Index

1. Defination global warming

2. Introduction
3. Causes of global warming
4. Effects of global warming
5. Prevention
6. Climate change definition
7. Causes of climate change
8. Effects of climate change
9. Prevention of climate change
Introduction
Defination: Global warming
Global warming is a phenomenon of climate change characterized by a
general increase in average temperatures of the Earth, which modifies the
weather balances and ecosystems for a long time. It is directly linked to the
increase of greenhouse gases in our atmosphere, worsening the greenhouse
effect.

Within theearth'satmosphere,accumulatinggreenhousegaseslike water

vapor, carbondioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,and ozone arethegases within
theatmospherethat absorbandemitheatradiation. Increasingordecreasing
amountsof greenhousegaseswithintheatmosphereacttoeitherholdinor
releasemoreof theheatfromthesun.

Ouratmosphereisgettinghotter, moreturbulent,andmoreunpredictable
becauseof the“ boilingandchurning” effectcausedby theheat-trapping
greenhousegaseswithintheupper layersof our atmosphere.With each
increaseof carbon,methane,orother greenhousegaslevels intheatmosphere,
ourlocal weather andglobal climateisfurther agitated, heated,and“ boiled.”
Global warmingisgaugedbytheincreaseintheaverageglobal temperatureof
theEarth.

Alongwith ourcurrentlyincreasingaverageglobal temperature, somepartsof

theEarthmay actuallyget colderwhileotherpartsget warmer— hencetheidea
of averageglobal temperature.Greenhousegas-causedatmosphericheating
andagitation alsoincreasetheunpredictabilityof theweatherandclimate,and
dramaticallyincreasetheseverity,scale, andfrequencyof storms,droughts,
wildfires,andextremetemperatures Global warmingcan reach levelsof
irreversibility,andincreasinglevels of global warmingcan eventually reachan
extinctionlevel wherehumanityandall lifeon earth will end.

Causesof Global Warming

Following are the major causes of global warming:

Man-made Causes ofGlobal Warming

Deforestation
Plants are the main source of oxygen. They take in carbon dioxide and
release oxygen thereby maintaining environmental balance. Forests are
being depleted for many domestic and commercial purposes. This has led to
an environmental imbalance, thereby giving rise to global warming.

Use of Vehicles
The use of vehicles, even for a very short distance results in various gaseous
emissions. Vehicles burn fossil fuels which emit a large amount of carbon
dioxide and other toxins into the atmosphere resulting in a temperature
increase.

Chlorofluorocarbon
With the excessive use of air conditioners and refrigerators, humans have
been adding CFCs into the environment which affects the atmospheric
ozone layer. The ozone layer protects the earth surface from the harmful
ultraviolet rays emitted by the sun. The CFCs have led to ozone layer
depletion making way for the ultraviolet rays, thereby increasing the
temperature of the earth.

Industrial Development
With the advent of industrialization, the temperature of the earth has been
increasing rapidly. The harmful emissions from the factories add to the
increasing temperature of the earth.

In 2013, the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change reported that the
increase in the global temperature between 1880 and 2012 has been 0.9
degrees Celsius. The increase is 1.1 degrees Celsius when compared to the
pre-industrial mean temperature.

Agriculture
Various farming activities produce carbon dioxide and methane gas. These
add to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and increase the
temperature of the earth.

Overpopulation
An increase in population means more people breathing. This leads to an
increase in the level of carbon dioxide, the primary gas causing global
warming, in the atmosphere.

Natural Causes of Global Warming

Volcanoes
Volcanoes are one of the largest natural contributors to global warming. The
ash and smoke emitted during volcanic eruptions goes out into the
atmosphere and affects the climate.

Water Vapour
Water vapour is a kind of greenhouse gas. Due to the increase in the earth’s
temperature, more water gets evaporated from the water bodies and stays in
the atmosphere adding to global warming.
Melting Permafrost
Permafrost is frozen soil that has environmental gases trapped in it for
several years and is present below Earth’s surface. It is present in glaciers.
As the permafrost melts, it releases the gases back into the atmosphere,
increasing Earth’s temperature.

Forest Blazes
Forest blazes or forest fires emit a large amount of carbon-containing smoke.
These gases are released into the atmosphere and increase the earth’s
temperature resulting in global warming.

Effects of Global Warming

Following are the major effects of global warming:

Rise in Temperature
Global warming has led to an incredible increase in earth’s temperature.
Since 1880, the earth’s temperature has increased by ~1 degrees. This has
resulted in an increase in the melting of glaciers, which have led to an
increase in the sea level. This could have devastating effects on coastal
regions.

Threats to the Ecosystem

Global warming has affected the coral reefs that can lead to the loss of plant
and animal lives. Increase in global temperatures has made the fragility of
coral reefs even worse.

Climate Change
Global warming has led to a change in climatic conditions. There are
droughts at some places and floods at some. This climatic imbalance is the
result of global warming.
Spread of Diseases
Global warming leads to a change in the patterns of heat and humidity. This
has led to the movement of mosquitoes that carry and spread diseases.

High Mortality Rates

Due to an increase in floods, tsunamis and other natural calamities, the
average death toll usually increases. Also, such events can bring about the
spread of diseases that can hamper human life.

Loss of Natural Habitat

A global shift in the climate leads to the loss of habitats of several plants
and animals. In this case, the animals need to migrate from their natural
habitat and many of them even become extinct. This is yet another major
impact of global warming on biodiversity.

Prevention of Global Warming

Change a light
Replacing one regular light bulb with a compact fluorescent light bulb will
save 150 pounds of carbon dioxide a year.

Drive less
Walk, bike, carpool or take mass transit more often. You'll save one pound of
carbon dioxide for every mile you don't drive!
Recycle more
You can save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide per year by recycling just half
of your household waste.

Check your tires

Keeping your tires inflated properly can improve your gas mileage by more
than 3 percent. Every gallon of gasoline saved keeps 20 pounds of carbon
dioxide out of the atmosphere.

Use less hot water

It takes a lot of energy to heat water. Use less hot water by taking shorter
and cooler showers and washing your clothes in cold or warm instead of hot
water (more than 500 pounds of carbon dioxide saved per year).

Avoid products with a lot of packaging

You can save 1,200 pounds of carbon dioxide if you reduce your garbage by
10 percent.

Adjust your thermostat

Moving your thermostat down just 2 degrees in winter and up 2 degrees in
summer could save about 2,000 pounds of carbon dioxide a year.

Plant a tree
A single tree will absorb one ton of carbon dioxide over its lifetime.

Turn off electronic devices

Simply turning off your television, DVD player, stereo, and computer, when
you're not using them, will save you thousands of pounds of carbon dioxide a
year.
Introduction
Defination:Climate change

In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing

increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate
system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term
changes to Earth's climate.

The current rise in global average temperature is more rapid than previous
changes, and is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels. Fossil fuel
use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices add
to greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide and methane. Greenhouse
gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms
from sunlight. Larger amounts of these gases trap more heat in Earth's lower
atmosphere, causing global warming.

Climate change has an increasingly large impact on the

environment. Deserts are expanding, while heat waves and wildfires are
becoming more common. Amplified warming in the Arctic has contributed to
thawing permafrost, retreat of glaciers and sea ice decline. Higher
temperatures are also causing more intense storms, droughts, and
other weather extremes

Rapid environmental change in mountains, coral reefs, and the Arctic is

forcing many species to relocate or become extinct. Even if efforts to
minimise future warming are successful, some effects will continue for
centuries.

