GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT CONCERNS

Global Environmental Issues

Examples of environmental issues of global significance are:

• Ozone layer depletion
• Global warming
• Loss of biodiversity

GLOBAL WARMING
 After the Industrial Revolution, through fossil fuel combustion, changing agricultural
practices and deforestation, the natural composition of gases in the atmosphere is getting
affected and climate and environment began to alter significantly.
 The present temperature is 0.3 - 0.6 °C warmer than it was 100 years ago.
 Carbon dioxide, one of the most prevalent greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, has two
major anthropogenic (human-caused) sources: the combustion of fossil fuels and changes in
land use.
 approximately 80 percent of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions currently come
from fossil fuel combustion

Sources of Greenhouse Gases

 Naturally occurring greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous
oxide, and ozone (refer Figure 9.4). Certain human activities, however, add to the levels of
most of these naturally occurring gases.
 Methane is emitted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil.
 estimates of greenhouse gas emissions are presented in units of millions of metric tons of
carbon equivalents (MMTCE), which weights each gas by its Global Warming Potential or
GWP value.
 Very powerful greenhouse gases that are not naturally occurring include hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), which are generated in a
variety of industrial processes.
 Although there are a number of ways of measuring the strength of different greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, the Global Warming Potential (GWP) is perhaps the most useful.

 Global warming is when the earth heats up and the temperature increases.
 More recently, the temperatures have been rising, causing more dangers for
people, animals, plants and our environment.

The Greenhouse Effect

 The greenhouse effect is when the temperature goes up, on Earth, since the sun’s heat and
light energy is trapped in the earth’s atmosphere.
 While the heat from the sun enters our atmosphere, the heat has trouble leaving back
out our atmosphere.
 Gas in the atmosphere, such a water, carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs and nitrous
oxide, absorb infrared light and would otherwise escape to space, radiating it back towards
the planet’s surface.
 These gases are called ‘ greenhouse gases’ and they have a critical role in determining
the temperature of the Earth’s surface and the living conditions on the planet.
 This natural process is called the “greenhouse effect”.
  Electrical pollution is a main cause for Global Warming. Mostly, fossil fuels are burned
to create electricity and are made of dead plants and animals. Some examples of fossil
fuels are oil and petroleum. Many pollutants (chemicals that pollute the air, water, and
land) are sent into the air when fossil fuels are burned. Some of these chemicals are
called greenhouse gasses.

 Petroleum, one of the sources of energy, is used a lot. It is used for transportation,
making electricity, and making many other things. Although this source of energy gives off a
lot of pollution, it is used for 38% of the United States’ energy.

 When we throw our garbage away, the garbage goes to landfills. They are full of
garbage. The garbage is then sometimes burned. This sends an enormous amount of
greenhouse gasses into the air and makes global warming even worse.

 Another factor that makes global warming worse is when trees are cut down. Trees
and other plants collect and absorb carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a greenhouse gas.

Results of Global Warming

 Global warming is affecting many parts of the world, including melting glaciers, creating the
sea to rise even more, and when that happens, the water covers many low land islands.

 Global Warming also destroys many huge forests. The pollution that causes global warming
is linked to acid rain. Acid rain gradually destroys almost everything it touches. Global
warming is also causing many more fires that wipe out whole forests. This happens because
global warming can make the earth very hot. In forests, some plants and trees leaves can be
so dry that can catch on fire.
Effects of Global Warming

 ➢ Serve Changes in Weather :

 ➢ Earth’s surface to a new high of 14.57 degree centigrade.

➢ Rise in temperature was marked by unusually severe weather in many parts of the world.

➢ The irony of this global warming is that while it could reduce climatic changes by drying up rains.

➢ It could also raise sea levels with disastrous consequences for islands and low- level
coastal areas.
Impact on Arctic Ecosystem

➢ The ecosystem which sustains the livelihood of Arctic residents is melting the ice as temperature
rise.

➢ The layer of permafrost is melting, causing an inland lake to drain into the ocean and killing fresh
water fish.
KYOTO PROTOCOL

➢ A un- brokered treaty was signed by in 1997 in Kyoto Japan. It was called the Kyoto Protocol.

