5/23/2013

Chapter 4: Basic Equations for

Fluid Flow
 4.1 Continuity Equations,
Fluid Mechanics (EG 575 ME) • Rectangular and Cylindrical Coordinate
System
Ram C. Poudel
 4.2 Momentum Equation and Applications
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Pulchowk Campus • Elbow reactions, jet propulsions
• Fixed and moving vanes, hydraulic jump
24 May 2013  4.3 Navier-Stokes Equation: Newtonian Fluid
 4.4 Bernouli’s Equation and Applications
• Flow from a tank, Venturi Flow, Syphon Flow

Conservation of Mass
Basic Law for a System

Surface Integral Volume Integral

Conservation of Mass:

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Conservation of Mass Conservation of Mass

Rectangular Coordinate System Rectangular Coordinate System
Incompressible Fluid:

“Continuity Equation” Steady Flow:

Vector Form:

Conservation of Mass Conservation of Mass

Cylindrical Coordinate System Cylindrical Coordinate System

Motion of a Fluid Particle Acceleration of a

(Kinematics: Chapter 3) Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field

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Motion of a Fluid Particle Motion of a Fluid Particle

(Kinematics) (Kinematics)
 Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a  Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a
Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field

Particle velocity at any point t V(x, y, z,t). dVp is

change of velocity of particle from r to (r + dr)
For steady flow, a may not be zero. A fluid particle may undergo
convective acceleration due to its motion.

Motion of a Fluid Particle Motion of a Fluid Particle

(Kinematics) (Kinematics)
 Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a  Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a
Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field Fluid Particle in a Velocity Field (Cylindrical)

Momentum Equation Stress Field

Newton’s Second Law

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Momentum Equation Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle

Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle

Momentum Equation Momentum Equation

Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle Differential Momentum Equation

Navier-Stokes Equations Momentum Equation

 Newtonian Fluid: Navier-Stokes Equations
For 1 D Flow

For 3 D flow

Also,

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Momentum Equation
Special Case: Euler’s Equation (=0)
Momentum Equation for Frictionless
Flow: Euler’s Equation
Euler’s Equation
Continuity
Momentum Equation for Frictionless
Flow: Euler’s Equation
Cylindrical Coordinates
5/23/2013
Incompressible
Inviscid Flow
 Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow:
Euler’s Equation
 Euler’s Equation in Streamline Coordinates
 Bernoulli Equation – Integration of Euler’s
Equation Along a Streamline for Steady Flow
 The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an
Energy Equation
 Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line
Momentum Equation for Frictionless
Flow: Euler’s Equation
Rectangular Coordinates
Euler’s Equation in
Streamline Coordinates
 Along a Streamline
(Steady Flow, ignoring body forces)
 Normal to the Streamline
(Steady Flow, ignoring body forces)
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Bernoulli Equation – Integration of Bernoulli Equation – Integration of

Euler’s Equation Along a Streamline Euler’s Equation Along a Streamline
for Steady Flow for Steady Flow
 Euler’s Equation in Streamline Coordinates Integration Along s Coordinate
(assuming Steady Flow)

Bernoulli Equation – Integration of

Static, Stagnation, and
Euler’s Equation Along a Streamline
for Steady Flow Dynamic Pressures

Bernoulli Equation

Stagnation Dynamic
1. Steady Flow Static
2. No Friction
3. Flow Along a Streamline
4. Incompressible Flow

Flow Measurement: Pitot Tube Some Numericals

 Traversing Methods
• Examples: Pitot (or Pitot Static) Tube

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Thrust Block
and
Pipe Anchors

Numerical: A Siphon Moving Vane

Fixed and moving vanes Moving Vane with Accelartion

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The First Law of The First Law of

Thermodynamics Thermodynamics
Basic Law, and Transport Theorem

Work Involves
 Shaft Work
 Work by Shear Stresses
at the Control Surface
 Other Work

The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted

as an Energy Equation as an Energy Equation
Basic Equation

1. No Shaft Work
2. No Shear Force Work
3. No Other Work
4. Steady Flow
5. Uniform Flow and Properties

The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted

as an Energy Equation as an Energy Equation
Hence “Energy Equation”

Assumption 6: Incompressible
1. No Shaft Work
2. No Shear Force Work
3. No Other Work
Assumption 7: 4. Steady Flow
5. Uniform Flow and Properties
6. Incompressible Flow
7. u2 – u1 – dQ/dm = 0

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Energy Grade Line and Energy Grade Line and

Hydraulic Grade Line Hydraulic Grade Line
Energy Equation Energy Grade Line (EGL)

Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL)

Energy Grade Line and

Hydraulic Grade Line

Thank you!