COURSE CODE: ARCH- 316 CREDIT HOURS: 2(1,1,3)

BUILDING SERVICES AND SYSTEM II

SEMESTER V

LECTURE # 1 & 2

Course Instructors

Ar. Khizra Shahzad Dated: 30th June, 2022 – 7th July, 2022
INTRODUCTION
Building Service Systems mean the electrical, HVAC, mechanical,
plumbing (including all environmental systems), safety and health
and telecommunication (voice/data/signal) systems that service the
Building up to the point of localized distribution to the Premises.
Such systems provide the main source of supply and distribution
throughout the Building.

“Building Services” shall mean the provision of Services in a

building, which make the building functional, comfortable, safe,
secure, and environmentally friendly.
Services include, but are not limited to:

1. Water Treatment & Management

2. Vertical & Horizontal transportation
3. Fire Fighting
4. Sound & Lighting
5. Electrical Distribution
6. Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning
7. Plumbing
WHY DO WE BUILD BUILDINGS?

Initially, it was for shelter from the outside weather, and thus, survival.

Then, people desired a certain minimum level of COMFORT, but would

modify clothing or expectations as a function of the weather

Now, people expect to be held at a constant level of COMFORT, in spite of

weather or location (in the Word)
THERMAL COMFORT

Thermal comfort is that condition of mind that expresses

satisfaction with the thermal environment.

Thermal environment is those characteristics of the

environment which affects a person's heat loss.

In terms of bodily sensations, thermal comfort is a sensation of

hot, warm, slightly warmer, neutral, slightly cooler, cool and
cold.
THERMAL COMFORT
FACTORS INFLUENCING THERMAL COMFORT

• Air Temperature (Dry- Bulb)

• Relative Humidity
• Air Velocity
• Radiation (Mean Radiant
Temperature)
• Metabolic Rate
• Clothing Insulation
SHELTER AND ENVIRONMENT

Shelter is the main instrument for fulfilling the

requirements of comfort. It modifies the natural
environment to approach optimum conditions of
livability.

The architect's problem is to produce an

environment which will not place undue stress upon
the body’s heat-compensation mechanism

It is NOW the task of the architect to make utmost

use of the natural means available in order to
produce a more healthful and livable building, and
to achieve a saving in cost by keeping to a minimum
the use of mechanical aids for climate control.
WATER TREATMENT
 CLASSIFICATION OF WATER
• LEED standard identifies four key types:
• Potable Water
• Gray water
• Black water
• Process Water

All of these provide different utilities in green building water

efficiency processes.
POTABLE WATER

LEED standard expresses potable water as

• meeting quality standards for human consumption by local
and/or state authorities.
• In order to protect a clean, reliable source of water, the
LEED standard, in particular, discourages the use of
potable water in non-potable applications such as
landscaping or indoor plumbing needs.
GRAY WATER

• Untreated wastewater that has not come into contact with

water closet waste, gray water emanates from bathtubs,
showers, and bathroom wash basins.
• The high applicability of gray water on a LEED project in
meeting landscaping requirements or limiting potable water use
for water closets and urinals is the main element of its
importance to green building practices
• To protect the unnecessary use of potable water, green
building practices under LEED emphasize the use of gray
water for a variety of non-potable applications such as
landscaping and indoor plumbing.
BLACK WATER
• Blackwater is the antithesis to both potable and graywater, as
it is not suitable for any human contact (either direct or
indirect) given the contents that constitute its definition:
wastewater from water closets and urinals.
• However, it is important to note that in some state and local
codes, wastewater from showers, kitchen sinks, and bathtubs
are considered blackwater as well.
• Given the nature of blackwater, the LEED standard
discourages any use of blackwater to replace potable water
use and is generally considered limited in utility until treated,
which according to LEED should be completed on site to
tertiary standards.
PROCESS WATER

• Process water utility deals with cooling towers, chillers, and

boilers. The most important element of process water,
however, is the limited use of potable water to be used as
process water, as the LEED standard ultimately discourages
the use of potable water in non-potable applications.
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

The purpose of water supply system is to provide consumers with

enough water (hot and cold water) and as per requirement of buildings
occupants.
In many buildings it is common with gravity storage tanks on the top
floor of the building. More commonly used in new systems are
pressurized tanks and supply pumps.
For proper operation of the system the gravity tank is located at least
30 ft. or 10 m above the highest outlet or consumer. In taller buildings
pressure reducing valves are required in the lowest floors before the
fittings
PRESURIZED TANK

• The pressurized tank is partly filled with air (or gas)

behind a membrane.
• The air compensates for pressure variations during
consumption and when supply pump starts and stops.

• A pressurized tank has a limited compensating capacity

for the shortage in a main supply line.
The volume of a gravity tank must be designed to compensate for
limited capacity of a supply line. The tank fills up when the
consumption of hot and cold water is lower than the capacity of
the supply line - and the tank is emptied when the consumption
is higher than the capacity of the supply line.

A drawback with the open gravity tank on the top floor is the
potential danger of freezing during winter conditions. Huge tanks
will also influence on the construction of the building.
RAINWATER HARVESTING
People use storage tanks to harvest Rain Water. Heavy rainwater
runoff can cause soil erosion, which damages the ecosystems
and endangers wildlife.
Diverting rainwater runoff into a water storage tank allows us to
control water distribution. The benefits of this are greater on-
demand irrigation, sustainability, and recycling.

FIRE SUPPRESSION AND SPRINKLER RESERVOIRS

Fire Suppression Systems must have instant access to water.