➢ It commits the rich countries to binding cut in their emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon
dioxide.
➢ The developed countries agreed to cut their emissions by a collective average of 5 percent below
their levels in 1990 by 2008-2012.
Representative Climate Conference (COPC) in Nov 2000, and discussed about the implementation of
the Kyoto Protocol
Effects

➢ People around the world will experience climate changes and the erratic rainfall China to Africa
will jeopardize the lives of many people.

➢ IT is now nearly a decade since the IPCC (The Intergovernmental panel on

climate change)accepted that human activates were changing the world’s climate.

➢ The most severe warming is seen in the Arctic were the ice pack is shrinking, and
thinning, according to the US experts.

➢ Scientists have warned that a warmer world will mean more storms, floods, droughts,
and snowfalls.

➢ The countries that have to suffer most are the small countries. Islands in danger of
being submerged, from the Pacific to the Caribbean are panicky. The lives of million people will be
affected by these.

➢ Pollution from transport is the fastest growing source of carbon dioxide emissions since
the industrial revolutions

➢ Carbon emission levels responsible for 70 percent of global warming vary widely among nations.

➢ Due to these emissions the ozone layer that provides a protective shield over the Earth from the
harmful ultravoilent radiation is getting depleted.

➢ Another greenhouse gas, methane, has more than doubled.

RESULT OF THIS, VERY HOT WEATHER LIKE THE SAME IN DESERT REGION OR MORE THAN THAT.
Major climate change

➢ If we do not act to reduce the emission of these heat- trapping gases, it is predicted that global
temperature could rise 2 degree to 6degree Fahrenheit in the next 100 yrs. Just a few degree
difference in the global average temperature can mean a major climate change.

➢ The amt o greenhouse gases that are released could be controlled through prudent planning and
implementation of environmental priorities. Man has to act now to insure against the risk of
destructive future warming by reducing the greenhouse gas emissions.
ACID RAIN

Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has
elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low ph). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals,
and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which
react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Some governments have made
efforts since the 1970s[1] to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the
atmosphere with positive results. Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes,
and sulphur dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions.[2] Acid rain has been shown to have adverse
impacts on forests, freshwaters, and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-forms, causing paint to peel,
corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and weathering of stone buildings and statues as well
as having impacts on human health.
◼ Natural Sources

◼ Emissions from volcanoes and from biological processes that occur on the land, in wetlands, and in
the oceans contribute acid-producing gases to the atmosphere
◼ Effects of acidic deposits have been detected in glacial ice thousands of years old in remote parts
of the globe.
◼ The principal cause of acid rain is from human sources

◼ Industrial factories, power-generating plants and vehicles

◼ Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are released during the fuel burning process
(i.e. combustion).

◼ Canada

◼ Acid rain is a problem in Canada

◼ Water and soil systems lack natural alkalinity such as lime base Cannot neutralize acid

◼ Canada consists of susceptible hard rock such as granite Do not have the capacity to effectively
neutralize acid rain
◼ Industrial acid rain is a substantial problem in China, Eastern Europe and Russia and areas down-
wind from them.
◼ Acid rain from power plants in the Midwest United States has also harmed the forests of
upstate New York and New England.
◼ This shows that the effects of acid rain can spread over a large area, far from the source of
the pollution

◼ Harmful to aquatic life

◼ Increased acidity in water bodies

◼ Stops eggs of certain organisms (e.g. fish) to stop hatching

◼ Changes population ratios

◼ Affects the ecosystem

◼ Harmful to vegetation
◼ Increased acidity in soil

◼ Leeches nutrients from soil, slowing plant growth

◼ Leeches toxins from soil, poisoning plants

◼ Creates brown spots in leaves of trees, impeding photosynthesis

◼ Allows organisms to infect through broken leaves

The following are some more specific suggestion on what we, as an individual can do:
In the home

• Run the dishwasher only with full load

• Run the washing machine with full load

• Buy energy-efficient appliances.

• Avoid the use of air conditioner altogether

• Turn out the lights in empty rooms & when away from home

• Consider installing compact fluorescent bulbs instead of high-voltage incandescent bulbs. • Turn off
the hot water tank when going away for extended period of time.
Install additional insulation on hot water tank & pipes.
While shopping

Look for product bearing the EcoLogo. They minimize the use of environmentally hazardous
substance & maximize energy efficiency & the use of recycled materials
Transportation

• Have your vehicle engine tuned at least once every six months

• Use alternative fuels, such as propane or natural gas

• Avoid unnecessary riding.

