynicism reflects the negative view of human nature because it is often
easily seized by force, such as being a biased position against some groups
of people, or distrust of social institutions, and ignoring moral means to
achieve the end. (Boski, et al, 2009) believes that social cynicism in political
life is the result of deception committed by the authorities, i.e., the
contradiction between propaganda and reality. Aqueveque & Encina, (2010)
indicated that it is most prevalent in societies where there is a lack of trust in
both social systems and people in general. Chen, et al, (2012) added that
they are characterized by self-denial as a result of a lack of trust in others
and are more prone to negative perceptions than other humans. Li & et al,
(2011) confirmed that there is a big difference between sarcasm as a
personality trait and social sarcasm. Personal cynicism is a person's beliefs
about himself and social cynicism is beliefs about other people and social
institutions. They found through their study that social cynicism is
negatively associated with life satisfaction and job satisfaction and that
social cynicism has a less frequent relationship with the use of cooperative
and bargaining methods. Abraham, (2004) added that cynicism has its place
in times of prosperity also because the times of prosperity are short and
social cynicism is manifested by the alienation of the youth, the public's
distrust of the government, disillusionment, and political indifference, the
growing feeling of powerlessness among the poor. (Stanley, 2007) defined
social cynicism as enlightened false consciousness, and described sarcasm
as the dominant form of contemporary consciousness.

2. The Causes of Social Cynicism

Abraham, (2004) indicated that contemporary social cynicism is a product
of the combined effect of: (1) lifestyle (individualism, physical movement),
(2) failure of government policies and media distortion of reality, (3)
Individual tendency in poverty and relative deprivation or independence in
social isolation and the results of that are social chaos or the collapse of
community relations. She cited some sources of social cynicism:

2-1 .Social Disintegration as a Source of Social Cynicism

Lerner, (1997) pointed out that the root cause of the growing pessimism in
society is the failure to fill the void left by unfulfilling the quest. In this
sense, the loss of loyalty was prevalent in industrial societies, which gives
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reason for frustration, helplessness, and disappointment that turns into

meaningless acts of cruelty, anger, jealousy, and the desire to saturate with
power. Frustration represents itself through acts of violence. Today, people
suffer from a lot of anger and frustration, and the spread of psychological
diseases and deprivation, which led to the emergence of many individual
and social problems, and a group of people began to turn to the voracious
purchase of goods to relieve the pain of their disappointment, which they
faced from not being able to find the world. Which was the cause of pain
and led to the growth of cynicism and anger. This led to a feeling of
isolation and loneliness and a constant feeling that no one could be trusted.
Kubrin & Weitzer, (2003) indicates that social disintegration is represented
in the society's inability to achieve common goals and solve problems
according to the theory of social disintegration represented by poverty,
population mobility, ethnic disparity, and weak social networks. Abraham,
(2004) added that family values were the cornerstone of human existence for
countless generations and still flourish in the world in traditional and
religious societies. Tradition was part of societal values in Western societies,
but it sank as a result of the recklessness in material progress. Blau, (1982):
Abraham, (2004) emphasized that the most important characteristic of social
disintegration is the increase in crime that accompanies the transformation
of civil and agricultural societies where the environment affects the person,
whether he is fixed, unified, harmonious, and stable.

2-2 .The Failure of Government Policies

Buzan, (1980); Agger & Etal, (1961); Abbas et al, (2017) pointed out that
cynical attitudes towards attitudes in the political system become more
prevalent, and therefore disaffected groups within society come to reject the
regime after it has reached to replace the current regime. Erber & Lau,
(1990) added that the legitimacy of democratic political systems depends in
large part on the extent to which voters trust the government, to do what is
right, at least most of the time. Distrust or social cynicism is limited to a
minority of voters and over a short period of time. It can be said that the
political system is functional because it may encourage electoral and social
change and it becomes a problem. However, the majority of voters do not
trust the government over an extended period of time. Discontent for long
periods and alienation from the political system may be a challenge to its
legitimacy, and in the end, political participation will decrease during the
coming periods. Cappella & Jamieson, (1996) indicated that the public's
trust in government and social institutions has reached new levels of
suspicion and mistrust. Some media outlets, observers, and critics blame the
media for being preoccupied with the strategic game of politics rather than
social problems. Cappella & Jamieson, (1997) added that social cynicism is
basically a lack of trust, and the cynic believes that the people and groups
they represent cannot be trusted. Lee & Glasure, (2002) indicated that it is
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not the economic conditions that lead to cynicism, but rather the
performance of the ruling party. In its study to measure the relationship
between the voter's vote and the economy, a distinction should be made
between personal economic grievances and collective economic conditions.
Williams, (2001) added that the government's failure to respond both to
crises and to long-term problems affecting citizens and political competition
was increasingly marked by polarization, and impasse, The offensive, and
toxic policy has been one of the main problems in delegating citizens' trust
in their public institutions, pervasive in many important aspects of
government and fueling corruption, abuse of power, and a lack of
accountability for the mistakes of officials.