Commercial properties like manufacturing facilities and
warehouses often install water tanks for emergency use to
supplement their fire sprinkler systems.
UNDERGROUND WATER STORAGE TANKS

• The EPA defines an underground tank as one with no less than

10 percent of its combined volume underground.

• These are also called in-ground water tanks. Industries use

underground storage tanks to manage petroleum products and
other potentially hazardous materials.

• Though, underground water tanks are common for

commercial and residential use as well.
 Advantages of Underground Storage Tanks

• Underground water storage is ideal for those who want to economize

space. One benefit to underground water storage is protection from theft,
vandalism, and severe weather damage.
• Low Profile
• Maintain a Steady Temperature

Disadvantages of Underground Water Tanks

• Higher Cost.
• Difficult to Maintain
ABOVE GROUND STORAGE TANKS

• An above-ground water tank offers a more economical

solution. Above ground storage tanks are easy to install and
maintain as well.

• Cost isn’t everything, as other features make an above-ground

tank worth while.

• There are a few disadvantages as well.

Advantages of Above-Ground Water Tanks
Above-ground tanks are less expensive than underground tanks because
they are easier to install. With an above-ground tank, one doesn’t need
to do all the digging and reinforcing.
• Easier to Maintain
• Aesthetics
Disadvantages of Above-Ground Waters Tanks
• The fact of the matter is, above-ground tanks are exposed to the
environment and the elements. They can be damaged by fire, weather,
and natural disasters.
• Vandalism is another unfortunate risk. Exposure also increases the
chance of leaks. If you install an above-ground tank, be sure to
inspect the tank on a regular basis to minimize these risks
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
A drainage system is an arrangement to move liquids away from
where they are not required for disposal in appropriate locations.
A ‘drainage system’ can include anything from gutters and drains
in buildings to
1. Remove rain water
2. Storm water systems to drain rainwater from roads into
roadside drains
3. Drainage systems to remove sewage from buildings into
municipal ‘sewers’ for disposal
 SEPTIC TANK

• A buried, watertight tank designated

and constructed to receive and
partially treat raw domestic sanitary
wastewater.
• Heavy solids settle to the bottom of
the tank while greases and lighter
solids float to the top.
• The solids stay in the tank while the
wastewater is discharged to the
drainfield for further treatment and
dispersal.
CLEAN OUTS

• Drain cleanouts provide access to the sewer for cleaning

without disassembling appliances like toilets or pipes.
STRATEGIES FOR EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT

By developing strategies to reduce waste and utilize water more efficiently,

commercial and industrial organizations can drastically lower costs, and
become community leaders in sustainability. Here are a few examples of
how facility managers and building owners can adapt to promote efficient
use, and eliminate unnecessary waste.

1. Education
2. Smart Metering and Sub Metering
3. Leaks and Waste
4. Re-Use Water
5. Planning and Management
6. Regular Evaluation
EDUCATION

1. Educate all building employees, occupants, and visitors about

proper water use. Much of any facility’s water use is decided
by the behaviors of individual users.

2. Communicate use reduction goals to all stakeholders.

3. Offer suggestions to help people decrease water need, like
taking shorter showers, and provide education about why
water efficiency is important.
SMART METERING AND SUB-METERING

If you’re not measuring it, you can’t manage it. Cloud-connected

sub- metering of building water use allows for yearly, monthly,
weekly, daily, and even hourly monitoring of water use. Through
sub-metering, data collection allows managers to see precisely who
or what is using how much water at what times.
Allowing them to identify problem areas, track changes that
happen after efficiency upgrades, identify leaks, and identify
equipment that’s about to fail.
LEAKS AND WASTE

Leaks account for an average of 6% of water use in commercial and

industrial buildings which, according to the EPA, bears a steep cost.
A leaking toilet costs about $2,100 (275,331 PKR) a year in lost
water; while a broken distribution line can cost up to $64,000
(8,391,040 PKR). Don’t let these cost snowball over time.
Designers should take an aggressive stance against leaks, using
frequent auditory and visual inspection, sub-metering, and
preventative equipment.
EPA stand for Environmental Protection Agency
REUSE WATER
Wherever possible, collect and reuse water that would otherwise be
discarded.
Use treated grey water to water landscaping, or collect rainwater to
use in facility cleaning.
PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
Developing a plan for reaching greater water efficiency is crucial.
Use sub- metering to get fine grained understanding of how your
facility uses water, identify leaks and waste, and identify
systems or equipment where efficiency could be improved.
Planning integrates all of the strategies listed above to develop an
inclusive water management plan.
Regular inspection for leaks, regular water use audits, monitoring of
changes in use, water reclamation, and stakeholder education are all
important aspects of a well-rounded water management plan.
REGULAR EVALUATION

Use water usage data to continuously monitor shifts in use. When

goals are met, celebrate them.
When usage rises, look for the systems that are consuming more
water.
Sudden shifts in equipment water usage might be early signs of
failure.
If the shift is due to changes in peoples’ use behavior (perhaps due to
seasonal changes), provide education about potential alternatives.
EFFECTS OF WATER MANAGEMENT
Both indoor and outdoor environments benefit from
integrated water management. Efficient water
practices take into account Storm Water
Management that preserves local hydrology and
protects the natural cycle.
Preserving green space within a building site is
one way to accomplish responsible storm water
management.
Responsible water management increases Water
Efficiency while maintaining an agreeable
aesthetic to the building site
 References
• Cowie, L. (2019). The Role of Water Efficiency in Green Building. [online] Everblue
Training. Available at: https://everbluetraining.com/role-water-efficiency-green-
building/ [Accessed 12 Feb. 2020].