• Drive at moderate speeds.

• Take the train or bus on long trips.

• Go CFC-free
OZONE DEPLETION
Earth's atmosphere is divided into three
regions, namely troposphere, stratosphere
and mesosphere
The stratosphere extends from 10 to 50 kms from
the Earth's surface. This region is concen
trated with slightly pungent smelling, light
bluish ozone gas.
chemical formula is O3
The
ozone layer, in the stratosphere acts as an
efficient filter for harmful solar Ultraviolet B
(UV-B) rays
Ozone is formed when oxygen molecules absorb ultra violet radiation with wavelengths less
than 240 nanometres and is destroyed when it absorbs ultraviolet radiation with
wavelengths greater than 290 nanometres.
In recent years, scientists have measured a seasonal thinning of the ozone layer primarily at
the South Pole. This phenomenon is being called the ozone hole.

Ozone is formed when oxygen molecules absorb ultra violet radiation with wavelengths less
than 240 nanometres and is destroyed when it absorbs ultraviolet radiation with
wavelengths greater than 290 nanometres. In recent years, scientists have measured a
seasonal thinning of the ozone layer primarily at the South Pole. This phenomenon is being
called the ozone hole.

Ozone Depletion Process

Ozone is highly reactive and easily broken down by man-made chlorine and bromine com pounds.
These compounds are found to be most responsible for most of ozone layer depletion. The ozone
depletion process begins when CFCs (used in refrigerator and air conditioners) and other ozone-
depleting substances (ODS) are emitted into the atmosphere. Winds efficient ly mix and evenly
distribute the ODS in the troposphere. These ODS compounds do not dis solve in rain, are extremely
stable, and have a long life span. After several years, they reach the stratosphere by diffusion.

Strong UV light breaks apart the ODS molecules. CFCs, HCFCs, carbon tetrachloride,
methyl chloroform release chlorine atoms, and halons and methyl bromide release
bromine atoms. It is the chlorine and bromine atom that actually destroys ozone, not the
intact ODS mol ecule. It is estimated that one chlorine atom can destroy from 10,000 to
100,000 ozone mole cules before it is finally removed from the stratosphere.

Chemistry of Ozone Depletion

When ultraviolet light waves (UV) strike CFC* (CFCl3) molecules in the upper atmosphere,
a carbon-chlorine bond breaks, producing a chlorine (Cl) atom. The chlorine atom then
reacts with an ozone (O3) molecule breaking it apart and so destroying the ozone. This forms an ordi nary oxygen
molecule (O2) and a chlorine monoxide (ClO) molecule. Then a free oxygen** atom breaks
up the chlorine monoxide. The chlorine is free to repeat the process of destroying more
ozone molecules. A single CFC molecule can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules. The
chemistry of ozone depletion process is shown in Figure 9.3.
* CFC - chlorofluorocarbon: it contains chlorine, fluorine and carbon
atoms. ** UV radiation breaks oxygen molecules (O2) into single oxygen
atoms.

Chemical equation is
CFCl3 + UV Light ==> CFCl2 + Cl
Cl + O3 ==> ClO + O2
ClO + O ==> Cl + O2
The free chlorine atom is then free to attack another ozone molecule
Cl + O3 ==> ClO + O2
ClO + O ==> Cl + O2
and again ...
Cl + O3 ==> ClO + O2
 ClO + O ==> Cl + O2

Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion

Effects on Human and Animal Health: Increased penetration of solar UV-B radiation is like
ly to have high impact on human health with potential risks of eye diseases, skin cancer
and infectious diseases.
Effects on Terrestrial Plants: In forests and grasslands, increased radiation is likely to
change species composition thus altering the bio-diversity in different ecosystems. It could
also affect the plant community indirectly resulting in changes in plant form, secondary
metabolism, etc.

Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems: High levels of radiation exposure in tropics and subtropics
may affect the distribution of phytoplanktons, which form the foundation of aquatic food
webs. It can also cause damage to early development stages of fish, shrimp, crab,
amphibians and other animals, the most severe effects being decreased reproductive
capacity and impaired lar val development.
Effects on Bio-geo-chemical Cycles: Increased solar UV radiation could affect terrestrial
and aquatic bio-geo-chemical cycles thus altering both sources and sinks of greenhouse
and impor tant trace gases, e.g. carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbonyl
sulfide (COS), etc. These changes would contribute to biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks
responsible for the atmos phere build-up of these greenhouse gases.
Effects on Air Quality: Reduction of stratospheric ozone and increased penetration of UV-
B radiation result in higher photo dissociation rates of key trace gases that control the
chemical reactivity of the troposphere. This can increase both production and destruction
of ozone and related oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide, which are known to have
adverse effects on human health, terrestrial plants and outdoor materials.
HAZARDOUS WASTES

► Any product not required by a process which is thrown out is called as waste

► Waste products can be recycled or reused

► When there exists some energy content in the waste there is always a possibility of the waste
being reused or recycled.
► When the waste has reached its most stable state of a complex or compound and the
lowest energy level it has only one option that of being buried.
► Waste can thus be classed broadly as

► Reusable or non reusable waste

► harmful to biotics

► Non harmful neutral to biotics

Waste can be in different forms

► Solid

► Liquid

► Gaseous

► Plasma

► Radiation

CLASSIFICATIONS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES

► EPA classifies WASTE with four catagories

► Ignitability

► Corrosivity
► Reactivity

► Toxicity
► Each of the catagories can be specifically qualitatively and quantitatively measured
for classification
► Thus based on this different specifications have been arrived at and will continue to be evolved.
IGNITABILTY

The ability of the waste to be ignited is measured based on the UL 94 standards. Flammability
is measured as being TO V-0 , V-1, & V-2.
Ignitability is the characteristic used to define as hazardous those wastes that could cause a
fire during transport, storage, or disposal. Examples of ignitable wastes include waste oils and
used solvents.

CORROSIVITY

CORROSIVE wastes are acidic or alkaline (basic) wastes that can readily corrode or dissolve materials
they come into contact with.
REACTIVITY (EXPLOSIVES)

► Reactivity Reactivity is the tendency of a substance to undergo chemical reaction, either by itself
or with other materials, and to release energy
► When we consider a substance as an explosive a huge amount of heat, light, & sound
results causing potential harm to the immediate environment .
Toxicity

► The degree to which a posion or chemical can harm life forms is called as Toxicity.

► The term LD is used – for the extreme case of toxicity called Lethal Dose. This has different
concentrations of the harmful ingredient.

BIOMEDICAL WASTE & ITS MANAGEMENT

NEED FOR BMW MANAGEMENT

➢ Nosocomial infections in patients from poor infection control practices and poor
waste management.
➢ Drugs which have been disposed of, being repacked and sold off to unsuspecting buyers.

➢ Risk of air, water and soil pollution directly due to waste, or due to defective
incineration emissions and ash.

➢ Risk of infection outside hospital for waste handlers and scavengers, other peoples.

OBJECTIVE OF BMW MANAGEMENT

• TO MINIMIZE THE PRODUCTION/GENERATION OF INFECTIVE WASTE.
• RECYCLE THE WASTE AFTER TREATING TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE.
ENDANGERED LIFE SPECIES
MAN MADE DISASTERS

Introduction:

● A man-made disaster has an element of human intent, negligence or error involving a failure of a
man-made system, as opposed to natural disasters resulting from natural hazards.
● Manmade disasters can be both intentional and unintentional. It results in huge loss of life and
property. It further affects a person's mental, physical and social well being.
● When the disasters are due to carelessness of human or mishandling of dangerous equipment’s
they are called man-made disasters. Common examples of these disasters are train accidents, aero
plane crashes, collapse of buildings, bridges, mines, tunnels, etc.
● There are multiple factor that may relate to man-made disasters:
o Ignorance
o Unawareness
o Illiteracy
o Carelessly handling danger
o Chemical
o Weapons

Types of Man-Made Disaster:

1. Chemical Disaster
2. Industrial Disaster
3. Nuclear Disaster
4. Fire Hazard

1. Chemical Disaster:

● A chemical hazard is a type of occupational hazard caused by exposure to chemicals in the

workplace.
● Exposure to chemicals in the workplace can cause acute or long-term detrimental health effects.
● A chemical accident is an unintentionally release of one or more hazardous substances who could
harm human health as well as the environment.
● Chemical hazards are systems where chemical accidents could occur under
certain circumstances.
● Chemicals can change their physical state depending on temperature or pressure. Thus, it is
important to identify the health risks as these states can determine the potential route the chemical
will take.
● Chemicals can affect the skin by contact or either by the body through the digestive system or
through the lungs if there is contamination with chemicals, vapours, mist or dust.
● There can be an acute effect or a chronic effect from the accumulation of the chemicals or the
substances in the body.
● Categories of hazardous chemicals:
o Flammable / Explosive: Gasoline, Kerosene etc...
o Irritating to skin, lungs, eyes: Strong acids, strong alkali and strong fumes etc... o Interfere with
oxygen uptake, use in body: Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide etc...
BHOPAL INCIDENT IN INDIA:

▪ The Bhopal Disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, was a gas leak incident on the
night of 2–3 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticides plant in Bhopal
Madhya Pradesh, India. It is considered to be the world’s worst industrial disaster.

▪ Over 500,000 people were exposed to methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas. The highly toxic substance
made its way into and around the small towns located near the plant.

▪ The official immediate death toll was 2,259.

▪ In 2008, the government of Madhya Pradesh had paid compensation to the family members of
3,787 victims killed in the gas release, and to 574,366 injured victims.

▪ A government affidavit in 2006 stated that the leak caused 558,125 injuries, including 38,478
temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.

▪ Others estimate that 8,000 died within two weeks, and another 8,000 or more have since died
from gas-related diseases.

▪
2.NUCLEAR DISASTER:

● Nuclear disaster are the types of disaster that falls in the category is nuclear bomb. When this
occurs, it is often as a result of intent and the end results are even more catastrophic with a large
percentage of those involved losing their lives
● It is a type of explosion deriving its force from nuclear reaction of fission and fusion.
● Examples of fission bombs are: Atomic bombs, A-bombs, fission bombs. Examples of fusion bombs
are the Hydrogen bombs, H-bomb and fusion bomb.
● Nuclear power is a clean and efficient way of boiling water to make steam, which turns turbines to
produce electricity.
● Nuclear power plants use low-enriched uranium fuel to produce electricity through a process
called fission—the splitting of uranium atoms in a nuclear reactor.
● While nuclear energy is clean and sustainable, the consequences of a meltdown can be
devastating and wide reaching.
● One of the scariest things about nuclear power is when something goes wrong and an accident
occurs. Radiation is released into the environment and people get hurt. Two of the most famous
nuclear accidents occurred at the Three Mile Island reactor 2 in the United States and the
Chernobyl reactor 4 in the former Soviet Union.

CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR BLAST:

▪ One of the reactors in the power plant exploded,

resulting in more fallout than the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs combined.

▪ While 350,000 people were evacuated from the

surrounding area, nearly
500,000 workers laboured to end the meltdown, 31 of
which died during the
attempt.

▪ The true devastation is

attributed to the radiation
exposure, which has killed an
estimated 4,000 people and deformed countless others

3 MILE ISLAND REACTOR :

▪ America had its own meltdown in 1979 known as the 3 Mile Island Nuclear Explosion.

▪ The plant experienced a partial meltdown, but only a small amount of radiation was released.

▪ This was due to the successes of a working containment system,

resulting in no immediate consequences.

▪ Officially, it caused no deaths. But unofficial

3. FIRE HAZARD:
investigations claimed there were above-average rates of cancer and birth defects in the
surrounding area.