These include ocean heating, ocean acidification and sea level rise. Climate
change threatens people with increased flooding, extreme heat,
increased food and water scarcity, more disease, and economic loss. Human
migration and conflict can also be a result

The World Health Organization (WHO) calls climate change the greatest
threat to global health in the 21st century. Societies and ecosystems will
experience more severe risks without action to limit warming. Adapting to
climate change through efforts like flood control measures
or drought-resistant crops partially reduces climate change risks, although
some limits to adaptation have already been reached. Poorer communities
are responsible for a small share of global emissions, yet have the least
ability to adapt and are most vulnerable to climate change.

Causes of climate change

Generatingpower

Generatingelectricityandheatbyburningfossil fuelscausesalargechunkof
global emissions.Mostelectricityisstillgeneratedbyburningcoal,oil,orgas,
whichproducescarbondioxideandnitrousoxide– powerful greenhousegases
thatblankettheEarthandtrapthesun’ sheat.Globally,abitmorethanaquarterof
electricitycomesfromwind,solarandotherrenewablesourceswhich,asopposed
tofossil fuels,emitlittletonogreenhousegasesorpollutantsintotheair.

Manufacturinggoods

Manufacturingandindustryproduceemissions,mostlyfromburningfossilfuelsto
produceenergyformakingthingslikecement,iron,steel,electronics,plastics,
clothes,andothergoods.Miningandotherindustrialprocessesalsoreleasegases,
asdoestheconstructionindustry.Machinesusedinthemanufacturingprocess
oftenrunoncoal,oil,orgas;andsomematerials,likeplastics,aremadefrom
chemicalssourcedfromfossilfuels.Themanufacturingindustryisoneofthe
largestcontributorstogreenhousegasemissionsworldwide.

Cuttingdownforests

Cuttingdownforeststocreatefarmsorpastures,orforotherreasons,causes
emissions,sincetrees,whentheyarecut,releasethecarbontheyhavebeenstoring.
Eachyearapproximately12millionhectaresofforestaredestroyed.Sinceforests
absorbcarbondioxide,destroyingthemalsolimitsnature’ sabilitytokeep
emissionsoutoftheatmosphere.Deforestation,togetherwithagricultureand
otherlandusechanges,isresponsibleforroughlyaquarterofglobal greenhouse
gasemissions.

Usingtransportation

Mostcars,trucks,ships,andplanesrunonfossilfuels.Thatmakestransportationa
majorcontributorofgreenhousegases,especiallycarbon-dioxideemissions.
Roadvehiclesaccountforthelargestpart,duetothecombustionof
petroleum-basedproducts,likegasoline,ininternalcombustionengines.But
emissionsfromshipsandplanescontinuetogrow.Transportaccountsfornearly
onequarterofglobalenergy-relatedcarbon-dioxideemissions.Andtrendspointto
asignificantincreaseinenergyusefortransportoverthecomingyears.

Producingfood

Producingfoodcausesemissionsofcarbondioxide,methane,andother
greenhousegasesinvariousways,includingthroughdeforestationandclearingof
landforagricultureandgrazing,digestionbycowsandsheep,theproductionand
useof fertilizersandmanureforgrowingcrops,andtheuseofenergytorunfarm
equipmentorfishingboats,usuallywithfossil fuels.Allthismakesfoodproduction
amajorcontributortoclimatechange.Andgreenhousegasemissionsalsocome
frompackaginganddistributingfood.

Poweringbuildings
Globally,residentialandcommercial buildingsconsumeoverhalfofallelectricity.
Astheycontinuetodrawoncoal,oil,andnaturalgasforheatingandcooling,they
emitsignificantquantitiesofgreenhousegasemissions.Growingenergydemand
forheatingandcooling,withrisingair-conditionerownership,aswell asincreased
electricityconsumptionforlighting,appliances,andconnecteddevices,has
contributedtoariseinenergy-relatedcarbon-dioxideemissionsfrombuildingsin
recentyears.

