Quadratic Equation

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1. Quadratic Expression: The general form of a Quadratic Equation
quadratic expression in x is, f(x) = ax2 + bx + c,
where a, b, c ∈ R & a ≠ 0 and general form of a
quadratic equation in x is, ax2 + bx + c = 0,
where a, b, c ∈ R & a ≠ 0. 2. Roots of Quadratic Equation:
(a) The solution of the quadratic equation,

ax2 + bx + c = 0 is given by
3. Nature of Roots:
(a) Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where The expression D = b2 - 4ac is called the
a, b, c ∈ R & a ≠ 0 then; discriminant of the quadratic equation.
(i) D > 0 ⇔ roots are real & distinct (unequal).
(b) If ⍺ & β are the roots of the quadratic equation
(ii) D = 0 ⇔ roots are real & coincident (equal).
ax2 + bx + c = 0, then ;
(iii) D < 0 ⇔ roots are imaginary.
(i) ⍺ + β = -b/a (ii) ⍺ β = c/a
(iv) If p + i q is one root of a quadratic equation, then the
other must be the conjugate p - i q & vice versa. (iii)
(p, q ∈ R & i = √-1).
(b) Consider the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 where (c) A quadratic equation whose roots are ⍺ & β is (x - ⍺)
a, b, c ∈ Q & a ≠ 0 then; (x - β) = 0
(i) If D > 0 & is a perfect square, then roots are rational & i.e., x2 - (⍺ + β)x + ⍺β = 0
unequal.
(ii) If ⍺ = p + √q is one root in this case, (where p is i.e., x2 - (sum of roots)x + product of roots = 0
rational & √q is a surd) then the other root must be the
conjugate of it i.e. β = p - √q & vice versa.
4. Location of Roots: Lwr f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, Quadratic Equation
where a > 0 & a, b, c ∈ R.
(i) Conditions for both the roots of f(x) = 0 to be
greater than a specified number ‘k’ are:
D ≥ 0 & f(k) > 0 & (-b/2a) > k.
(ii) Conditions for both roots of f(x) = 0 to lie on
either side of the number ‘k’ (in other words the
number ‘k’ lies between the roots of f(x) = 0 is:
af(k) < 0.
(iii) Conditions for exactly one root of f(x) = 0 to lie 5. Common Roots:
in the interval (k1, k2) i.e. k1 < x < k2 are: (a) Only One Common Root
D > 0 & f(k1) . f(k2) < 0. Let ⍺ be the common root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 & a’x2 + b’x + c’ = 0,
(iv) Conditions that both roots of f(x) = 0 to be such that a, a’ ≠ 0 and ab’ ≠ a’b.
confined between the numbers k1 & k2 are Then, the condition for one common root is:
(k1 < k2): (ca’ - c’a)2 = (ab’ - a’b) (bc’ - b’c).
D ≥ 0 & f(k1) > 0 & f(k2) > 0 & k1 < (-b/2a) < k2. (b) Two Common Roots
Let ⍺, β be the two common roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 &
a’x2 + b’x + c’ = 0, such that a, a’ ≠ 0.
Then, the condition for two common root is: