QUARDATIC EQUATION

REVISION MATERIAL
QUARDATIC EQUATION MATHEMATICS
KEY CONCEPT
1. SOLUTION OF QUADRATIC EQUATION & RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS &
CO-EFFICIENTS :

–b ± b2 – 4ac
(a) The solutions of the quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 is given by x =
2a
(b) The expression b2 – 4 ac D is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation.
(c) If & are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 , then ;

(i) = – b/a (ii) c/a (iii) D /|a|

(d) Quadratic equation whose roots are & is ( x – ) ( x – ) = 0 i.e. x2 – ( )x+ =0

2
i.e. x – (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0.
2. NATURE OF ROOTS :
(a) Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b , c R & a 0 then ;
(i) D > 0 roots are real & distinct (unequal).
(ii) D = 0 roots are real & coincident (equal)
(iii) D < 0 roots are imaginary.
(iv) If p + i q is one root of a quadratic equation, then the other root must be the conjugate
p – i q & vice versa. (p, q R & i= 1 ).
(b) Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c Q&a 0 then ;
(i) If D is a perfect square, then roots are rational.
(ii) If = p + q is one root in this case, ( where p is rational & q is a surd) then other root
will be p – q .
3. COMMON ROOTS OF TWO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
(a) Only one common root.
Let be the common root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 & a'x2 + b'x + c' = 0 then a 2
+b +c=0 &
2
2
1
a' + b' + c' = 0 . By Cramer’sRule bc ' b ' c a ' c ac ' ab ' a'b

ca ' c ' a bc ' b ' c

Therefore, ab ' a ' b a ' c ac '
So the condition for a common root is (ca' – c'a)2 = (ab' – a'b)(bc'- b'c)
a b c
(b) If both roots are same then
a' b' c'
4. ROOTS UNDER PARTICULAR CASES
Let the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real roots and
(a) If b = 0 roots are of equal magnitude but of opposite sign
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REVISION MATERIAL (MATHEMATICS)
(b) If c = 0 one roots is zero other is – b/a
(c) If a = c roots are reciprocal to each other
a 0c 0
(d) If roots are of opposite signs
a 0c 0

a 0, b 0,c 0
(e) If both roots are negative.
a 0, b 0,c 0

a 0, b 0,c 0
(f) If both roots are positive.
a 0, b 0,c 0

(g) If sign of a = sign of b sign of c Greater root in magnitude is negative.

(h) If sign of b = sign of c sign of a Greater root in magnitude is positive.
(i) If a + b + c = 0 one root is 1 and second root is c/a.
5. MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSION :
D
Maximum & Minimum Values of expression y = ax2 + bx + c is which occurs at x = – (b/2a)
4a
according as a < 0 or a > 0.
D –D
y , if a > 0 & y , if a < 0.
4a 4a
6. LOCATION OF ROOTS :
Let f(x ) = ax2 + bx + c , where a, b, c R, a 0
(a) Conditions for both the roots of f(x) = 0 to be greater than
a specified number ‘d’ are D 0; a.f(d) > 0 & (–b/2a) > d.
D 0 D 0
a>0 a<0

•
•
d d

(b) Conditions for the both roots of f(x ) = 0 to lie on either side of
the number ‘d’ in other words the number ‘d’ lies between the roots of f(x) = 0 is a.f(d) < 0.

d
•
d

(c) Conditions for exactly one root of f(x) = 0 to lie in the interval (d,e) i.e.. d < x < e is f(d). f(e) < 0

• •
d e

(d) Conditions that both roots of f(x) = 0 to be confined between the numbers d & e are (here d < e).
D 0; a . f(d) > 0 & af(e) > 0 ; d < (–b/2a) < e
d e
• •
• •
d e

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 QUARDATIC EQUATION
7. GENERAL QUADRATIC EXPRESSION IN TWO VARIABLES :
f( x, y ) = ax2 + 2 hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2 fy + c may be resolved into two linear factors if ;

a h g
2
= abc + 2fgh – af – bg – ch = 0 OR 2 2
h b f 0
g f c

8. THEORY OF EQUATIONS :
If 1, 2, 3 ,......... n are the roots of the equation ;
f(x) = a0 xn + a1 xn–1 + a2 xn–2 + .....+ an–1 x + an = 0 where a0 , a1,......an are constants a0 0 then,
a1 a2
1 , 1 2 , 1 2 3
a0 a0

a3 an
,......., 1 2 3 ...... n ( 1)n
a0 a0

Note :
(i) Every odd degree equation has at least one real root whose sign is opposite to that of its last
term, when coefficient of highest degree term is (+)ve {If not then make it (+) ve}.
Ex. x3 – x2 + x – 1 = 0
(ii) Even degree polynomial whose last term is (–)ve & coefficient of highest degree term is (+)ve
has atleast two real roots, one (+)ve & one (–)ve.
(iii) If equation contains only even power of x & all coefficient are (+)ve, then all roots are imaginary.

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REVISION MATERIAL (MATHEMATICS)

EXERCISE
Single Correct Answer Type
1. The roots of the equation x2 + x = 2(x – 1) are
(A) imaginary (B) rational (C) irrational (D) equal
2
2. If the equation x – m (2x – 8) – 15 = 0 has equal roots then m =
(A) 3, –5 (B) –3, 5 (C) 3, 5 (D) –3, –5
2
3. The roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0 will be imaginary if-
(A) a 0, b 0, c 0 (B) a 0, b 0,c 0 (C) a 0, b 0,c 0 (D) a 0, b 0,c 0
4. If p, q are the roots of equation x2 + px + q = 0 then value of p must be equal to-
(A) 0, 1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 0, –1

5. If , are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then

a b a b

2 2 2 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
a b c a
6. If the roots of the equation 2x2 – 3x + 5 = 0 are reciprocals of the roots of the equation ax 2 bx 2 0,
then-
(A) a = 2, b = 3 (B) a = 2, b = –3 (C) a = 5, b = –3 (D) a = 5, b = 3
1 1
7. If and are roots of x2 – 2x + 3 = 0, then the equation whose roots are and will
1 1
be-
(A) 3x2 – 2x – 1 = 0 (B) 3x2 + 2x + 1 = 0 (C) 3x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 (D) x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
8. The set of values of p for which the roots of the equation 3x2 + 2x + p (p – 1) = 0 are of opposite
sign is-
(A) (– , 0) (B) (0, 1) (C) (1, ) (D) (0, )
9. The set of values of K for which both the roots of the equation 4x – 20Kx + (25K2 + 15K – 66) = 0,
2

are less than 2, is given by-

(A) (2, ) (B) (4/5, 2) (C) (– ) (D) None of these
10. All possible values of a, so that 6 lies between the roots of the equation x 2 + 2(a – 3)x + 9 = 0
(A) (– –2) (2, (B) (– , –3/4) (C) (2, ) (D) none of these
11. All the values of m for which both roots of the equation x – 2mx + m2 – 1 = 0 are greater than
2

–2 but less than 4, lie in the interval-

(A) –1 < m < 3 (B) 1 < m < 4 (C) –2 < m < 0 (D) m > 3
2
12. If the roots of the equation bx + cx + a = 0 be imaginary, then for all real values of x, the expression
3b2x2 + 6bcx + 2c2 is :-
(A) Greater than –4ab (B) Less than –4ab (C) Greater than 4ab (D) Less than 4ab
13. Sachin and Rahul attempted to solve a quadratic equation. Sachin made a mistake in writing down
the constant term and ended up in roots (4, 3). Rahul made a mistake in writing down coefficient of
x to get roots (3, 2). The correct roots of equation are:
(A) –4, –3 (B) 6, 1 (C) 4, 3 (D) –6, –1
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 QUARDATIC EQUATION
sinx –sinx
14. The equation e –e – 4 = 0 has :
(A) exactly four real roots. (B) infinite number of real roots.
(C) no real roots. (D) exactly one real root.

0. If p, q, r are in A.P. and 1 1

2
15. Let and be the roots of equation px + qx + r = 0, p 4 , then

the value of | | is

(A) 34 (B) 2 13 (C) 61 (D) 2 17

9 9 9 9
2
16. The roots of the quadratic equation (a + b – 2c) x – (2a – b – c) x + (a – 2b + c) = 0 are -
(A) a + b + c & a – b + c (B) 1/2 & a – 2b + c
(C) a – 2b + c & 1/(a + b – 2c) (D) none of these

8 8
17. If the A.M. of the roots of a quadratic equation is and A.M. of their reciprocals is , then the
5 7
quadratic equation is -
2 2 2 2
(A) 5x – 8x + 7 = 0 (B) 5x – 16x + 7 = 0 (C) 7x – 16x + 5 = 0 (D) 7x + 16x + 5 = 0
2
18. If sin & cos are the roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0 then -
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(A) a – b + 2ac = 0 (B) a + b + 2ac = 0 (C) a – b – 2ac = 0 (D) a + b – 2ac = 0

2 a
19. If one root of the quadratic equation px + qx + r = 0 (p 0) is a surd , where
a a b
p, q, r; a, b are all rationals then the other root is -

b a(a b) a a a b a a b
(A) (B) a (C) (D)
a a b b b b

20. A quadratic equation with rational coefficients one of whose roots is tan is -
12
2 2 2 2
(A) x – 2x + 1 = 0 (B) x – 2x + 4 = 0 (C) x – 4x + 1 = 0 (D) x – 4x – 1 = 0
2
21. ax + bx + c = 0 has real and distinct roots and ( > ). Further a > 0, b < 0 and c < 0, then-

b
(A) 0 < <| | (B) 0 < < (C) + <0 (D) | |+| =
a
2
22. Let p, q {1, 2, 3, 4}. Then number of equation of the form px + qx + 1 = 0, having real roots, is
(A) 15 (B) 9 (C) 7 (D) 8
2
23. If the roots of the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 are imaginary then for all values of
2 2
a, b, c and x R, the expression a x + abx + ac is -
(A) positive (B) non-negative
(C) negative (D) may be positive, zero or negative
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REVISION MATERIAL (MATHEMATICS)
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24. Graph of the function f(x) = Ax – BX + C, where
A = (sec – cos ) (cosec – sin )(tan + cot ),
2 2 2 2
B = (sin + cosec ) + (cos + sec ) – (tan + cot ) &
C = 12, is represented by
y y y
y

(A) (B) x (C) x (D) x

x

4 3 2 1 1 1 1
25. If are roots of x – 100x + 2x + 4x + 10 = 0, then is equal to -

2 1 2
(A) (B) (C) 4 (D)
5 10 5
Integer Answer Type

26. If both the roots of the equations k(6x2 + 3) + rx + 2x2 –1 = 0 and 6k 2x 2 1 px 4x 2 2 0

are common, then 2r – p is equal to-

x
27. For all real values of x, the maximum value of the expression 2 is-
x 5x 9
28. If the roots of the equation x2 - bx + c = 0 be two consecutive integers, then b2 – 4c equals-

3x 2 9x 17
29. If x is real, then maximum value of is-
3x 2 9x 7
2 2009 2009
30. If and are the roots of the equation x – x + 1 = 0, then + =
2 2
31. Let for a a1 0, f(x) = ax + bx + c, g(x) = a1x + b1x + c1 and p(x)=f(x) – g(x). If p(x) = 0 only
for x = –1 and p(–2) = 2, then the value of p(2)/6 is :
x 2 4x 60
32. The sum of all real values of x satisfying the equation x 2 5x 5 1 is :-

33. Let and be the roots of x2 – 6x – 2 = 0, with . If an = n

– n
for n 1, then the value
a10 2a 8
of 2a 9
is

Answer Key
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (A) 5. (D) 6. (C) 7. (C)
8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (B) 11. (A) 12. (A) 13. (B) 14. (C)
15. (C) 16. (D) 17. (B) 18. (A) 19. (C) 20. (C) 21. (B)
22. (C) 23. (A) 24. (B) 25. (D) 26. 0 27. 1 28. 1
29. 1 30. 1 31. 3 32. 3 33. 3