Consumingtoomuch

Yourhomeanduseofpower,howyoumovearound,whatyoueatandhowmuch
youthrowawayallcontributetogreenhousegasemissions.Sodoesthe
consumptionofgoodssuchasclothing,electronics,andplastics.Alargechunkof
global greenhousegasemissionsarelinkedtoprivatehouseholds.Ourlifestyles
haveaprofoundimpactonourplanet.Thewealthiestbearthegreatest
responsibility: therichest1percentoftheglobalpopulationcombinedaccountfor
moregreenhousegasemissionsthanthepoorest50percent.

Effect ofclimatechange

Hottertemperatures

Asgreenhousegasconcentrationsrise,sodoestheglobal surfacetemperature.
Thelastdecade,2011-2020,isthewarmestonrecord.Sincethe1980s,each
decadehasbeenwarmerthanthepreviousone.Nearlyalllandareasareseeing
morehotdaysandheatwaves.Highertemperaturesincreaseheat-related
illnessesandmakeworkingoutdoorsmoredifficult.Wildfiresstartmoreeasilyand
spreadmorerapidlywhenconditionsarehotter.TemperaturesintheArctichave
warmedatleasttwiceasfastastheglobal average.

Moreseverestorms
Destructivestormshavebecomemoreintenseandmorefrequentinmanyregions.
Astemperaturesrise,moremoistureevaporates,whichexacerbatesextreme
rainfallandflooding,causingmoredestructivestorms.Thefrequencyandextentof
tropical stormsisalsoaffectedbythewarmingocean.Cyclones,hurricanes,and
typhoonsfeedonwarmwatersattheoceansurface.Suchstormsoftendestroy
homesandcommunities,causingdeathsandhugeeconomiclosses.

Increased drought

Climatechangeischangingwateravailability,makingitscarcerinmoreregions.
Globalwarmingexacerbateswatershortagesinalreadywater-stressedregions
andisleadingtoanincreasedriskofagricultural droughtsaffectingcrops,and
ecologicaldroughtsincreasingthevulnerabilityofecosystems.Droughtscanalso
stirdestructivesandandduststormsthatcanmovebillionsoftonsof sandacross
continents.Desertsareexpanding,reducinglandforgrowingfood.Manypeople
nowfacethethreatofnothavingenoughwateronaregularbasis.

Awarming,rising ocean

Theoceansoaksupmostoftheheatfromglobalwarming.Therateatwhichthe
oceaniswarmingstronglyincreasedoverthepasttwodecades,acrossalldepths
oftheocean.Astheoceanwarms,itsvolumeincreasessincewaterexpandsasit
getswarmer.Meltingicesheetsalsocausesealevelstorise,threateningcoastal
andislandcommunities.Inaddition,theoceanabsorbscarbondioxide,keepingit
fromtheatmosphere.Butmorecarbondioxidemakestheoceanmoreacidic,
whichendangersmarinelifeandcoral reefs.

Loss of species

Climatechangeposesriskstothesurvivalofspeciesonlandandintheocean.
Theserisksincreaseastemperaturesclimb.Exacerbatedbyclimatechange,the
worldislosingspeciesatarate1,000timesgreaterthanatanyothertimein
recordedhumanhistory.Onemillionspeciesareatriskof becomingextinctwithin
thenextfewdecades.Forestfires,extremeweather,andinvasivepestsand
diseasesareamongmanythreatsrelatedtoclimatechange.Somespecieswill be
abletorelocateandsurvive,butotherswillnot.

Notenoughfood

Changesintheclimateandincreasesinextremeweathereventsareamongthe
reasonsbehindaglobalriseinhungerandpoornutrition.Fisheries,crops,and
livestockmaybedestroyedorbecomelessproductive.Withtheoceanbecoming
moreacidic,marineresourcesthatfeedbillionsof peopleareatrisk.Changesin
snowandicecoverinmanyArcticregionshavedisruptedfoodsuppliesfrom
herding,hunting,andfishing.Heatstresscandiminishwaterandgrasslandsfor
grazing,causingdecliningcropyieldsandaffectinglivestock.