● As long as fire is under our control, it serves a lot of useful purposes for us, but, once it goes out of
our control, it can create a lot of destruction. ● However, despite the presence of fire safety
measures, the occurrence of accidents is oftentimes unpredictable.
● Because of the useful purposes that it serves, people keep sources of fire in/around their
houses/workplace, these sources could sometimes result in "undesired" fire.
● Fire - Causes:
▪ Electrical: Incidents of fire caused due to overloading, short circuiting, etc. This might cause some
wires to come in contact with each other and thus create a short circuit. This short circuit can cause
a very high current flow through wires and cause fire.
▪ Pantry area: Incidents involving cooking gas, cooking oil etc. Leakage of cooking gas, accompanied
by a spark around the leakage could cause fire. These are typically very dangerous. Sources of
sparks could be anything: - a burning item, turning on/off of electrical gadgets/switches etc.
▪ Smoking: Smoking in/around combustible materials could cause fire, due to hot ashes falling from
the cigarette. The basic strategy of fire prevention is to control or isolate sources of fuel and heat in
order to prevent combustion. If all three are not present in sufficient quantities a fire will not ignite
or a fire will not be able to sustain combustion.

● Fire –

▪ Class A: These are fires that involve some solid material like, clothes, paper, wood etc.
▪ Class B: These are fires that involve liquid materials like: petrol, gasoline, diesel, oil etc.
▪ Class C: These are fires that involve electrical elements ▪ Class D: These are fires are those involve
metals

UPHAAR THEATRE BLAZE

● It is believed to be the second deadliest fire disaster in twenty years in Delhi, first being the
Uphaar theatre blaze.

● On December 8, 2019, Delhi woke up to a massive fire at Anaj Mandi factory building. The four-
storey building was cramped with sleeping labourers.

● The fire broke out on the second floor of the building around 5 in the morning. In the incident, 43
people lost their lives and 16 were injured.

● With the help of 150 firefighters, the fire was doused in four hours from the time of the incident.

● As per the fire officials, they receive several fire emergency calls, however, the concerned
authorities didn’t take any required actions against the illegal constructed factories being run in the
tapered lanes.
4.INDUSTRIAL HAZARD:

sss

● Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury or
death to personnel or loss of product or property. ● Industrial hazards are threats to people and life-
support systems that arise from the mass production of goods and services.
● Hazardous wastes may be found in different physical states such as gaseous, liquids, or solids.
● A hazardous waste is a special type of waste because it cannot be disposed of by common means
like other by-products of our everyday lives.
● Depending on the physical state of the waste, treatment and solidification processes might be
required.
● Types of industrial hazards:
▪ Fire: This is the most frequent of the hazards however the consequences are generally less. The
effect of fire on people usually takes the form of skin burns and is usually dependant on the
exposure time and the intensity of the heat.
▪ Toxic/Chemical release: Sudden releases of toxic vapours have the potential to cause death and
severe injuries several miles from the release point. They are carried by water and air.
▪ Environmental Damage: As well as having the potential for causing injury, loss of life and damage
to property, the hazards of fire, explosion and toxic releases may pose a severe threat to
the environment.

How to reduce risks:

o Design and Pre-modification review: this involve proper layout, facilities and material selection.
Research should be done try to substitute extremely toxic chemicals with safer ones. Less
chemicals should be stored; a reduction in inventory will automatically mean less damage if an
accident is to occur.
o Chemical Risk Assessment: Chemicals are assessed based on compatibility, flammability, toxicity,
explosion hazards and storage. o Process Safety Management: HAZOP studies, reliability
assessment of process equipment, incorporating safety trips and interlocks, scrubbing system, etc.
should be done before effecting major process changes. Management should try to develop a
culture of safety in industrial organizations
o Safety Audits: Periodical assessment of safety procedures and practices, performance of safety
systems and gadgets along with follow up measures should be carried out.
o Emergency Planning: A comprehensive risk analysis indicating the impact of consequences and
specific written down and practiced emergency procedures along with suitable facilities should be
done. This can be done by communities as well as national or regional corporation authorities
o Training: Proper training of employees and protective services should be done.
o Special times and escorts for dangerous vehicles
o Public Cooperation on the road: the public should cooperate with the police and any tankers and
heavy-duty vehicles to avoid accidents and allow for the shortest possible on road time for
dangerous vehicles.
o Public awareness: Everyone should be aware of potential disasters and informed of protective
and safety measures. MSDS sheets should be readily available to the public. Cautions must be
placed to standout on dangerous household and car care products.
o Proper storage of hazardous Materials: All chemicals and hazardous materials should be kept at
proper storage temperature and in locked cupboards away from children and animals. Also, if
reactive substances are stored, it should be stored is a watertight container.