2/25/2013

Syllabus
 Steam Nozzles and Types
Fluid Machines (EG 616 ME)  Flow of steam through Nozzles
 Steady flow energy equation, Momentum
Ram C. Poudel equation
Department of Mechanical Engineering,  Principle of Operation of Steam Turbine
Pulchowk Campus
 Type of Steam Turbine and Application
26 February , 2013
 Impulse and Reaction Turbine
• Components and their functions
• Working principles
Chapter 5: Steam Turbine • Efficiency

Speed of Sound and Mach Variation of Fluid Velocity with

Number Cross Section Area
Equation :

Flow Regimes:
 For Subsonic (M<1)  For Supersonic (M>1)
• dA and dP must have • dA and dP must have
same sign opposite sign

Governing Equation: Nozzles 1-D Isentropic Flow

For Isentropic flow

The first use of such a nozzle occurred in 1893 in a steam turbine designed
by a Swedish engineer, Carl G.B. de Laval (1845-1913), and therefore
converging-diverging nozzles are often called Laval Nozzles.

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Steam Nozzles and Types Critical Ratios and Equations

Converging The properties of a fluid at a location

Converging - diverging where the Mach number is unity (the
throat) are called critical properties
superscript asterisk (*) represent the
critical values.

Critical Ratios and Equations Converging Nozzle: Chocking

Effect of Back Pressure Back Pressure and mass flow rate

Converging Diverging Nozzel Real Nozzle

 May be adiabatic
 But not reversible
• Friction between
the fluid and the
walls
 Efficiency of
Nozzle

Shock Waves !!!

-Normal
- Oblique

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Conservation Laws Conservation of Mass

Conservation of Mass: Continuity

Equation

Conservation of Momentum: Differential Form:

Newton’s second low
Conservation of Energy: First Law of
Thermodynamics

Steady flow Energy equation,

Conservation of Energy

Steady flow Energy equation Conservation of Momentum

dq = 0
Adiabatic

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Steady flow Momentum equation Steady flow Momentum equation

The net force in x-direction

The flow is steady flow. Neglecting friction force

Gravitational forces are being neglected.
The only forces acting on the control volume are the pressure forces and the frictional force exerted on the
surface of the control volume.

Steady flow Momentum equation Topics: Steam Turbine

What is the turbine?
What is the principle of steam
turbine?
Types of steam turbine.
Component of steam turbine.
Problems in steam turbine.

What exactly is the turbine?

Principle of steam turbine:
Turbine is an engine
that converts energy  The steam energy is converted mechanical work
of fluid into by expansion through the turbine.
mechanical energy  Expansion takes place through a series of fixed
blades(nozzles) and moving blades.
 In each row fixed blade and moving blade are
The steam turbine is called stage.
steam driven rotary
engine.

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Steam turbine:
Principle of Operation of Steam turbine
Ranking Cycle
Steam Turbine System:
• Widely used in CHP(combined heat and
power) applications.
• Oldest prime mover technology
• Capacities: 50 kW to hundreds of MWs
• Thermodynamic cycle is the “Rankin cycle”
that uses a boiler
• Most common types
• Back pressure steam turbine
• Extraction condensing steam turbine
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Steam turbine: Steam turbine:

Back Pressure Steam Turbine Extraction Condensing Steam

• Steam exits the turbine at a higher pressure Turbine HP Steam

that the atmospheric • Steam obtained by

HP Steam
Advantages: extraction from an Boiler Turbine

-Simple configuration intermediate stage Fuel

-Low capital cost • Remaining steam is LP Steam

Condensate
Turbine -Low need of cooling water Process
Boiler exhausted
-High total efficiency
Fuel • Relatively high
Disadvantages: capital cost, lower Condenser
Condensate LP
Process Steam
-Larger steam turbine total efficiency

Figure: Extraction condensing steam turbine

Figure: Back pressure steam turbine
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Components of Steam Turbine Components’ Function

Auxiliary Systems

A deaerator is a device that is widely used for the removal of oxygen and other dissolved gases from
the feedwater to steam-generating boilers. In particular, dissolved oxygen to avoid forming oxides (rust)

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Steam turbine and blades Types of steam turbine:

There are two main types
1. Impulse steam turbine
2. Reaction steam turbine

Impulse: Steam Turbine

Concept
Impulse steam turbine:
 The basic idea of an impulse turbine is that
a jet of steam from a fixed nozzle pushes
against the rotor blades and impels them
forward.
 The velocity of steam is twice as fast as the
velocity of blade.
 Pressure drops take place in the fixed blade
(nozzle).

The single stage impulse turbine: Velocity diagram:

 The turbine consists of a single rotor to
which impulse blades are attached.
 The steam is fed through one or several
convergent nozzles.
 If high velocity of steam is allowed to flow
through one row of moving blades.
 It produces a rotor speed of about 30000
rpm which is too high for practical use.

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Cross section view: Component of impulse steam turbine:

 Main components are
1. Casing
2. Rotor
3. Blades
4. Stop and control valve
5. Oil befell, steam befell
6. governor
7. Bearing(general and thrust bearing)
8. Gear box(epicyclic gear box)
9. Oil pumps

Construction of steam turbines

Reaction: Steam Turbine
(Concept)

1 – steam pipeline 9 – rotor disc 21 – bearing pedestal

2 – inlet control valve 10 – rotor 22 – safety governor
3 – nozzle chamber 11 – journal bearing 23 – main oil pump
4 – nozzle-box 13 – thrust bearing 24 – centrifugal governor
5 – outlet 14 – generator rotor 25 – turning gear
6 – stator 15 – coupling 29 – control stage impulse blading
7 – blade carrier 16 – labyrinth packing
8 – casing 19 – steam bleeding (extraction)

Reaction steam turbine: Schematic diagram:

 A reaction turbine utilizes a jet of steam

that flows from a nozzle on the rotor.
 Actually, the steam is directed into the
moving blades by fixed blades
designed to expand the steam.
 The result is a small increase in
velocity over that of the moving blades.

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Problems in steam turbine: BLADE FAILURES:

 Stress corrosion carking  Unknown 26%
 Corrosion fatigue  Stress-Corrosion Cracking 22%
 Pitting  High-Cycle Fatigue 20%
 Oil lubrication  Corrosion-Fatigue Cracking 7%
 Imbalance of the rotor can lead to  Temperature Creep Rupture 6%
vibration  Low-Cycle Fatigue 5%
 Misalignment  Corrosion 4%
 Thermal fatigue  Other causes 10%

Corrosion: Creep:

Resultant damage: Resultant damage:

Extensive pitting of airfoils, shrouds,
covers, blade root surfaces.
Causes of failure:
Chemical attack from corrosive
elements in the steam provided to
the turbine.
Airfoils, shrouds, covers
permanently deformed.
Causes of failure:
Deformed parts subjected to steam
temperatures in excess of design
limits.

Fatigue: Stress Corrosion Cracking:

Resultant damage: Resultant damage:
Cracks in airfoils, shrouds, covers, Cracks in highly stressed areas of
blade roots. the blading.
Causes of failure: Causes of failure:
 Loosing of parts (cover, tie wire,
etc.) caused by the combined presence of
corrosive elements and high
 Exceeded part fatigue life design
limit stresses in highly loaded locations.

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Mandatory Reading: Lecture Note (Compiled by Anil Kuwar)

Posted on Class Website: https://sites.google.com/site/fluidmachinesioe/

Thank you!