2-3 .Media Distortion of Reality

Gamson, et al, (1992); Farhan, et al, (2020) indicated that the media
generally work on methods that encourage apathy, cynicism, and calm rather
than participation and active citizenship. The images that we receive today
about political and social issues are not neutral, but rather demonstrate the
point of view of the authority and the group of political elites, who make
them focus on them. The extraordinary genius of this system is to make the
whole process seem so ordinary and natural. The media has become
emphasizing the production of images instead of facts or information
because this form is more subtle than constructing meaning and it is at the
heart of the issue. Abraham, (2004); Bagdikian, (2004) added that the media
outlets entrusted with the responsibility of portraying social forces have
deviated from their goals and that their structure and message encourage
indifference and cynicism. It is a shortcoming on its part that is exacerbated
with the passage of time due to the multiplicity of media and expression
from more than one source thanks to the technological development in the
field of the Internet, satellite stations, and other means. Most of the media
sources come from less and more powerful sources in providing less
objective information and thus the cynicism will have a more subtle effect
with the manipulation of the media message being based on a cynical view
of life. With economic and political power behind the media that
deliberately distorts the social structure, the masses are still deluded.
Compaine, (2005) added that the media have the ability to change the media
landscape, threaten diversity in viewpoints and threaten democracy.
Iyengar, (1994); Cappella & Jamieson, (1997); Abbas& Shyaa, (2021)
added that television and social media have contributed to a variety of
disincentives that led to low voter turnout. or influence the increase in
political campaigns, or influence other parties and lead to their decline in the
political arena, automatic re-election of incumbents, and the use of rhetoric
and symbolism instead of strategies in solving leadership and management
problems and other fundamental changes in the political system. Pikkert,
(2007); Schenck-Hamlin, (2000) added that incidental news is characterized
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by reports on specific events such as the bombing, the signing of an

agreement, a diplomatic agreement, or the issuance of new legislation. As
for objective news, it is an embodiment as an interpretive analysis of a series
of events or trends, and accidental news is not effective in political
mobilization. Therefore, objective news is the most influential in increasing
people's social cynicism.

2-4 .Failed Vows in a Great Society

Abraham, (2004); Al Hasnawi & Abbas, (2020) pointed out that amid the
economic boom in the nineties in the field of stocks and technology, which
transformed the lifestyles of young people, and by intruding on the reality of
most of them in the city center, they were accompanied by poverty, despair,
disability, and deprivation, they cannot be excluded as members of society
and who are a legitimate part of it as others. It is the ultimate form of
sarcasm. Satire is the natural state of existence.
Davis & Ballard (1974); Abraham, (2004); Cuesta, (2007); Alhasnawi &
Abbas, (2021) described the cycle of poverty as the child is surrounded by
adults who are very tired with the need to find a way to get the resources
needed for daily life. Separation and absence is the multiple extension of his
or her life and has become the norm. Adults are unable to give the child the
inner feeling of mastery of the vicissitudes of life and the establishment of
self-concept to confront racism in the community school, differences with
their peers, and political oppression. A child who receives few positive
reactions will weaken his inner sense due to the prevalence of social
problems, and more weakness negatively affects his school performance and
not that he or she graduates from school with limited education. Thus, it
affects the work skills, but one’s feeling of being a victim persists so that he
can rely on society and perpetuate his or her opinion on them, and as we find
that the hostile society permanently limits opportunities so that it is
impossible to protect himself at any time from any crisis facing, Adults will
be unable to correct them because of their limited educational skills or the
inability to mobilize the resources needed to solve them, which in turn arise
from feelings of helplessness, defeatism, and alienation, so that societal
cynicism is transmitted through the generations and this state of alienation
perpetuates poverty. The Business Dictionary.com defines the cycle of
poverty as a series of events that begins and tends to perpetuate the situation
and the gradual decline in levels of education and training leading to a lack
of job opportunities and to an increase in criminal activity in order to
survive, leading to drug addiction, broken health, early death and the
disintegration of the family It leads to a darker future for the next
generation, and this cycle continues until someone intervenes by providing
useful means, not alms, to get out of want and ensure health and education.

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3. Society and Study Sample

A sample of (522) employees working in several official departments in the
Karbala governorate was taken. A five-point Likert scale was used. The
questionnaire was distributed, and the study lasted for one year, starting on 3
February 2021.

4. Study Scale
The scale of each was relied upon by Abraham, (2004); Indibara&
Varshney, (2020), we're relied upon in building the study scale and testing it
on the sample. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted for the purpose
of developing a new scale that fits with the Iraqi environment, three
dimensions of social cynicism were taken:
1. Dominance (DOM): It contains three questions (DOM1- DOM2- DOM3)
2. Unfairness (UNF): It contains three questions (UNF1- UNF2- UNF3)
3. Suspicion (SUS): It contains two questions (SUS1- SUS2)

5. Statistical Analysis
The SPSS V.26 software was utilized to evaluate most statistical tests used
in this paper such as descriptive statistics, reliability, correlation, and
exploratory factor analysis (EFA), whereas an AMOS V.22 program was
used to investigate confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The first section
provides the EFA results for the items in the study. CFA was applied in
section 2, where it is a multivariate statistical procedure that is used to test
how well the measured variables represent the number of constructs. CFA
was used to confirm the exploratory factor model by determining the
goodness of fit between hypothesized model and sample data. Finally, the
relative importance index criteria is constructed in section three along with
some descriptive statistics and multiple correlations.

5.1 Exploratory Factor Analysis

Using SPSS, the investigation began with EFA to investigate the
relationships between the observed indicators and the constructs. EFA is
intended to identify whether or not the variables are connected. It is carried
on without understanding how many components exist in reality. Thus, EFA
entails calculating the number of factors as well as the pattern of factor
loadings. As a consequence, EFA is used to characterize the links between
components before estimating the associations using multivariate
approaches. As a result, it is seen as more of a theory generator than a
theory-based method (Blunch, 2012). When there is a lack of thorough
theory about the variables' relationships to the underlying constructs, EFA is
most beneficial as a preliminary study (Gerbing and Anderson, 1993). This
study employed principal component analysis (PCA) to extract the factors
needed to describe the structure of the variables. PCA is a frequently used
extraction approach for identifying the factors needed to represent the
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structure of the variables. The Promax rotation approach was employed

since the components are expected to be connected.

Table 1: Exploratory factor analysis

Variance Others
Factor Symbol Loading Eigenvalue
Explained Scales
DOM1 0.803
Dominance DOM2 0.685 28.129 2.250 KMO = 0.728
Bartlett’s Test
DOM3 0.512
= 383.773
UNF1 0.798
Sig. = 0.000
Unfairness UNF2 0.627 14.138 1.131
Cumulative
UNF3 0.588
Variance =
SUS1 0.722 55.57
Suspicion 13.303 1.064
SUS2 0.696

The appropriateness of the data was checked prior to conducting EFA. The
sample adequacy for the study was confirmed by the Bartlett test of
sphericity (significant at ) and the Kaiser-Meyer-Oklin measure of
sampling adequacy (KMO = 0.728, surpassing the suggested value of 0.50).
(Field, 2009). The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed with
eigenvalues greater than one and up to 25 iterations for convergence. As a
consequence, three components were identified, accounting for 56% of the
total variation. It is also obvious that the first component alone accounted
for 28%, while the remaining factors accounted for 14% and 13%,
respectively. According to Tabachnick and Fidell (2019), if the factor
loadings are 0.50 or above, cut-offs of 0.50 or larger are regarded as very
significant and can be utilized for further analysis.

5.2 Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Researchers conducting confirmatory factor analysis of the scales used to
check the validity of the theoretical constructs of variables and their field
scrutiny to verify the constructive validity of scales. It is a subset of
modeling that seeks to fit the available hypothetical structure of variables
with the data obtained about it. As a result, the relationship between the
dimensions and the items is confirmed, and the items are not orientated to all
dimensions, ensuring that each dimension is represented by a clear and
appropriate number of unobserved items.

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 Social cynicism toward government institution

Figure 1: Confirmatory factor analysis of social cynicism constructs

along with the goodness of fit measures

To test the structural validity of items representing the dimensions of social

cynicism, the CFA was performed as shown in Figure 1. The regression
weights for the items were shown on each arrow and all items were
significant (Table 2) and have loadings above 0.3 (Yusoff, et. al. 2011;
Arifin, & Yusoff, 2016). The model fit indices are shown in table (3) with
its acceptable values. The results of fit indices are shown in figure 1, where
CMIN/DF is less than 5, RMSEA is less than 0.08, and the other indices are
above 0.9. Therefore, the CFA for social cynicism scale has higher level of
fit.
Table 2: Significance of item loadings
Items <--- Construct Unstandardized Standardized S.E. C.R. P
DOM1 <--- .741 .489 .135 5.475 ***
DOM2 <--- Dominance 1.000 .704
DOM3 <--- .895 .637 .116 7.693 ***
UNF1 <--- .774 .498 .124 6.261 ***
UNF2 <--- Unfairness 1.000 .610
UNF3 <--- .556 .385 .100 5.538 ***
SUS1 <--- 1.000 .402
Suspicion
SUS2 <--- 1.396 .429 .376 3.708 ***
***P<0.001

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Table 3: Goodness of fit indices

Indices Criteria
Chi-Square/Degree of Freedom <5
Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI), Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit, Index
(AGFI), Incremental Fit Index (IFI), Tucker Lewis Index (TLI), >0.9
Normed Fit Index (NFI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI)
Parsimony Normed Fit Index >0.5
Root Mean Square Residual <0.1
Root Mean Square of Approximation <0.08

5.3 RII, Descriptive Statistics, and Multiple Correlations

Relative Importance Index (RII) is used to determine the relative importance
of quality factors involved. According to Chen et al. (2010), the importance
levels from the relative importance index are derived as High (H), High-
Medium (H-M), Medium (M), Medium-Low (M-L), and Low (L).

Table 4: Relative Importance Index

Ranking Overall
Importa
Item RII by rankin
nce level
category g
DOM1: People claim to have moral
standards, but few adhere to them when 0.747 1 3 H-M
money is at stake
Dominance

DOM2: People lie to cover up their

sources of income in order to avoid being 0.710 3 5 H-M
dominated and exploited by other people
DOM3: People always take advantage of
people with good intentions to dominate 0.742 2 4 H-M
and exploit their character
UNF1: Most people are not really honest
0.705 2 6 H-M
in their nature because they feel wronged
Unfairness

UNF2: There is no fairness in the

0.638 3 7 H-M
opportunity to ascend to a higher position
UNF3: Lots of people claim that they care
about any employee and don't wrong
0.762 1 2 H-M
anyone they meet, but realistically they
don't.
SUS1: Increased loss of confidence in
government institutions mainly because of 0.805 1 1 H
Suspicion

our suspicion of their inefficiency

SUS2: It is unfair to have children in a
future surrounded by uncertainty and 0.602 2 8 H-M
injustice
0.8 < H < 1.0; 0.6 < H-M < 0.8; 0.4 < M < 0.6, 0.2 < M-L < 0.4; 0.0 < L <
0.2

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The results of relative importance index are reported in a table (4) along
with the corresponding ranking and their importance level. It is evident from
the ranking table that one item was identified as “High” importance level
which is considered of prime importance for the selection of its construct.
The other seven items were identified as “High-Medium” importance levels
which are considered of second importance for the selection of its
constructs. These “High-Medium” importance indicators have RII in the
range of 0.762–0.602.

Table 5: Descriptive statistics and multiple correlations

Construct Dominance Unfairness Suspicion Mean SD Skewness Kurtosis
Dominance 1 .335*** .250*** 3.6654 0.79854 -0.258 -0.687
Unfairness .192*** 3.5077 0.76474 -0.349 -0.165
Suspicion 1 3.5182 0.83938 -0.263 -0.473
***
P < 0.001

Table (5) shows the descriptive statistics and correlations between the main
variables. It can be shown that Dominance has a mean (M) and standard
deviation (SD) as with a significant positive
correlation with Unfairness , and a
significant positive correlation with Suspicion
. Unfairness has descriptive statistics as
with a significant positive relationship with
Suspicion since . Finally, Suspicion has
descriptive statistics as . The values of
Skewness and kurtosis are within the range (+2,-2) indicate that the
associated variables are normally distributed (Trochim & Donnelly, 2006;
Gravetter & Wallnau, 2014).

6. Conclusion
The basic belief of social cynicism is that the principles of honesty,
integrity, loyalty, and trust are sacrificed to advance the self-interests of the
leadership and that it is directed by cynics against the methods of managing
their organizations and government institutions and against procedures,
rules, and regulations, and it is manifested in the workplace embodied in the
distrust and contempt towards law enforcement and services to society Loss
of trust and respect. In addition, demographic factors have a major role in
influencing cynicism. The poorest individuals are the most cynical towards
government institutions as a result of the failure of the state and leaders to
fulfill their obligations towards this class, and also that less-educated
individuals are the most vulnerable to cynicism. and that individuals who go
through difficult social and economic conditions are more likely to drift into
social cynicism. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider the work of

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government institutions to be more responsive to the expectations of

individuals by making adjustments in their ways of working to be easier and
reducing administrative red tape in the performance of their work. It also
culminates in governments to adopt goals that can be achieved in light of
environmental changes and to make adjustments to their plans and policies
in terms of dealing with individuals in society, The media must also be
emphasized in spreading the truth without distorting it and confronting
negative media, The most important thing is that the government must abide
by its commitments towards society and future generations by striving to
achieve a better life for individuals.

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