More health risks

Climate change is the single biggest health threat facing humanity. Climate
impacts are already harming health, through air pollution, disease, extreme
weather events, forced displacement, pressures on mental health, and increased
hunger and poor nutrition in places where people cannot grow or find sufficient
food. Every year, environmental factors take the lives of around 13 million
people. Changing weather patterns are expanding diseases, and extreme
weather events increase deaths and make it difficult for health care systems to
keep up.
Poverty and displacement

Climate change increases the factors that put and keep people in poverty.
Floods may sweep away urban slums, destroying homes and livelihoods. Heat
can make it difficult to work in outdoor jobs. Water scarcity may affect crops.
Over the past decade (2010–2019), weather-related events displaced an
estimated 23.1 million people on average each year, leaving many more
vulnerable to poverty. Most refugees come from countries that are most
vulnerable and least ready to adapt to the impacts of climate change.

Prevention of climate change

Keep fossil fuels in theground.
Fossil fuels include coal, oil and gas – and the more that are extracted and
burned, the worse climate change will get. All countries need to move their
economies away from fossil fuels as soon as possible.

Invest in renewable energy.

Changing our main energy sources to clean and renewable energy is the
best way to stop using fossil fuels. These include technologies like solar,
wind, wave, tidal and geothermal power.

Switch to sustainable transport

Petrol and diesel vehicles, planes and ships use fossil fuels. Reducing car
use, switching to electric vehicles and minimising plane travel will not only
help stop climate change, it will reduce air pollution too.

Help us keep our homes cosy.

Homes shouldn’t be draughty and cold – it’s a waste of money, and
miserable in the winter. The government can help households heat our
homes in a green way – such as by insulating walls and roofs and switching
away from oil or gas boilers to heat pumps.

Improve farming and encourage vegan diets.

One of the best ways for individuals to help stop climate change is by
reducing their meat and dairy consumption, or by going fully vegan.
Businesses and food retailers can improve farming practices and provide
more plant-based products to help people make the shift.

Restore nature to absorb more carbon.

The natural world is very good at cleaning up our emissions, but we need to
look after it. Planting trees in the right places or giving land back to nature
through ‘rewilding’ schemes is a good place to start. This is because
photosynthesising plants draw down carbon dioxide as they grow, locking it
away in soils.

Protect forests like the Amazon

Forests are crucial in the fight against climate change, and protecting them
is an important climate solution. Cutting down forests on an industrial scale
destroys giant trees which could be sucking up huge amounts of carbon. Yet
companies destroy forests to make way for animal farming, soya or palm oil
plantations. Governments can stop them by making better laws.
 Protect the oceans.
Oceans also absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,
which helps to keep our climate stable. But many are overfished, used for oil
and gas drilling or threatened by deep sea mining. Protecting oceans and the
life in them is ultimately a way to protect ourselves from climate change.

Reduce how much people consume.

Our transport, fashion, food and other lifestyle choices all have different
impacts on the climate. This is often by design – fashion and technology
companies, for example, will release far more products than are realistically
needed. But while reducing consumption of these products might be hard, it’
s most certainly worth it. Reducing overall consumption in more wealthy
countries can help put less strain on the planet.

Reduce plastic.
Plastic is made from oil, and the process of extracting, refining and turning
oil into plastic (or even polyester, for clothing) is surprisingly carbon-intense.
It doesn’t break down quickly in nature so a lot of plastic is burned, which
contributes to emissions. Demand for plastic is rising so quickly that
creating and disposing of plastics will account for 17% of the global carbon
budget by 2050 (this is the emissions count we need to stay within
according to the Paris agreement.
Reference

Enviormental pollution and remediation,editors,Ram Prasad .

Microbial technology for sustainable enviorment editors: Pankaj

bhatt,Saurabh gangola, etc

Enviorment books